Pub Date : 2021-06-21DOI: 10.1177/00377686211020982
Anwar Ouassini
This article explores Spanish Moroccan experiences with Islamophobic microaggressions in contemporary Madrid. It seeks to fill an important gap in the literature on religion and racial microaggressions by moving beyond the usual psychologistic explanations to show how these acts reflect Spanish historical-racialized structures, where Muslims were regarded as the Other. In utilizing in-depth qualitative interviews and participant observations, the author reveals how Spanish Moroccans are negotiating and responding to Islamophobic microaggressions at work, educational institutions, and the public sphere. Ultimately, this research shows how these microaggressions reinforced a Muslim-first identity framework, which allowed them to strategically link their experiences and identities to a collective, historical memory of Muslim Spain.
{"title":"The silent inquisition: Islamophobic microaggressions and Spanish Moroccan identity negotiations in contemporary Madrid","authors":"Anwar Ouassini","doi":"10.1177/00377686211020982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00377686211020982","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores Spanish Moroccan experiences with Islamophobic microaggressions in contemporary Madrid. It seeks to fill an important gap in the literature on religion and racial microaggressions by moving beyond the usual psychologistic explanations to show how these acts reflect Spanish historical-racialized structures, where Muslims were regarded as the Other. In utilizing in-depth qualitative interviews and participant observations, the author reveals how Spanish Moroccans are negotiating and responding to Islamophobic microaggressions at work, educational institutions, and the public sphere. Ultimately, this research shows how these microaggressions reinforced a Muslim-first identity framework, which allowed them to strategically link their experiences and identities to a collective, historical memory of Muslim Spain.","PeriodicalId":46442,"journal":{"name":"Social Compass","volume":"69 1","pages":"76 - 94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/00377686211020982","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49660249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-18DOI: 10.1177/00377686211020567
S. Shah
While the diversity of diasporic Muslim public experiences has been examined, the social contours of religious approach have received less attention. Moreover, the ways in which religion shapes marital relations remains understudied. This article, which features data from a larger research project, highlights two divergent trends in Muslim approaches to religion: exclusivity, which frames only one approach to Islam as correct, and inclusivity, which frames multiple approaches as correct. This divergence plays a role in shaping definitions of ‘good Muslim’, as exclusivist Muslims focus on ritual acts (outward observance), while inclusivist Muslims prioritize good manners (inward observance). The author demonstrates how these inward and outward definitions of Muslimness in turn inform how participants evaluate their spouses’ religiosity and, thus, the potential for conflict over religiosity with their spouses.
{"title":"Black and white or shades of grey: Religious approaches and Muslim marital conflict","authors":"S. Shah","doi":"10.1177/00377686211020567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00377686211020567","url":null,"abstract":"While the diversity of diasporic Muslim public experiences has been examined, the social contours of religious approach have received less attention. Moreover, the ways in which religion shapes marital relations remains understudied. This article, which features data from a larger research project, highlights two divergent trends in Muslim approaches to religion: exclusivity, which frames only one approach to Islam as correct, and inclusivity, which frames multiple approaches as correct. This divergence plays a role in shaping definitions of ‘good Muslim’, as exclusivist Muslims focus on ritual acts (outward observance), while inclusivist Muslims prioritize good manners (inward observance). The author demonstrates how these inward and outward definitions of Muslimness in turn inform how participants evaluate their spouses’ religiosity and, thus, the potential for conflict over religiosity with their spouses.","PeriodicalId":46442,"journal":{"name":"Social Compass","volume":"69 1","pages":"113 - 132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/00377686211020567","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48084794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.1177/00377686211017493
Olga Breskaya, G. Giordan, Siniša Zrinščak
The measures and correlates of religious freedom constitute a comparatively new area of study eliciting research at the level of state agency and judicial institutions. The article adds to this the individual level of analysis by introducing a five-dimensional concept of the Social Perception of Religious Freedom (SPRF). It discusses results of its testing on a convenience sample of 1035 Italian University students. We examine the predictive power of ‘passive’ and ‘assertive’ secularism and patterns of state-religion relations vis-à-vis SPRF. While ‘passive’ secularism has a significant positive influence on four of five dimensions of religious freedom, the ‘assertive’ secularism has no effect on it. Findings suggest that the models of an endorsed Catholic Church and state control over religion have mostly negative effects on the SPRF. Moreover, individuals with stronger religious identity are more supportive of the endorsed models of state-religion relations while politically engaged respondents do not favor them.
{"title":"Social perception of religious freedom: Testing the impact of secularism and state-religion relations","authors":"Olga Breskaya, G. Giordan, Siniša Zrinščak","doi":"10.1177/00377686211017493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00377686211017493","url":null,"abstract":"The measures and correlates of religious freedom constitute a comparatively new area of study eliciting research at the level of state agency and judicial institutions. The article adds to this the individual level of analysis by introducing a five-dimensional concept of the Social Perception of Religious Freedom (SPRF). It discusses results of its testing on a convenience sample of 1035 Italian University students. We examine the predictive power of ‘passive’ and ‘assertive’ secularism and patterns of state-religion relations vis-à-vis SPRF. While ‘passive’ secularism has a significant positive influence on four of five dimensions of religious freedom, the ‘assertive’ secularism has no effect on it. Findings suggest that the models of an endorsed Catholic Church and state control over religion have mostly negative effects on the SPRF. Moreover, individuals with stronger religious identity are more supportive of the endorsed models of state-religion relations while politically engaged respondents do not favor them.","PeriodicalId":46442,"journal":{"name":"Social Compass","volume":"68 1","pages":"282 - 300"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/00377686211017493","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43151647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-11DOI: 10.1177/00377686211021006
Felipe Orellana
The following research seeks to understand the religious life of a Haitian community in a Chilean parish. The main objectives try to identify (a) the reproduction of Haitian Catholicism in a Chilean parish and (b) the interrelationship with the Chilean community and society through participation in the parish life by Haitian parishioners. The research uses a qualitative framework with participant observations of the Sunday Masses and religious and social activities developed in the parish. The sample is composed of Haitian parishioners that are regular participants of the Masses and activities. The main findings show that the Haitian community is not alone or isolated from Chilean parishioners and society. The participation in ‘integration’ Masses and cultural activities are examples of activities for both Haitians and Chileans. Finally, the language is a tool for remembering the Haitian Mass but not a mechanism for isolating the Haitian community.
{"title":"Haitian parishioners in a Chilean parish: The role of Haitian Catholicism and ethnic cultural features","authors":"Felipe Orellana","doi":"10.1177/00377686211021006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00377686211021006","url":null,"abstract":"The following research seeks to understand the religious life of a Haitian community in a Chilean parish. The main objectives try to identify (a) the reproduction of Haitian Catholicism in a Chilean parish and (b) the interrelationship with the Chilean community and society through participation in the parish life by Haitian parishioners. The research uses a qualitative framework with participant observations of the Sunday Masses and religious and social activities developed in the parish. The sample is composed of Haitian parishioners that are regular participants of the Masses and activities. The main findings show that the Haitian community is not alone or isolated from Chilean parishioners and society. The participation in ‘integration’ Masses and cultural activities are examples of activities for both Haitians and Chileans. Finally, the language is a tool for remembering the Haitian Mass but not a mechanism for isolating the Haitian community.","PeriodicalId":46442,"journal":{"name":"Social Compass","volume":"68 1","pages":"618 - 633"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/00377686211021006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45559065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.1177/00377686211008651
C. Rocha, Cristina Maria De Castro
{"title":"Perspectives nouvelles autour de la mondialisation du champ religieux brésilien","authors":"C. Rocha, Cristina Maria De Castro","doi":"10.1177/00377686211008651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00377686211008651","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46442,"journal":{"name":"Social Compass","volume":"68 1","pages":"151 - 175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/00377686211008651","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46410898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.1177/00377686211014843
Manoela Carpenedo
The increasing appropriation by Charismatic Evangelicals of Jewish narratives, rituals, and even Zionist anxieties is now evident in many parts of the globe. Drawing on two cases, one based on a Brazilian Neo-Pentecostal church and another based on an ethnographic investigation of a ‘Judaizing Evangelical’ community in Brazil this study interrogates to what extent we can comprehend this emerging tendency within Brazilian Charismatic Evangelicalism as a result of the spread of Anglo-American Christian Zionism. The article contends that while there are significant overlaps between Anglo-American Christian Zionism and the Zionist and Judaizing tendencies within Brazilian Charismatic Evangelicalism, it is reductionist to comprehend the Brazilian case exclusively through Anglo-American frameworks. Given the particularities of the Brazilian Charismatic evangelical context, the article points to the unique ways in which Christian Zionist tendencies are being ‘glocalized’ in this country.
{"title":"Christian Zionist religiouscapes in Brazil: Understanding Judaizing practices and Zionist inclinations in Brazilian Charismatic Evangelicalism","authors":"Manoela Carpenedo","doi":"10.1177/00377686211014843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00377686211014843","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing appropriation by Charismatic Evangelicals of Jewish narratives, rituals, and even Zionist anxieties is now evident in many parts of the globe. Drawing on two cases, one based on a Brazilian Neo-Pentecostal church and another based on an ethnographic investigation of a ‘Judaizing Evangelical’ community in Brazil this study interrogates to what extent we can comprehend this emerging tendency within Brazilian Charismatic Evangelicalism as a result of the spread of Anglo-American Christian Zionism. The article contends that while there are significant overlaps between Anglo-American Christian Zionism and the Zionist and Judaizing tendencies within Brazilian Charismatic Evangelicalism, it is reductionist to comprehend the Brazilian case exclusively through Anglo-American frameworks. Given the particularities of the Brazilian Charismatic evangelical context, the article points to the unique ways in which Christian Zionist tendencies are being ‘glocalized’ in this country.","PeriodicalId":46442,"journal":{"name":"Social Compass","volume":"68 1","pages":"204 - 217"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/00377686211014843","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48770435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-13DOI: 10.1177/00377686211012368
J. Fox
Religious freedom (RF) is important because it is posited to be a central element of liberal democracy and as having multiple additional benefits including increased security and economic prosperity. Yet, it is also a disputed concept and many liberal democracies restrict the freedoms of religious minorities. This study uses the Religion and State (RAS) dataset to examine the extent of RF in 183 countries based on six definitions of RF. The author examines whether religious minorities are restricted in a manner that the majority is not, regulation of the majority religion, and imposition of precepts of the majority religion on a country’s population. He finds that very few countries, including liberal democracies, meet any standard for RF, even when one allows for ‘loose’ standards where some violations of RF are allowed.
{"title":"What is religious freedom and who has it?","authors":"J. Fox","doi":"10.1177/00377686211012368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00377686211012368","url":null,"abstract":"Religious freedom (RF) is important because it is posited to be a central element of liberal democracy and as having multiple additional benefits including increased security and economic prosperity. Yet, it is also a disputed concept and many liberal democracies restrict the freedoms of religious minorities. This study uses the Religion and State (RAS) dataset to examine the extent of RF in 183 countries based on six definitions of RF. The author examines whether religious minorities are restricted in a manner that the majority is not, regulation of the majority religion, and imposition of precepts of the majority religion on a country’s population. He finds that very few countries, including liberal democracies, meet any standard for RF, even when one allows for ‘loose’ standards where some violations of RF are allowed.","PeriodicalId":46442,"journal":{"name":"Social Compass","volume":"68 1","pages":"321 - 341"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/00377686211012368","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48457653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-11DOI: 10.1177/00377686211012350
R. Finke, Dane R. Mataic
Research on religious freedom has found a vast chasm between constitutional promises and state practices, with constitutional promises being a poor predictor of the state’s support of religious freedom. This research changes the focus from religious freedom to religious equality. We propose that constitutional promises of religious equality will be associated with less discrimination against minority religions and we explore the relationships governance and the promises of religious equality hold with religious discrimination. We find that promises of religious equality are associated with less discrimination. When exploring the interactions between promises of equality and our governance measures, we find constitutional promises of religious equality largely erase the differences in religious discrimination between countries with and without free elections and an independent judiciary. Yet, the reduced discrimination against minority religions does not suggest that the state removes restrictions on minority religions, only that they are equal with other religions.
{"title":"Reconciling state promises and practices: Constitutional promises and discrimination against religious minorities","authors":"R. Finke, Dane R. Mataic","doi":"10.1177/00377686211012350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00377686211012350","url":null,"abstract":"Research on religious freedom has found a vast chasm between constitutional promises and state practices, with constitutional promises being a poor predictor of the state’s support of religious freedom. This research changes the focus from religious freedom to religious equality. We propose that constitutional promises of religious equality will be associated with less discrimination against minority religions and we explore the relationships governance and the promises of religious equality hold with religious discrimination. We find that promises of religious equality are associated with less discrimination. When exploring the interactions between promises of equality and our governance measures, we find constitutional promises of religious equality largely erase the differences in religious discrimination between countries with and without free elections and an independent judiciary. Yet, the reduced discrimination against minority religions does not suggest that the state removes restrictions on minority religions, only that they are equal with other religions.","PeriodicalId":46442,"journal":{"name":"Social Compass","volume":"68 1","pages":"301 - 320"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/00377686211012350","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45722586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-05DOI: 10.1177/00377686211008769
Cristina Maria de Castro, Igor Gonçalves Caixeta
This article aims to analyse sociologically the adaptations Islamic religiosity has been undergoing in Minas Gerais state, one of the most conservative states of Brazil and a bastion of Catholicism. In order to understand the consequences of the cultural negotiation in the practise of a religion that is considered to be ‘foreign’, and to what extent this process is guided and intermediated by Muslim leaders or defined by ‘individual’ decisions of believers, we analyse four important points addressed by Islamic normativity: Islamic clothing, prayers, halal food, and marriage. This research draws on 18 months of participant observation and interviews. We contend that community members, especially women, have a revived and rigorous religious practise, sometimes exceeding the demands of the Sheikh, not only due to the influence of global conservative religious movements, but also because of an elective affinity between the conservatism of Minas Gerais and traditional Islamic values concerning family and gender.
{"title":"Islamic practices in Belo Horizonte: Adaptations and choices in a bastion of Brazilian traditionalism","authors":"Cristina Maria de Castro, Igor Gonçalves Caixeta","doi":"10.1177/00377686211008769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00377686211008769","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to analyse sociologically the adaptations Islamic religiosity has been undergoing in Minas Gerais state, one of the most conservative states of Brazil and a bastion of Catholicism. In order to understand the consequences of the cultural negotiation in the practise of a religion that is considered to be ‘foreign’, and to what extent this process is guided and intermediated by Muslim leaders or defined by ‘individual’ decisions of believers, we analyse four important points addressed by Islamic normativity: Islamic clothing, prayers, halal food, and marriage. This research draws on 18 months of participant observation and interviews. We contend that community members, especially women, have a revived and rigorous religious practise, sometimes exceeding the demands of the Sheikh, not only due to the influence of global conservative religious movements, but also because of an elective affinity between the conservatism of Minas Gerais and traditional Islamic values concerning family and gender.","PeriodicalId":46442,"journal":{"name":"Social Compass","volume":"68 1","pages":"190 - 203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/00377686211008769","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48103704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.1177/00377686211010685
Emily Pierini
The mediumistic practices of the Brazilian Spiritualist Christian Order Vale do Amanhecer (Valley of the Dawn) are spreading transnationally through migration and spiritual tourism. This article illustrates the mediums’ circulation between Brazil and Europe, how they forge sacred spaces and mediumistic bodies, and the challenges of translation of the doctrine and rituals. It then proposes a phenomenological approach to the transnational circulation of mediumistic practices focussing on the experiences of mediums, analysing a particular conceptualisation of the self in a transhistorical dimension, which may foster or inhibit transnational mobility. It argues that the notion of a transhistorical self in the context of transnational mediumship gives rise to new configurations of the relationship among place, history, and self, allowing new embodied spatial dispositions and ways of knowing while expanding possibilities of being and belonging trans-space and time.
{"title":"Transnational mediumship and the development of a transhistorical self in the Vale do Amanhecer","authors":"Emily Pierini","doi":"10.1177/00377686211010685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00377686211010685","url":null,"abstract":"The mediumistic practices of the Brazilian Spiritualist Christian Order Vale do Amanhecer (Valley of the Dawn) are spreading transnationally through migration and spiritual tourism. This article illustrates the mediums’ circulation between Brazil and Europe, how they forge sacred spaces and mediumistic bodies, and the challenges of translation of the doctrine and rituals. It then proposes a phenomenological approach to the transnational circulation of mediumistic practices focussing on the experiences of mediums, analysing a particular conceptualisation of the self in a transhistorical dimension, which may foster or inhibit transnational mobility. It argues that the notion of a transhistorical self in the context of transnational mediumship gives rise to new configurations of the relationship among place, history, and self, allowing new embodied spatial dispositions and ways of knowing while expanding possibilities of being and belonging trans-space and time.","PeriodicalId":46442,"journal":{"name":"Social Compass","volume":"68 1","pages":"218 - 230"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/00377686211010685","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43459774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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