Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1353/rvm.2023.a906815
Sabrina B. Little
Reviewed by: Theories of Emotion: Expressing, Feeling, Acting by Pia CAMPEGGIANI Sabrina B. Little CAMPEGGIANI, Pia. Theories of Emotion: Expressing, Feeling, Acting. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2023. xiv + 199 pp. Cloth, $80.89; paper, $21.60 In Theories of Emotion, Pia Campeggiani provides a philosophical introduction to the emotions. The book is multidisciplinary and empirically informed. It is organized around three “groundbreaking intuitions” of emotion theory—(1) expression, (2) subjectivity, and (3) action. Each section corresponds to a different thinker—Charles Darwin, William James, and John Dewey, respectively—and each section concludes with a discussion of relevant debates. This book is outstanding. It is clearly written, well organized, and impressive in its scope. In what follows, I outline key ideas and raise questions generated by each section, then conclude with general reflections on the text. Campeggiani begins with the “scandal” of emotion research: There is no agreement about what an emotion is. In part, this lack of consensus is due to the imprecise ways we employ concepts like feelings, emotions, affect, and passions in ordinary discourse. In part, it is due to empirical difficulties. For example, Campeggiani describes how implicit assumptions and a forced-choice format compromised an experiment about expression universality. Additionally, Campeggiani points out that the category “emotions” has an internal structure that lacks clear-cut boundaries. There are paradigmatic examples of emotions, such as fear and anger, but there are also ambiguous phenomena, such as respect and modesty, which we may or may not recognize as such. Throughout the text, Campeggiani introduces and evaluates numerous accounts of emotions, drawing our attention to the strengths, limitations, and empirical adequacy of each. Part 1 begins with Charles Darwin’s contributions to emotion theory—an emphasis on the biological origins of emotions and a focus on expression. This section examines emotions in connection to adaptive fitness, exploring phenomena such as blushing when we are ashamed and the biological bases of emotions. A highlight of this section is an exploration of the social or communicative character of the emotions, which Darwin described as “only a secondary effect” of expression. Campeggiani examines emotional contagion and imitation, as well as the [End Page 141] phenomenon of feeling more pain when we express pain on our faces. There is also a rich discussion about constructionism as an alternative to basic emotions theory. Part 2 opens with William James on subjective experience. Campeggiani describes the limitations of James’s position—of understanding emotions to be reducible to feelings. For starters, this position is not empirically well supported. Campeggiani cites Walter Cannon’s observation that “many of the autonomic changes that are symptomatic of a given emotion can also occur in its absence.” Additionally, James fails to
由:情感理论:表达，感觉，行为(Pia CAMPEGGIANI) Sabrina B. Little CAMPEGGIANI, Pia。情感理论:表达，感觉，行动。纽约:布鲁姆斯伯里出版社，2023。xiv + 199页布，80.89美元;在《情感理论》一书中，皮亚·坎佩贾尼从哲学的角度介绍了情感。这本书是多学科和经验的通知。它是围绕情感理论的三个“突破性直觉”组织起来的——(1)表达，(2)主观性，(3)行动。每个部分分别对应一位不同的思想家——查尔斯·达尔文、威廉·詹姆斯和约翰·杜威——每个部分都以对相关辩论的讨论结束。这本书很出色。它写得很清楚，组织得很好，而且它的范围令人印象深刻。在接下来的内容中，我概述了主要观点，并提出了每个部分产生的问题，然后以对文本的总体反思结束。Campeggiani从情绪研究的“丑闻”开始:关于什么是情绪，人们没有达成一致。在某种程度上，这种缺乏共识是由于我们在日常话语中使用感觉、情绪、影响和激情等概念的方式不精确。在某种程度上，这是由于经验上的困难。例如，Campeggiani描述了隐式假设和强制选择格式如何损害了关于表达普遍性的实验。此外，Campeggiani指出，“情感”这一类别的内部结构缺乏明确的界限。情感有典型的例子，如恐惧和愤怒，但也有模棱两可的现象，如尊重和谦虚，我们可能会或可能不会认识到这一点。在整个文本中，Campeggiani介绍并评估了许多关于情感的描述，提请我们注意每个人的优势，局限性和经验充分性。第一部分从查尔斯·达尔文对情感理论的贡献开始——强调情感的生物学起源和对表达的关注。本节探讨了与适应性适应性相关的情绪，探索了羞愧时脸红等现象以及情绪的生物学基础。这一节的一个亮点是对情感的社会或交流特征的探索，达尔文将其描述为表达的“次要影响”。Campeggiani研究了情绪传染和模仿，以及当我们在脸上表达痛苦时感觉更痛苦的现象。关于建构主义作为基本情绪理论的替代理论也有丰富的讨论。第二部分从威廉·詹姆斯的主观经验开始。Campeggiani描述了詹姆斯立场的局限性——将情感理解为可简化为感觉。首先，这种观点并没有得到充分的经验支持。Campeggiani引用了Walter Cannon的观察:“许多特定情绪症状的自主神经变化也可能在没有这种情绪的情况下发生。”此外，詹姆斯未能“适当地充实情绪和评估之间的联系”。Campeggiani随后描述了由于缺乏对评估的关注而出现的情绪理论的认知转向。情感的认知描述淡化了情感体验的身体维度，而倾向于情感的有意属性或“有关性”。情感把事物看成事物。从我的角度来看，这是这本书最好的部分。Campeggiani强调了达马西奥的观点，即决策取决于“在特定情况下对利害关系的价值观有正确的情感感知”。例如，感觉被夸大或被误导的恐惧可能会破坏我们的决策。Campeggiani还介绍了关于情绪是否是评价，以及情绪是否会导致判断或更有可能做出判断的争论。在引言中，她提到“决策过程总是不可避免地受到情绪的影响，无论是好是坏。”我们明白她在这部分的意思。情绪参与理性，阻碍理性，自身具有认知内容。情感涉及或参与我们的判断引发了两种担忧——认知和规范。认识论上的担忧是，不准确的评价可能会破坏我们对世界的理解。这对于Campeggiani所说的“顽固性”或与其他精神状态隔绝的情绪，以及她所说的“受我们的需求和目标严重影响”的情绪来说，尤其令人担忧。情绪是不完美的真相追踪，正如前面第1部分明确指出的，关于它们的适应性。规范性的担忧是某些情感…
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Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1353/rvm.2023.a906827
Robert McNamara
Reviewed by: The Living Philosophy of Edith Stein by Peter TYLER Robert McNamara TYLER, Peter. The Living Philosophy of Edith Stein. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2023. xvi + 237 pp. Cloth, $115.00 Among contemporary Christian thinkers the figure of Edith Stein looms large, both because of her remarkable life as a Jewish convert and Christian martyr, and because of her uncommon philosophical journey from phenomenology to metaphysics—without leaving phenomenology behind. In The Living Philosophy of the Edith Stein, marshaling resources of psychology, Peter Tyler provides a novel guide through Stein’s life and thought by drawing her into dialogue with Friedrich Nietzsche, Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and [End Page 164] Ludwig Wittgenstein, among others. Comprised of eight chapters in two parts, Tyler discusses the Husserlian inspiration of Stein’s philosophy and her exposition of the problem of empathy, the necessary anthropological foundation of all psychologies—whether Freudian, Jungian, or Christian—and her development of an involved anthropology centered on the soul, and the influence of the spiritual writings of St. John of the Cross on her later thought and her integrity as a philosopher who presents a genuine living philosophy. Tyler opens the book with a prologue detailing the rationale behind his choice of Stein for a study of the nature and life of the soul—a predominating area of research for him—since he discovers in Stein a faithful guide to the uniqueness of the person and inspiration for living a truly soulful life (ein seelisches Leben). Chapter 1 provides those new to Stein with an overview of her life through the lens of her personal empathetic abilities, before moving on in chapter 2 to a discussion of the Husserlian foundations of her thought in the phenomenological revolution of the early part of the twentieth century. Taking Husserl’s last work (Die Krisis der europäischen Wissenschaften und die transzendentale Phänomenologie: Eine Einleitung in die phänomenologische Philosophie) as his focal point, Tyler presents an outline of the phenomenological method for those unfamiliar, highlighting its particular interests and peculiar significance as well as its inspiration in and responsivity to the thought of René Descartes and Immanuel Kant. In chapters 3 through 5 we get a presentation of the distinctiveness of Stein’s understanding of the soul, an understanding (finally) grounded in the anthropology of the Christian tradition yet informed by her use of the phenomenological method and general interest in the developing discipline of psychology. Here Tyler begins by detailing the implication of Stein’s understanding of empathy for the field of philosophy and the foundations of philosophical psychology, and he proceeds by bringing Stein’s philosophical-psychological insights into conversation with Nietzsche, Freud, and Jung. In both areas, Tyler shows how Stein’s critical synthesis of all she encounters furnishes her with a unique abili
书评:《伊迪丝·斯坦的生活哲学》作者:彼得·泰勒罗伯特·麦克纳马拉·泰勒。《伊迪丝·斯坦的生活哲学》伦敦:布鲁姆斯伯里学术出版社，2023。在当代基督教思想家中，伊迪丝·斯坦的形象引人注目，一方面是因为她作为犹太教皈依者和基督教殉道者的非凡一生，另一方面是因为她从现象学到形而上学的非凡哲学之旅——而且没有把现象学抛在身后。在《伊迪丝·斯坦的生活哲学》一书中，彼得·泰勒整理了心理学的资源，通过将斯坦与弗里德里希·尼采、西格蒙德·弗洛伊德、卡尔·荣格和路德维希·维特根斯坦等人的对话，为斯坦的生活和思想提供了一个新颖的指导。泰勒分为两部分，共八章，讨论了斯坦哲学的胡塞尔式灵感和她对移情问题的阐述，移情问题是所有心理学——无论是弗洛伊德、荣格还是基督教——的必要人类学基础，以及她以灵魂为中心的复杂人类学的发展，以及十字架的圣约翰的精神著作对她后来思想的影响，以及她作为一个呈现真正生活哲学的哲学家的完整性。泰勒以序言开篇，详细说明了他选择斯坦来研究灵魂的本质和生命背后的原因——这是他研究的主要领域——因为他在斯坦身上发现了一个忠实的向导，可以让他了解人的独特性，并启发他过上真正有灵魂的生活(ein seelisches Leben)。第一章通过斯坦因的个人移情能力向那些新读者提供了她的生活概况，然后在第二章继续讨论她在20世纪早期现象学革命中的胡塞尔式思想基础。泰勒以胡塞尔的最后一部著作(Die Krisis der europäischen Wissenschaften und Die transzendentale Phänomenologie: Eine Einleitung in Die phänomenologische Philosophie)为重点，为那些不熟悉现象学方法的人提供了一个概述，突出了现象学方法的特殊兴趣和特殊意义，以及它对笛卡尔和康德思想的启发和回应。在第3章到第5章中，我们看到了斯坦因对灵魂理解的独特性，这种理解(最终)建立在基督教传统的人类学基础上，但又通过她对现象学方法的使用和对发展中的心理学学科的普遍兴趣得到了启示。在这里，泰勒首先详细介绍了斯坦对哲学领域和哲学心理学基础的移情理解的含义，然后他将斯坦的哲学心理学见解带入与尼采、弗洛伊德和荣格的对话中。在这两个方面，泰勒都展示了斯坦因对她所遇到的一切的批判性综合，使她具备了一种独特的能力，能够提供令人信服的、现实的灵魂描述，既具有哲学上的活力，又具有心理上的敏感性。在第五章，也就是本书的核心部分，泰勒直接转向斯坦因的人类学，并开始揭示她关于灵魂的本质和生命的相关概念的某些主要特征，包括她对个人自我层次的相应概念。泰勒在第二部分中对斯坦的“生活哲学”进行了基本的阐释，即“她的“生活哲学”是如何活出来的，尤其是在一个新的“焦虑时代”。”在这里，泰勒回到了对斯坦的生活的叙述中——尽管他从未离开过她的个人故事——并逐渐展现了一些突出的特征，值得注意的是:(1)她的生活和思想深深交织在一起的方式;(2)在她的哲学见解中可以找到对生活的吸引力;因此(3)她的哲学是一种真正的人生哲学。简单地说:斯坦因这个人见证了一种与真理深刻接触的生活，而斯坦因这个思想家为实现真正的人类生活提供了敏锐的观察。在这里，泰勒还展示了斯坦因如何求助于基督教神秘主义传统——以十字架上圣约翰的加尔默罗会传统为媒介——以及杰拉德的诗歌……
{"title":"The Living Philosophy of Edith Stein by Peter TYLER (review)","authors":"Robert McNamara","doi":"10.1353/rvm.2023.a906827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/rvm.2023.a906827","url":null,"abstract":"Reviewed by: The Living Philosophy of Edith Stein by Peter TYLER Robert McNamara TYLER, Peter. The Living Philosophy of Edith Stein. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2023. xvi + 237 pp. Cloth, $115.00 Among contemporary Christian thinkers the figure of Edith Stein looms large, both because of her remarkable life as a Jewish convert and Christian martyr, and because of her uncommon philosophical journey from phenomenology to metaphysics—without leaving phenomenology behind. In The Living Philosophy of the Edith Stein, marshaling resources of psychology, Peter Tyler provides a novel guide through Stein’s life and thought by drawing her into dialogue with Friedrich Nietzsche, Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and [End Page 164] Ludwig Wittgenstein, among others. Comprised of eight chapters in two parts, Tyler discusses the Husserlian inspiration of Stein’s philosophy and her exposition of the problem of empathy, the necessary anthropological foundation of all psychologies—whether Freudian, Jungian, or Christian—and her development of an involved anthropology centered on the soul, and the influence of the spiritual writings of St. John of the Cross on her later thought and her integrity as a philosopher who presents a genuine living philosophy. Tyler opens the book with a prologue detailing the rationale behind his choice of Stein for a study of the nature and life of the soul—a predominating area of research for him—since he discovers in Stein a faithful guide to the uniqueness of the person and inspiration for living a truly soulful life (ein seelisches Leben). Chapter 1 provides those new to Stein with an overview of her life through the lens of her personal empathetic abilities, before moving on in chapter 2 to a discussion of the Husserlian foundations of her thought in the phenomenological revolution of the early part of the twentieth century. Taking Husserl’s last work (Die Krisis der europäischen Wissenschaften und die transzendentale Phänomenologie: Eine Einleitung in die phänomenologische Philosophie) as his focal point, Tyler presents an outline of the phenomenological method for those unfamiliar, highlighting its particular interests and peculiar significance as well as its inspiration in and responsivity to the thought of René Descartes and Immanuel Kant. In chapters 3 through 5 we get a presentation of the distinctiveness of Stein’s understanding of the soul, an understanding (finally) grounded in the anthropology of the Christian tradition yet informed by her use of the phenomenological method and general interest in the developing discipline of psychology. Here Tyler begins by detailing the implication of Stein’s understanding of empathy for the field of philosophy and the foundations of philosophical psychology, and he proceeds by bringing Stein’s philosophical-psychological insights into conversation with Nietzsche, Freud, and Jung. In both areas, Tyler shows how Stein’s critical synthesis of all she encounters furnishes her with a unique abili","PeriodicalId":46225,"journal":{"name":"REVIEW OF METAPHYSICS","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135255320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1353/rvm.2023.a906825
John Marshall Diamond
{"title":"Human Nature in Early Franciscan Thought: Philosophical Background and Theological Significance by Lydia SCHUMACHER (review)","authors":"John Marshall Diamond","doi":"10.1353/rvm.2023.a906825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/rvm.2023.a906825","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46225,"journal":{"name":"REVIEW OF METAPHYSICS","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135255319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1353/rvm.2023.a906823
Jack Zupko
{"title":"Natural Philosophy: On Retrieving a Lost Disciplinary Imaginary by Alister E. McGRATH (review)","authors":"Jack Zupko","doi":"10.1353/rvm.2023.a906823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/rvm.2023.a906823","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46225,"journal":{"name":"REVIEW OF METAPHYSICS","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135255323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1353/rvm.2023.a906816
J. M. Fritzman
{"title":"Hegel and the Problem of Beginning: Scepticism and Presuppositionlessness by Robb DUNPHY (review)","authors":"J. M. Fritzman","doi":"10.1353/rvm.2023.a906816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/rvm.2023.a906816","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46225,"journal":{"name":"REVIEW OF METAPHYSICS","volume":"307 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135255310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1353/rvm.2023.a906824
Steven B. Smith
{"title":"The State by Philip PETTIT (review)","authors":"Steven B. Smith","doi":"10.1353/rvm.2023.a906824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/rvm.2023.a906824","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46225,"journal":{"name":"REVIEW OF METAPHYSICS","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135255309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1353/rvm.2023.a906818
Tim Elcombe
{"title":"Sport Realism: A Law-Inspired Theory of Sport by Aaron HARPER (review)","authors":"Tim Elcombe","doi":"10.1353/rvm.2023.a906818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/rvm.2023.a906818","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46225,"journal":{"name":"REVIEW OF METAPHYSICS","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135255318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1353/rvm.2023.a906814
Niall Keane
Abstract: For Heidegger, world is constitutively bound up with human being’s way of being. Yet after Being and Time he criticizes an excessively one-sided pragmatic reading of his concept of world, insisting that world is more than a referential totality of use involvements, tools, or existential projections. This article examines how Heidegger’s phenomenological analysis should be understood to promote both a practical orientation as well as a more transcendental dimension. The centrality of praxis in Heidegger’s work will not be contested. What will be explored is whether what Heidegger calls “worldliness” or the “phenomenon of world” can be reduced to contexts of use relations or social practices and projects. The argument is made that world, for Heidegger, should be understood as an open space of meaning emergence through which diverse activities, some of which are practical, first become accessible to the human being. The claim will be advanced that world is more than the human being’s disclosive understanding and that an overly pragmatic interpretation circumvents the surpassive dimension of world.
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Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1353/rvm.2023.a906821
Michael J. S. Bruno
well their ontologies and lexicons served human, social goals. Given the meaningfulness of such comparisons and evaluations, Kuhn denies that this decidedly pragmatist take on scientific progress implies relativism about its objectivity. And he insists that “the truth-value game” remains essential but only within lexicons (and commensurable counterparts) where claims to truth retain their significance. My own “space limits” have made it necessary to touch on just a few of the many philosophically rich ideas in The Last Writings of Thomas S. Kuhn. Especially with Mladenović’s helpful commentary as guide, the works contained in this collection succeed in presenting the “extension in both scope and depth” demanded by Structure. Kuhn’s more careful and thorough explorations in these final works lead to important nuances and modifications of his views, confirming the publisher’s claim that this is indeed a “must-read follow up” to Structure.—Jonah N. Schupbach, University of Utah
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