Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1177/01171968231153714
Narender Thakur, B. Khadria
This article examines the effects of brain drain caused by the migration of knowledge workers from India to the United States of America (USA) during the pre- and post-global financial crisis periods, 2005–2007 and 2011–2013. Data from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series for the year 2018 are used to compare the different population groups in the USA and to estimate the hourly wages of Indian and White workers using Mincer regression and Oaxaca decomposition. Following Khadria’s (2001–2010) analytical propositions, three premium characteristics of Indian-origin workers to the USA consisting of: (1) an age-premium, (2) a wage-premium and (3) a vintage-premium are empirically examined. The findings uphold the theoretical construct and suggest that the migration of Indian knowledge workers to the USA results in brain drain to India and brain gain for the USA.
{"title":"Age, wage and vintage: Empirical validation of brain drain in the migration of Indian knowledge workers to the United States of America","authors":"Narender Thakur, B. Khadria","doi":"10.1177/01171968231153714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01171968231153714","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the effects of brain drain caused by the migration of knowledge workers from India to the United States of America (USA) during the pre- and post-global financial crisis periods, 2005–2007 and 2011–2013. Data from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series for the year 2018 are used to compare the different population groups in the USA and to estimate the hourly wages of Indian and White workers using Mincer regression and Oaxaca decomposition. Following Khadria’s (2001–2010) analytical propositions, three premium characteristics of Indian-origin workers to the USA consisting of: (1) an age-premium, (2) a wage-premium and (3) a vintage-premium are empirically examined. The findings uphold the theoretical construct and suggest that the migration of Indian knowledge workers to the USA results in brain drain to India and brain gain for the USA.","PeriodicalId":46248,"journal":{"name":"Asian and Pacific Migration Journal","volume":"11 1","pages":"355 - 381"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84242869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1177/01171968231154660
A. Pandey, Rakesh Mishra, Rajni Singh
Why are social networks necessary at the place of destination? What roles do they play as a form of “social capital” for newly arrived migrants in urban centers? These are some relevant questions that scholars in migration studies have explored, especially in the context of international migration, but significant gaps exist in the case of internal migration. Using the migration history of the head of 400 households living in eight slum areas of Delhi, the present study attempts to differentiate the social networks available to the head of the households at their first arrival in Delhi based on the strong and weak ties and the caste-based network. The study also disentangles the role played by these social networks in providing social protection to household heads at their first arrival. The results show that social networks, especially strong family/kinship-based and caste-based networks, play an essential role in providing social protection by assisting newly arrived migrants with housing, food and information about employment.
{"title":"Social networks as providers of social protection to urban migrants in Delhi","authors":"A. Pandey, Rakesh Mishra, Rajni Singh","doi":"10.1177/01171968231154660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01171968231154660","url":null,"abstract":"Why are social networks necessary at the place of destination? What roles do they play as a form of “social capital” for newly arrived migrants in urban centers? These are some relevant questions that scholars in migration studies have explored, especially in the context of international migration, but significant gaps exist in the case of internal migration. Using the migration history of the head of 400 households living in eight slum areas of Delhi, the present study attempts to differentiate the social networks available to the head of the households at their first arrival in Delhi based on the strong and weak ties and the caste-based network. The study also disentangles the role played by these social networks in providing social protection to household heads at their first arrival. The results show that social networks, especially strong family/kinship-based and caste-based networks, play an essential role in providing social protection by assisting newly arrived migrants with housing, food and information about employment.","PeriodicalId":46248,"journal":{"name":"Asian and Pacific Migration Journal","volume":"16 1","pages":"426 - 453"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77017826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1177/01171968231153178
B. Khadria, B. Potnuru, Ratnam Mishra, K. Bakshi, Narender Thakur
This research note examines the dimension and characteristics of the outflow of Indian high-skilled and Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) professionals to five key destination countries, namely, the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Indian migrants constitute a significant and growing share of high-skilled and STEM professionals in the major immigration countries of the world. Statistics highlight the proposition that retaining them is vital for the origin countries to realize the Sustainable Development Goals with particular focus on mitigating global inequalities in the 21st century. This note also addresses objective 1 of the Global Compact for Migration by exploring specific statistics on emigration from India representing the Global South.
{"title":"Migration of high-skilled and STEM professionals from India: Addressing Global Compact for Migration objective 1","authors":"B. Khadria, B. Potnuru, Ratnam Mishra, K. Bakshi, Narender Thakur","doi":"10.1177/01171968231153178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01171968231153178","url":null,"abstract":"This research note examines the dimension and characteristics of the outflow of Indian high-skilled and Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) professionals to five key destination countries, namely, the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Indian migrants constitute a significant and growing share of high-skilled and STEM professionals in the major immigration countries of the world. Statistics highlight the proposition that retaining them is vital for the origin countries to realize the Sustainable Development Goals with particular focus on mitigating global inequalities in the 21st century. This note also addresses objective 1 of the Global Compact for Migration by exploring specific statistics on emigration from India representing the Global South.","PeriodicalId":46248,"journal":{"name":"Asian and Pacific Migration Journal","volume":"21 1","pages":"478 - 491"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87616694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1177/01171968221145339
Jiangyu Li, Aranya Siriphon
This article examines recent Chinese migrants to Thailand, with a specific focus on those who migrate for education and remain in Thailand after graduation. It aims to drive the analytical theory from a methodological nationalism to a transient migration approach, and to capture the sense of “transience” of the new wave of Chinese migration in a broader Asia-Pacific context. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, with data collected from Chinese migrant website communities, questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The findings show that the Chinese migrants lead a consumption-oriented migration life that benefits from hypermobility by enjoying a “mobility surplus” in education as a family project. This article discusses the temporariness as a strategy that the Chinese use to bridge migratory resources in a permanent state of in-betweenness. The key issue that has been highlighted is the meaning of being transient in everyday life. As it articulates authenticity and the meaning of “self” in modern life, transient migration, thus, does not aim at its overcoming, but is rather a form of life in itself.
{"title":"Consumption, ongoingness and everyday-life embeddedness: Lifestyle experiences of Chinese transient migrants in Chiang Mai, Thailand","authors":"Jiangyu Li, Aranya Siriphon","doi":"10.1177/01171968221145339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01171968221145339","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines recent Chinese migrants to Thailand, with a specific focus on those who migrate for education and remain in Thailand after graduation. It aims to drive the analytical theory from a methodological nationalism to a transient migration approach, and to capture the sense of “transience” of the new wave of Chinese migration in a broader Asia-Pacific context. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, with data collected from Chinese migrant website communities, questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The findings show that the Chinese migrants lead a consumption-oriented migration life that benefits from hypermobility by enjoying a “mobility surplus” in education as a family project. This article discusses the temporariness as a strategy that the Chinese use to bridge migratory resources in a permanent state of in-betweenness. The key issue that has been highlighted is the meaning of being transient in everyday life. As it articulates authenticity and the meaning of “self” in modern life, transient migration, thus, does not aim at its overcoming, but is rather a form of life in itself.","PeriodicalId":46248,"journal":{"name":"Asian and Pacific Migration Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"511 - 535"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83443581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1177/01171968231157506
B. Khadria, Wei Li
India, the second most populous country and the largest democracy in the world, has experienced rapid economic development and demographic shifts in recent decades. There has been rapid urbanization caused partly due to ruralurbanmigration of more than 110 million migrants representing 54.6 percent of the urban population. India is one of the world’s largest international migration sending countries, with 14 million Indian citizens settled abroad (NRIs or non-resident Indians), consisting of lower-skilled/less-educated laborers as well as highly-educated/skilled professionals (Ministry of External Affairs, n.d.). Together with 18 million strong Indian diaspora, the persons of Indian origin (PIOs) as naturalized citizens of their countries of residence abroad, have spread out globally with significant presence in 37 countries (ICWA, 2001; Lal, 2006; United Nations, 2019). Moreover, while considered as a significant international migration sending country, India has also attracted a large number
印度是世界上人口第二多的国家，也是世界上最大的民主国家，近几十年来经历了快速的经济发展和人口结构变化。中国快速城市化的部分原因是1.1亿多农民工向城市迁移，占城市人口的54.6%。印度是世界上最大的国际移民输出国之一，有1400万印度公民在国外定居(NRIs或非居民印度人)，包括低技能/受教育程度较低的劳动力以及受过高等教育/技能的专业人员(Ministry of External Affairs, n.d)。与1800万强大的印度侨民一起，印度裔人士(PIOs)作为其海外居住国的归化公民，已在全球37个国家广泛存在(国际社会，2001年;拉尔,2006;联合国，2019)。此外，印度作为一个重要的国际移民输出国，也吸引了大量的国际移民
{"title":"Transformative perspectives on migration from and in the Global South: Let data, information and statistics on India speak","authors":"B. Khadria, Wei Li","doi":"10.1177/01171968231157506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01171968231157506","url":null,"abstract":"India, the second most populous country and the largest democracy in the world, has experienced rapid economic development and demographic shifts in recent decades. There has been rapid urbanization caused partly due to ruralurbanmigration of more than 110 million migrants representing 54.6 percent of the urban population. India is one of the world’s largest international migration sending countries, with 14 million Indian citizens settled abroad (NRIs or non-resident Indians), consisting of lower-skilled/less-educated laborers as well as highly-educated/skilled professionals (Ministry of External Affairs, n.d.). Together with 18 million strong Indian diaspora, the persons of Indian origin (PIOs) as naturalized citizens of their countries of residence abroad, have spread out globally with significant presence in 37 countries (ICWA, 2001; Lal, 2006; United Nations, 2019). Moreover, while considered as a significant international migration sending country, India has also attracted a large number","PeriodicalId":46248,"journal":{"name":"Asian and Pacific Migration Journal","volume":"78 1","pages":"347 - 354"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75373363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1177/01171968231152621
B. Potnuru, B. Khadria
Previous studies on the economic performance of immigrants in the United States of America showed that successive immigrants possess lower skills and experience sluggish wage growth, thereby making the wage convergence with the natives almost impossible. However, analysis of variance (ANOVA) post hoc tests using data from the American Community Survey (ACS) 2010–2019 on China- and India-born immigrants revealed otherwise. Both immigrant groups have significantly higher levels of education, better occupation and higher earnings compared to all foreign-born immigrants and natives. During 2010–2019, the earnings of China- and India-born immigrants increased faster than the natives’ due to their higher educational attainment. Thus, the general characteristics and experiences of all foreign-born vis-a-vis natives cannot be generalized across specific immigrant groups. Immigrants from different origin countries who have different skill levels and competencies show different earning differentials compared with the natives. Some immigrant groups even become more productive over time due to the increased portability of the human capital of their latest cohorts.
{"title":"Comparison of the economic performance of the China- and India-born immigrants with US natives","authors":"B. Potnuru, B. Khadria","doi":"10.1177/01171968231152621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01171968231152621","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies on the economic performance of immigrants in the United States of America showed that successive immigrants possess lower skills and experience sluggish wage growth, thereby making the wage convergence with the natives almost impossible. However, analysis of variance (ANOVA) post hoc tests using data from the American Community Survey (ACS) 2010–2019 on China- and India-born immigrants revealed otherwise. Both immigrant groups have significantly higher levels of education, better occupation and higher earnings compared to all foreign-born immigrants and natives. During 2010–2019, the earnings of China- and India-born immigrants increased faster than the natives’ due to their higher educational attainment. Thus, the general characteristics and experiences of all foreign-born vis-a-vis natives cannot be generalized across specific immigrant groups. Immigrants from different origin countries who have different skill levels and competencies show different earning differentials compared with the natives. Some immigrant groups even become more productive over time due to the increased portability of the human capital of their latest cohorts.","PeriodicalId":46248,"journal":{"name":"Asian and Pacific Migration Journal","volume":"29 1","pages":"382 - 401"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73598361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1177/01171968221125407
Wei-Yun Chung
{"title":"Book review: Women migrants in Southern China and Taiwan: Mobilities, Digital Economies and Emotions","authors":"Wei-Yun Chung","doi":"10.1177/01171968221125407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01171968221125407","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46248,"journal":{"name":"Asian and Pacific Migration Journal","volume":"36 1","pages":"336 - 338"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74715642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1177/01171968221122986
T. Nguyen
to fulfil their aspirations, the author shows the complexity of migration as a phenomenon and process and highlights the importance of understanding the role of aspirations and emotions in migration-related research. With careful analyses of the interaction between the actors and factors at micro, meso and macro levels, the author gives voice to these conventionally-defined lowskilled, undereducated, and often socially disadvantaged and invisible migrant women and theorizes their lived experiences. Nonetheless, heterogeneity exists among Taiwanese-Chinese couples. There is a growing number of Taiwanese-Chinese couples who are highly educated and have different marital, employment, and migration experiences from those of the researched women. Thus, the empirical findings in this book represent the experiences of a portion, rather than the entire population of Chinese women who marry Taiwanese men. Unfortunately, the author does not provide an overview of the changing patterns in marriages across the Taiwan Strait. Nor does she discuss how the changing marriage patterns influence the reader’s interpretation of her findings or the implications of these changing patterns for research on migration across the Chinese border. In sum, this book is theoretically and empirically engaging despite the weaknesses mentioned above. I would recommend it to researchers in the field of migration studies, particularly those focusing on Asia. It is also a good read for non-academic readers interested in contemporary China and marriage migration in East Asia.
{"title":"Book review: Ethnic dissent and empowerment: Economic migration between Vietnam and Malaysia","authors":"T. Nguyen","doi":"10.1177/01171968221122986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01171968221122986","url":null,"abstract":"to fulfil their aspirations, the author shows the complexity of migration as a phenomenon and process and highlights the importance of understanding the role of aspirations and emotions in migration-related research. With careful analyses of the interaction between the actors and factors at micro, meso and macro levels, the author gives voice to these conventionally-defined lowskilled, undereducated, and often socially disadvantaged and invisible migrant women and theorizes their lived experiences. Nonetheless, heterogeneity exists among Taiwanese-Chinese couples. There is a growing number of Taiwanese-Chinese couples who are highly educated and have different marital, employment, and migration experiences from those of the researched women. Thus, the empirical findings in this book represent the experiences of a portion, rather than the entire population of Chinese women who marry Taiwanese men. Unfortunately, the author does not provide an overview of the changing patterns in marriages across the Taiwan Strait. Nor does she discuss how the changing marriage patterns influence the reader’s interpretation of her findings or the implications of these changing patterns for research on migration across the Chinese border. In sum, this book is theoretically and empirically engaging despite the weaknesses mentioned above. I would recommend it to researchers in the field of migration studies, particularly those focusing on Asia. It is also a good read for non-academic readers interested in contemporary China and marriage migration in East Asia.","PeriodicalId":46248,"journal":{"name":"Asian and Pacific Migration Journal","volume":"54 1","pages":"338 - 340"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90992323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1177/01171968221122976
Chien-Wen Kung
{"title":"Book review: Coming home to a foreign country: Xiamen and returned overseas Chinese, 1843–1938","authors":"Chien-Wen Kung","doi":"10.1177/01171968221122976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01171968221122976","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46248,"journal":{"name":"Asian and Pacific Migration Journal","volume":"104 1","pages":"341 - 343"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79009668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1177/01171968221115786
N. Biswas
South Asia – which consists of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Pakistan, Maldives, Nepal and Sri Lanka – is mostly a region of out-migration. It is estimated that are 13.9 million international migrants residing in the subregion while some 43.4 million South Asians reside outside of their country of origin (UN DESA, 2020). Temporary labor migration, mostly towards the Gulf countries, is an important feature of SouthAsia’smigration experience. Migrant workers use land and sea routes to reach their destination countries. Thus far, there has been limited discussion in South Asia aboutmaritimemigration in the Bay of Bengal to reach intended destinations. It is important to address this gap and the vulnerabilities migrants face in maritime migration. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has increased the vulnerabilities of migrant workers, especially women migrant workers, as they face joblessness, wage theft, no access to health care, violence and ill-treatment (ACAPS, 2020; Foley and Piper, 2020). Although several international conventions, declarations and recommendations have been formulated, including the Global Compact onMigration (GCM), the implementation part remains weak. Therefore, it is essential to discuss and empower civil society organizations to monitor the implementation of the GCM. The Calcutta Research Group and the Institute for Human Sciences, Vienna [under the project “Justice, Protection and Government of the People:” ATwoYear Research and Orientation Programme on Protection and Democracy in a Post-COVID World (2021–2023)] in collaboration with the Nepal Institute of
{"title":"Report of the South Asian labor migration and maritime migrants conference, Kathmandu, Nepal, 21-23 May 2022,","authors":"N. Biswas","doi":"10.1177/01171968221115786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01171968221115786","url":null,"abstract":"South Asia – which consists of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Pakistan, Maldives, Nepal and Sri Lanka – is mostly a region of out-migration. It is estimated that are 13.9 million international migrants residing in the subregion while some 43.4 million South Asians reside outside of their country of origin (UN DESA, 2020). Temporary labor migration, mostly towards the Gulf countries, is an important feature of SouthAsia’smigration experience. Migrant workers use land and sea routes to reach their destination countries. Thus far, there has been limited discussion in South Asia aboutmaritimemigration in the Bay of Bengal to reach intended destinations. It is important to address this gap and the vulnerabilities migrants face in maritime migration. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has increased the vulnerabilities of migrant workers, especially women migrant workers, as they face joblessness, wage theft, no access to health care, violence and ill-treatment (ACAPS, 2020; Foley and Piper, 2020). Although several international conventions, declarations and recommendations have been formulated, including the Global Compact onMigration (GCM), the implementation part remains weak. Therefore, it is essential to discuss and empower civil society organizations to monitor the implementation of the GCM. The Calcutta Research Group and the Institute for Human Sciences, Vienna [under the project “Justice, Protection and Government of the People:” ATwoYear Research and Orientation Programme on Protection and Democracy in a Post-COVID World (2021–2023)] in collaboration with the Nepal Institute of","PeriodicalId":46248,"journal":{"name":"Asian and Pacific Migration Journal","volume":"54 1","pages":"190 - 201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80763523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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