Pub Date : 2021-03-29DOI: 10.1080/15377857.2020.1869832
Rossana Sampugnaro, Francesca Montemagno
Abstract The digital platform has deeply changed the electoral campaigns, producing a consequent evolution of political consulting. Social networks have become the mainstream media so that the digital strategist and the big data analysts have achieved a special place in the “war room,” next to the campaign director and the pollster. In 2012, Obama’s election has marked the entrance in the “Fast Politics”: resulting, on one hand, in 24 hours news, a large amount of auto-generated contents produced by the voters through digital media, fragmentation, instantaneous transmission of messages and, on the other hand, a reduction of the attention threshold. Once again, similarly to the past, the evolution of the media (2.0) ends up changing the nature of election campaigns and political consulting request. What happens in Europe? The objective is to carry out a comparative analysis on the professionalization of candidates’ electoral staff. We wanted to verify if the American model has been imported in Europe with special focus on the techniques and the style of election campaigns management. In particular, within a comparative approach among the European states, the study analyzed the usage of political consulting and the degree of “digitalization” during last general elections: an ancillary practice or, on the contrary, a new tool for consensus? The comparative analysis among European states exploited the data provided by Comparative Candidates Survey (CCS 2013) and constructed synthetic indexes on the professionalization and digitization campaigns, conducting a quantitative and qualitative analysis.
{"title":"In Search of the Americanization: Candidates and Political Campaigns in European General Election","authors":"Rossana Sampugnaro, Francesca Montemagno","doi":"10.1080/15377857.2020.1869832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2020.1869832","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The digital platform has deeply changed the electoral campaigns, producing a consequent evolution of political consulting. Social networks have become the mainstream media so that the digital strategist and the big data analysts have achieved a special place in the “war room,” next to the campaign director and the pollster. In 2012, Obama’s election has marked the entrance in the “Fast Politics”: resulting, on one hand, in 24 hours news, a large amount of auto-generated contents produced by the voters through digital media, fragmentation, instantaneous transmission of messages and, on the other hand, a reduction of the attention threshold. Once again, similarly to the past, the evolution of the media (2.0) ends up changing the nature of election campaigns and political consulting request. What happens in Europe? The objective is to carry out a comparative analysis on the professionalization of candidates’ electoral staff. We wanted to verify if the American model has been imported in Europe with special focus on the techniques and the style of election campaigns management. In particular, within a comparative approach among the European states, the study analyzed the usage of political consulting and the degree of “digitalization” during last general elections: an ancillary practice or, on the contrary, a new tool for consensus? The comparative analysis among European states exploited the data provided by Comparative Candidates Survey (CCS 2013) and constructed synthetic indexes on the professionalization and digitization campaigns, conducting a quantitative and qualitative analysis.","PeriodicalId":46259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Political Marketing","volume":"20 1","pages":"34 - 49"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15377857.2020.1869832","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45675053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-29DOI: 10.1080/15377857.2020.1869812
E. Pashentsev, D. Bazarkina
Abstract The effectiveness of ISIS propaganda in Internet is determined by several factors, which are analyzed in the form of a four-level scheme. Ultimately, all of the following factors contribute to the successful recruitment of militants via social media. The absence of the application of perspective technologies by terrorists, whether owing to inaccessibility or to an insufficient level of development, does not offer the opportunity to become self-complacent. The inaccessibility of any weapon or a lack of the development of technology for practical application cannot be guaranteed forever. Advancing the use of perspective technologies to counteract terrorism is urgently required.
{"title":"ISIS Propaganda on the Internet, and Effective Counteraction","authors":"E. Pashentsev, D. Bazarkina","doi":"10.1080/15377857.2020.1869812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2020.1869812","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The effectiveness of ISIS propaganda in Internet is determined by several factors, which are analyzed in the form of a four-level scheme. Ultimately, all of the following factors contribute to the successful recruitment of militants via social media. The absence of the application of perspective technologies by terrorists, whether owing to inaccessibility or to an insufficient level of development, does not offer the opportunity to become self-complacent. The inaccessibility of any weapon or a lack of the development of technology for practical application cannot be guaranteed forever. Advancing the use of perspective technologies to counteract terrorism is urgently required.","PeriodicalId":46259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Political Marketing","volume":"20 1","pages":"17 - 33"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15377857.2020.1869812","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45284734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-29DOI: 10.1080/15377857.2020.1869858
S. Vinogradova, G. Melnik, T. Shaldenkova
Abstract Political analysts believe that in the history of the development of society, we can observe two interrelated phenomena. The first is related to the introduction of new content in the old political forms, the second – with the filling of new forms of old content. From our point of view, the conclusion of political analysts may be used in the case of political technologies. Political technologies that use different types of effects on individuals and social groups are considered to be a relatively new phenomenon in the world of politics. In this article, we aim to clarify whether all the components of modern political technologies are fundamentally new.
{"title":"Political Technologies: The Interaction of Old and New","authors":"S. Vinogradova, G. Melnik, T. Shaldenkova","doi":"10.1080/15377857.2020.1869858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2020.1869858","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Political analysts believe that in the history of the development of society, we can observe two interrelated phenomena. The first is related to the introduction of new content in the old political forms, the second – with the filling of new forms of old content. From our point of view, the conclusion of political analysts may be used in the case of political technologies. Political technologies that use different types of effects on individuals and social groups are considered to be a relatively new phenomenon in the world of politics. In this article, we aim to clarify whether all the components of modern political technologies are fundamentally new.","PeriodicalId":46259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Political Marketing","volume":"20 1","pages":"60 - 71"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15377857.2020.1869858","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42478735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-29DOI: 10.1080/15377857.2020.1868908
G. Simons, Dmitrii A. Rushchin
In the run up to the fifth Political Marketing Forum in St. Petersburg (Russia) in July 2016, one of the major personalities in the planning and organization was Svetlana Vinogradova, known to many scholars and students over the years for her friendly and open attitude to those fortunate enough to meet and work with her. Svetlana carried a very commanding and yet welcoming presence with her, which is appreciated by all. Unfortunately, in the year 2019, Svetlana lost her battle, just short of seeing this special issue being realized. The editors of the special issue would like to dedicate the special issue to the memory of this extraordinary researcher and wonderfully warm personality that is Svetlana Vinogradova.
{"title":"Political Marketing in a Changing World: Global, National and Regional Dimensions","authors":"G. Simons, Dmitrii A. Rushchin","doi":"10.1080/15377857.2020.1868908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2020.1868908","url":null,"abstract":"In the run up to the fifth Political Marketing Forum in St. Petersburg (Russia) in July 2016, one of the major personalities in the planning and organization was Svetlana Vinogradova, known to many scholars and students over the years for her friendly and open attitude to those fortunate enough to meet and work with her. Svetlana carried a very commanding and yet welcoming presence with her, which is appreciated by all. Unfortunately, in the year 2019, Svetlana lost her battle, just short of seeing this special issue being realized. The editors of the special issue would like to dedicate the special issue to the memory of this extraordinary researcher and wonderfully warm personality that is Svetlana Vinogradova.","PeriodicalId":46259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Political Marketing","volume":"20 1","pages":"1 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15377857.2020.1868908","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48914567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-29DOI: 10.1080/15377857.2020.1869786
Magdalena Jabłońska, A. Falkowski
Abstract The study focuses on framing which can be defined as a particular way of presenting information that affects how the message is understood and accepted. More precisely, in our research we investigate how comparisons to the concepts of an ideal politician (positive framing) and a bad politician (negative framing) influence affective evaluation and preference for a political candidate. The results of an experimental study showed that negative framing led to a higher affective evaluation and voting intention compared to positive framing. Furthermore, the juxtaposition of the candidate with the concept of a bad politician resulted in an increase in the preference for the candidate (compared to the initial measurement). The findings support the negativity effect and add to the discussion on comparative and negative advertising.
{"title":"Framing in Political Evaluations. An Empirical Study on the Role of Positive and Negative Comparisons in Affect and Preference Construction","authors":"Magdalena Jabłońska, A. Falkowski","doi":"10.1080/15377857.2020.1869786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2020.1869786","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The study focuses on framing which can be defined as a particular way of presenting information that affects how the message is understood and accepted. More precisely, in our research we investigate how comparisons to the concepts of an ideal politician (positive framing) and a bad politician (negative framing) influence affective evaluation and preference for a political candidate. The results of an experimental study showed that negative framing led to a higher affective evaluation and voting intention compared to positive framing. Furthermore, the juxtaposition of the candidate with the concept of a bad politician resulted in an increase in the preference for the candidate (compared to the initial measurement). The findings support the negativity effect and add to the discussion on comparative and negative advertising.","PeriodicalId":46259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Political Marketing","volume":"20 1","pages":"4 - 16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15377857.2020.1869786","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59853296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-15DOI: 10.1080/15377857.2021.1892901
Jennifer Bast
The visual social media platform Instagram is a popular tool for political image building. Drawing on image management theory as well as right-wing populist and visual communication, this study exp...
{"title":"Managing the Image. The Visual Communication Strategy of European Right-Wing Populist Politicians on Instagram","authors":"Jennifer Bast","doi":"10.1080/15377857.2021.1892901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2021.1892901","url":null,"abstract":"The visual social media platform Instagram is a popular tool for political image building. Drawing on image management theory as well as right-wing populist and visual communication, this study exp...","PeriodicalId":46259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Political Marketing","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-30"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15377857.2021.1892901","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46916611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-11DOI: 10.1080/15377857.2021.1892900
I. Black, Paul Baines, Ning Baines, N. O'shaughnessy, R. Mortimore
Abstract This article makes a contribution by articulating, for the first time, how hope and fear appeals were constructed as a rhetorical media device in a political advertising campaign context, specifically the 2014 Scottish independence referendum. Based on a qualitative content analysis of both sides’ campaigning materials, an understanding of the fluid, responsive and symbiotic nature of these emotional appeals and how they are utilized against the other is outlined. The research reveals core dimensions for constructing persuasive media appeals. While, fear appeals should strive to create a threat perceived to be relevant, and significant, the deployed hope appeals should focus on generating alternative positive visions and be goal congruent. By understanding contested (political) campaigns, new types of hybrid hope and fears appeal emerge (i.e. hope and fear reduction appeals). Taking these findings together, allows the authors to provide prescriptions on how certain message appeal types might be used to induce particular emotional effects in the audience. The summary statement of contribution This study articulates how hope and fear media appeals were constructed, and used to counteract each other, in a referendum context. Fear and hope can be elicited via three principal mechanisms: 1) Developing threats (fear) perceived as relevant, significant and expected to occur), 2) Deploying hope against fear by creating alternative, positive visions for target audiences 3) Creating messages that reduce feelings of fear or hope by reducing perceptions of the dimensions required to create them. Bringing these findings together allows the researchers to provide a prescription for how to induce particular hope/fear effects in the target audience.
{"title":"The Dynamic Interplay of Hope vs Fear Appeals in a Referendum Context","authors":"I. Black, Paul Baines, Ning Baines, N. O'shaughnessy, R. Mortimore","doi":"10.1080/15377857.2021.1892900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2021.1892900","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article makes a contribution by articulating, for the first time, how hope and fear appeals were constructed as a rhetorical media device in a political advertising campaign context, specifically the 2014 Scottish independence referendum. Based on a qualitative content analysis of both sides’ campaigning materials, an understanding of the fluid, responsive and symbiotic nature of these emotional appeals and how they are utilized against the other is outlined. The research reveals core dimensions for constructing persuasive media appeals. While, fear appeals should strive to create a threat perceived to be relevant, and significant, the deployed hope appeals should focus on generating alternative positive visions and be goal congruent. By understanding contested (political) campaigns, new types of hybrid hope and fears appeal emerge (i.e. hope and fear reduction appeals). Taking these findings together, allows the authors to provide prescriptions on how certain message appeal types might be used to induce particular emotional effects in the audience. The summary statement of contribution This study articulates how hope and fear media appeals were constructed, and used to counteract each other, in a referendum context. Fear and hope can be elicited via three principal mechanisms: 1) Developing threats (fear) perceived as relevant, significant and expected to occur), 2) Deploying hope against fear by creating alternative, positive visions for target audiences 3) Creating messages that reduce feelings of fear or hope by reducing perceptions of the dimensions required to create them. Bringing these findings together allows the researchers to provide a prescription for how to induce particular hope/fear effects in the target audience.","PeriodicalId":46259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Political Marketing","volume":"22 1","pages":"143 - 171"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15377857.2021.1892900","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47486467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-17DOI: 10.1080/15377857.2021.1884166
B. Calfano, Jelena Vićić
Abstract The endorser effects literature expects the public to be swayed by cues offered by trusted or liked sources. A useful question for political marketing scholars is whether inherently nonpartisan cues impact public willingness to access nonpartisan political information. We use two social media-based field experiments and two survey-embedded experiments to test whether a randomly assigned visual marketing endorsement of political information by a known nonpartisan organization in paid ads (i.e., the League of Women Voters) encourages users to click on an information video about upcoming elections. We found an overwhelming subject response to the information video when the League of Women Voters (i.e., the endorser) cue is present, relative to the control group that received no cue in either the field or survey experiments (and controlling for partisanship and political interest in the survey experiments).
{"title":"Click to Count: The Effects of Nonpartisan Cue Endorsements in Selecting Political Information","authors":"B. Calfano, Jelena Vićić","doi":"10.1080/15377857.2021.1884166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2021.1884166","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The endorser effects literature expects the public to be swayed by cues offered by trusted or liked sources. A useful question for political marketing scholars is whether inherently nonpartisan cues impact public willingness to access nonpartisan political information. We use two social media-based field experiments and two survey-embedded experiments to test whether a randomly assigned visual marketing endorsement of political information by a known nonpartisan organization in paid ads (i.e., the League of Women Voters) encourages users to click on an information video about upcoming elections. We found an overwhelming subject response to the information video when the League of Women Voters (i.e., the endorser) cue is present, relative to the control group that received no cue in either the field or survey experiments (and controlling for partisanship and political interest in the survey experiments).","PeriodicalId":46259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Political Marketing","volume":"22 1","pages":"128 - 142"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15377857.2021.1884166","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46618821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-12DOI: 10.1080/15377857.2020.1862020
Akhmad Farhan, N. Omar
Abstract The association of political brand relationship management and voters’ citizenship behavior is a relatively new concept in political marketing research. The relationship between voters and political parties is more complicated in modern times, due to both the sophisticated trends of the current political scenario and voters’ high expectations. This study investigates how political brand identification, political brand relationship investment, political brand relationship quality, and psychological contract violation influence voter citizenship behavior. Currently, the literature examining the effects of these factors on voter citizenship behavior, in conjunction with psychological contract violation, is fairly sparse. Using a sample set of 520 Indonesian voters, the study was able to determine that the political brand relationship quality has the strongest impact on voter citizenship behavior, followed by the political brand identification and political brand relationship investment. Further results imply that a psychological contract violation is not directly related to voter citizenship behavior but that it does significantly moderate the relationship between the political brand relationship investment and voter citizenship behavior. This research adds new insights into the field of political marketing and provides strategic branding guidelines for politicians and others planning to implement political branding to build a relationship with voters.
{"title":"Branding Strategies for Influencing Voter Citizenship Behavior in Indonesia: The Moderating Role of Psychological Contract Violation","authors":"Akhmad Farhan, N. Omar","doi":"10.1080/15377857.2020.1862020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2020.1862020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The association of political brand relationship management and voters’ citizenship behavior is a relatively new concept in political marketing research. The relationship between voters and political parties is more complicated in modern times, due to both the sophisticated trends of the current political scenario and voters’ high expectations. This study investigates how political brand identification, political brand relationship investment, political brand relationship quality, and psychological contract violation influence voter citizenship behavior. Currently, the literature examining the effects of these factors on voter citizenship behavior, in conjunction with psychological contract violation, is fairly sparse. Using a sample set of 520 Indonesian voters, the study was able to determine that the political brand relationship quality has the strongest impact on voter citizenship behavior, followed by the political brand identification and political brand relationship investment. Further results imply that a psychological contract violation is not directly related to voter citizenship behavior but that it does significantly moderate the relationship between the political brand relationship investment and voter citizenship behavior. This research adds new insights into the field of political marketing and provides strategic branding guidelines for politicians and others planning to implement political branding to build a relationship with voters.","PeriodicalId":46259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Political Marketing","volume":"22 1","pages":"108 - 127"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15377857.2020.1862020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44870239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-09DOI: 10.1080/15377857.2020.1841709
M. Grusell, L. Nord
Abstract The visual components of political communication are closely related to the ongoing personalization of politics. Not only do the media focus their stories on candidates and leaders, but also the parties’ own work with the electoral campaigns and political propaganda have an increasing focus on the individual candidates and leaders. This study focuses on how political party leaders chose to use visual images in their self-presentation on Instagram during the 2018 general election in Sweden. This is done through a quantitative content analysis of party leaders’ posts during the last three weeks before Election Day. The results do not confirm an increasing level of personalization of politics. Party leaders were visually exposed in an innovative way, but still mainly within rather predictable campaign contexts. General social media standards have been developed by political parties also on this platform. When applying to these standards branding and long-term party strategy considerations seem to be more important than possible short-term effects of exposing surprising personal and emotional characteristics of the party leader.
{"title":"Not so Intimate Instagram: Images of Swedish Political Party Leaders in the 2018 National Election Campaign","authors":"M. Grusell, L. Nord","doi":"10.1080/15377857.2020.1841709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2020.1841709","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The visual components of political communication are closely related to the ongoing personalization of politics. Not only do the media focus their stories on candidates and leaders, but also the parties’ own work with the electoral campaigns and political propaganda have an increasing focus on the individual candidates and leaders. This study focuses on how political party leaders chose to use visual images in their self-presentation on Instagram during the 2018 general election in Sweden. This is done through a quantitative content analysis of party leaders’ posts during the last three weeks before Election Day. The results do not confirm an increasing level of personalization of politics. Party leaders were visually exposed in an innovative way, but still mainly within rather predictable campaign contexts. General social media standards have been developed by political parties also on this platform. When applying to these standards branding and long-term party strategy considerations seem to be more important than possible short-term effects of exposing surprising personal and emotional characteristics of the party leader.","PeriodicalId":46259,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Political Marketing","volume":"114 3","pages":"92 - 107"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15377857.2020.1841709","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41281623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：