首页 > 最新文献

Metaphor and Symbol最新文献

英文 中文
God is Not Always Bright: Explicit and Implicit Associations between Brightness/Darkness and God in Bai People 上帝并不总是光明的:白族光明/黑暗与上帝的显性和隐性关联
IF 1.1 3区 文学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.1932506
Heng Li, Yu Cao
ABSTRACT Across many languages and cultures, people tend to explicitly and implicitly associate brightness with God and darkness with the Devil. In the current research, we used an explicit Brightness-Godassociation test(Study 1) and an implicit reaction-time task (Study 2) to investigate religious cognitions in Bai people, an ethnic minority group in southwest China. While Bai people were faster to categorize Devil-related words appearing in a black font versuswhite font, they showed no significant differences in categorizing God-related words when the words presented in a white font versus black font, consistent with their explicit conventions that link“God”with both“brightness”and “darkness”. This pattern of God representations seems to contrast sharply with many other metaphorical associations documented to date. These findings are consistent with the worship of Mahakala (known as “Black Sky god”) in Benzhuism, a local religion in Bai people. Such results cannot be accounted for by valence correspondence such as both concepts of darkness and God having positive meanings. This is because Bai people demonstrate a strong preference for the color white versus black in their culture. We provide the first empirical evidence that light-dark metaphors in religious representations can show variations across cultures.
摘要在许多语言和文化中,人们倾向于明确和含蓄地将光明与上帝联系在一起,将黑暗与魔鬼联系在一起。在本研究中,我们使用外显亮度-神联想测试(研究1)和内隐反应时间任务(研究2)来调查中国西南少数民族白族的宗教认知。虽然白族人更快地将黑色字体的魔鬼相关单词归类为白色字体,但当白色字体的单词与黑色字体的单词相比时,他们对上帝相关单词的分类没有显著差异,这与他们将“上帝”与“光明”和“黑暗”联系起来的明确约定一致。这种上帝表征模式似乎与迄今为止记录的许多其他隐喻联想形成了鲜明对比。这些发现与白族地方宗教苯教对摩诃卡拉(被称为“黑天神”)的崇拜是一致的。这样的结果不能用配价对应来解释,比如黑暗和上帝的概念都具有积极的意义。这是因为白族在他们的文化中表现出对白色与黑色的强烈偏好。我们提供了第一个经验证据,证明宗教表征中的明暗隐喻可以显示不同文化之间的差异。
{"title":"God is Not Always Bright: Explicit and Implicit Associations between Brightness/Darkness and God in Bai People","authors":"Heng Li, Yu Cao","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2021.1932506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2021.1932506","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Across many languages and cultures, people tend to explicitly and implicitly associate brightness with God and darkness with the Devil. In the current research, we used an explicit Brightness-Godassociation test(Study 1) and an implicit reaction-time task (Study 2) to investigate religious cognitions in Bai people, an ethnic minority group in southwest China. While Bai people were faster to categorize Devil-related words appearing in a black font versuswhite font, they showed no significant differences in categorizing God-related words when the words presented in a white font versus black font, consistent with their explicit conventions that link“God”with both“brightness”and “darkness”. This pattern of God representations seems to contrast sharply with many other metaphorical associations documented to date. These findings are consistent with the worship of Mahakala (known as “Black Sky god”) in Benzhuism, a local religion in Bai people. Such results cannot be accounted for by valence correspondence such as both concepts of darkness and God having positive meanings. This is because Bai people demonstrate a strong preference for the color white versus black in their culture. We provide the first empirical evidence that light-dark metaphors in religious representations can show variations across cultures.","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43066333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Linguistic Synesthesia in Turkish: A Corpus-based Study of Crossmodal Directionality 土耳其语的语言通感:基于语料库的跨模态指向性研究
IF 1.1 3区 文学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.1921557
Alper Kumcu
ABSTRACT Linguistic synesthesia (or synesthetic/intrafield/crossmodal metaphor) refers to crossmodal instances in which expressions in different sensory modalities are combined as in the case of sweet (taste) melody (hearing). Ullmann was among the first to show that synesthetic transfers seem to follow a potentially universal hierarchy that goes from the so-called “lower” (i.e., touch, taste and smell) to “higher” senses (i.e., hearing and sight). Several studies across languages, cultures, domains and text types seem to support the hierarchy in linguistic synesthesia despite some crosslinguistic differences and varying explanations . To extend results to an underrepresented language and thus, to test the universality of the crossmodal hierarchy, 5,693 token cases of linguistic synesthesia in written and spoken Turkish were investigated using a general-purpose, large corpus. Token, type, and hapax legomena frequencies showed that although three backward and thus, hierarchy-inconsistent transfers (i.e., from taste to touch, from sight to smell and from sight to hearing) were more frequent than their hierarchy-consistent counterparts, forward transfers in the canonical direction were more frequent overall than the backward transfers in Turkish. We conclude that Turkish linguistic synesthesia complies with the hierarchy as a descriptive generalization. Results are discussed in comparison to the crossmodal use of sensory words in other languages.
摘要语言联觉(或联觉/场内/跨模态隐喻)是指跨模态的情况,在这种情况下,不同感觉模式的表达被组合在一起,就像甜(味觉)旋律(听觉)的情况一样。乌尔曼是最早表明联觉转移似乎遵循一个潜在的普遍层次的人之一,从所谓的“较低”(即触觉、味觉和嗅觉)到“较高”感官(即听觉和视觉)。一些跨语言、文化、领域和文本类型的研究似乎支持语言联觉的层次结构,尽管存在一些跨语言差异和不同的解释。为了将结果扩展到代表性不足的语言,从而测试跨模态层次的普遍性,使用通用的大型语料库调查了5693个土耳其语书面和口语中的象征性语言联觉案例。令牌、类型和hapax legomena频率表明,尽管三种向后的、因此是层次不一致的转移(即从味觉到触觉、从视觉到嗅觉以及从视觉到听觉)比层次一致的转移更频繁,但在土耳其语中,规范方向上的正向转移总体上比向后转移更频繁。我们得出的结论是,土耳其语的联觉作为一种描述性概括符合等级制度。将结果与其他语言中感觉词的跨模态使用进行比较。
{"title":"Linguistic Synesthesia in Turkish: A Corpus-based Study of Crossmodal Directionality","authors":"Alper Kumcu","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2021.1921557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2021.1921557","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Linguistic synesthesia (or synesthetic/intrafield/crossmodal metaphor) refers to crossmodal instances in which expressions in different sensory modalities are combined as in the case of sweet (taste) melody (hearing). Ullmann was among the first to show that synesthetic transfers seem to follow a potentially universal hierarchy that goes from the so-called “lower” (i.e., touch, taste and smell) to “higher” senses (i.e., hearing and sight). Several studies across languages, cultures, domains and text types seem to support the hierarchy in linguistic synesthesia despite some crosslinguistic differences and varying explanations . To extend results to an underrepresented language and thus, to test the universality of the crossmodal hierarchy, 5,693 token cases of linguistic synesthesia in written and spoken Turkish were investigated using a general-purpose, large corpus. Token, type, and hapax legomena frequencies showed that although three backward and thus, hierarchy-inconsistent transfers (i.e., from taste to touch, from sight to smell and from sight to hearing) were more frequent than their hierarchy-consistent counterparts, forward transfers in the canonical direction were more frequent overall than the backward transfers in Turkish. We conclude that Turkish linguistic synesthesia complies with the hierarchy as a descriptive generalization. Results are discussed in comparison to the crossmodal use of sensory words in other languages.","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44040471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Got a Spark with Brook? Engaging Consumers in a Sexual Health Campaign through the Use of Creative (Metaphorical) Double Entendres 和布鲁克有火花吗?通过使用创造性的(隐喻的)双关语吸引消费者参与性健康运动
IF 1.1 3区 文学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.1913740
Samantha Ford, J. Littlemore, David J. Houghton
ABSTRACT This paper describes a study conducted in collaboration with a marketing agency and a nonprofit organization (NPO) providing regional sexual health services, which included advice on, and testing for, sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The study investigated the relative effectiveness of different formulations of double entendres on appeal, humor, the likelihood of social media engagement, and intention to seek more information about STIs. Advertisements containing double entendres were significantly more appealing and humorous if: (1) the grammatical formulation did not cue the intended meaning; (2) the double entendre involved a creative metaphorical expression; and (3) the double entendre referred to the middle part of the sexual scenario, referring to action rather than intent or result. Participants’ ratings varied very little according to their age, gender, and education. However, a qualitative investigation of the free-text responses revealed that there was some variation in the types of interpretations that were offered by participants depending on their age, gender, and education. The marketing agency incorporated our findings into their live campaign, which resulted in a notable increase in: (a) website traffic and social media engagement; (b) STI home-testing kits ordered; and (c) STI kits returned for testing, compared with previous campaigns.
摘要本文描述了一项与营销机构和非营利组织合作进行的研究,该组织提供区域性健康服务,其中包括性传播感染的建议和检测。该研究调查了不同形式的双关语在吸引力、幽默感、社交媒体参与的可能性以及寻求更多性传播感染信息的意图方面的相对有效性。包含双关语的广告在以下情况下更具吸引力和幽默感:(1)语法表述没有暗示意图;(2) 双关语包含了创造性的隐喻表达;(3)双关语指的是性场景的中间部分,指的是行动而不是意图或结果。参与者的评分因年龄、性别和教育程度而异。然而,对自由文本回答的定性调查显示,参与者提供的解释类型因年龄、性别和教育程度而异。营销机构将我们的调查结果纳入了他们的现场活动中,这导致了以下方面的显著增长:(a)网站流量和社交媒体参与度;(b) 订购STI家庭检测试剂盒;和(c)与以往活动相比,退回进行检测的STI试剂盒。
{"title":"Got a Spark with Brook? Engaging Consumers in a Sexual Health Campaign through the Use of Creative (Metaphorical) Double Entendres","authors":"Samantha Ford, J. Littlemore, David J. Houghton","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2021.1913740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2021.1913740","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper describes a study conducted in collaboration with a marketing agency and a nonprofit organization (NPO) providing regional sexual health services, which included advice on, and testing for, sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The study investigated the relative effectiveness of different formulations of double entendres on appeal, humor, the likelihood of social media engagement, and intention to seek more information about STIs. Advertisements containing double entendres were significantly more appealing and humorous if: (1) the grammatical formulation did not cue the intended meaning; (2) the double entendre involved a creative metaphorical expression; and (3) the double entendre referred to the middle part of the sexual scenario, referring to action rather than intent or result. Participants’ ratings varied very little according to their age, gender, and education. However, a qualitative investigation of the free-text responses revealed that there was some variation in the types of interpretations that were offered by participants depending on their age, gender, and education. The marketing agency incorporated our findings into their live campaign, which resulted in a notable increase in: (a) website traffic and social media engagement; (b) STI home-testing kits ordered; and (c) STI kits returned for testing, compared with previous campaigns.","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41659373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
An Individual-Differences Approach to Poetic Metaphor: Impact of Aptness and Familiarity 诗歌隐喻的个体差异研究:熟练与熟悉的影响
IF 1.1 3区 文学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-08-02 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.2006046
Dusan Stamenkovic, Katarina S. Milenkovic, Nicholas Ichien, K. Holyoak
ABSTRACT Using poetic metaphors in the Serbian language, we identified systematic variations in the impact of fluid and crystalized intelligence on comprehension of metaphors that varied in rated aptness and familiarity. Overall, comprehension scores were higher for metaphors that were high rather than low in aptness, and high rather than low in familiarity. A measure of crystalized intelligence was a robust predictor of comprehension across the full range of metaphors, but especially for those that were either relatively unfamiliar or more apt. In contrast, individual differences associated with fluid intelligence were clearly found only for metaphors that were low in aptness. Superior verbal knowledge appears to be particularly important when trying to find meaning in novel metaphorical expressions, and also when exploring the rich interpretive potential of apt metaphors. The broad role of crystalized intelligence in metaphor comprehension is consistent with the view that metaphors are largely understood using semantic integration processes continuous with those that operate in understanding literal language.
使用塞尔维亚语中的诗意隐喻,我们确定了流动智力和结晶智力对理解隐喻的影响的系统变化,这些隐喻在熟练程度和熟悉程度上有所不同。总的来说,理解分数更高的是那些熟练度高而不是低,熟悉度高而不是低的隐喻。晶体智力的测量是对所有隐喻的理解的一个强有力的预测,特别是对于那些相对不熟悉或更贴切的隐喻。相比之下,与流体智力相关的个体差异显然只存在于低贴切的隐喻上。当试图在新颖的隐喻表达中寻找意义时,以及在探索恰当隐喻的丰富解释潜力时,卓越的语言知识似乎尤为重要。晶体智力在隐喻理解中的广泛作用与以下观点是一致的:隐喻在很大程度上是通过语义整合过程来理解的,而语义整合过程与理解字面语言的语义整合过程是连续的。
{"title":"An Individual-Differences Approach to Poetic Metaphor: Impact of Aptness and Familiarity","authors":"Dusan Stamenkovic, Katarina S. Milenkovic, Nicholas Ichien, K. Holyoak","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2021.2006046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2021.2006046","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Using poetic metaphors in the Serbian language, we identified systematic variations in the impact of fluid and crystalized intelligence on comprehension of metaphors that varied in rated aptness and familiarity. Overall, comprehension scores were higher for metaphors that were high rather than low in aptness, and high rather than low in familiarity. A measure of crystalized intelligence was a robust predictor of comprehension across the full range of metaphors, but especially for those that were either relatively unfamiliar or more apt. In contrast, individual differences associated with fluid intelligence were clearly found only for metaphors that were low in aptness. Superior verbal knowledge appears to be particularly important when trying to find meaning in novel metaphorical expressions, and also when exploring the rich interpretive potential of apt metaphors. The broad role of crystalized intelligence in metaphor comprehension is consistent with the view that metaphors are largely understood using semantic integration processes continuous with those that operate in understanding literal language.","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47177041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Different Metaphorical Orientations of Time Succession between Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine 中西医时间序列的不同隐喻取向
IF 1.1 3区 文学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.1910952
Juanjuan Wang, Yi Sun
ABSTRACT Speakers of different languages perceive time differently depending on various factors such as age, pace of life, religion, time of day, and even pregnancy. In recent years, studies have shown that this is the case even within one same language community. This article presents research showing that doctors in China differ in their perception of time, based on their specific background training, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) or Western medicine (WM), even when both categories speak the same mother tongue. An initial questionnaire showed that TCM doctors were significantly more vertically oriented than WM doctors. To test these findings’ generalizability, we designed a spatial priming experiment (using horizontal and vertical pictures as priming stimuli) to obtain reaction time and accuracy of the doctors’ response on horizontal and vertical questions. TCM doctors showed significantly shorter reaction times and higher accuracy rates than WM doctors when answering vertical questions. These results confirmed the findings of our first survey. Overall, this study provides support for the hypothesis that background training affects the perception of time succession.
不同语言的使用者对时间的感知不同,这取决于各种因素,如年龄、生活节奏、宗教、一天中的时间,甚至怀孕。近年来,研究表明,即使在同一个语言社区内,情况也是如此。本文的研究表明,中国医生对时间的感知不同,这取决于他们的特定背景训练,即中医或西医,即使这两类医生说的母语相同。一份初步的问卷调查显示,中医医生比西医医生更倾向于纵向。为了测试这些发现的可推广性,我们设计了一个空间启动实验(使用水平和垂直图片作为启动刺激),以获得医生对水平和垂直问题的反应时间和准确性。中医在回答纵向问题时的反应时间和准确率明显短于西医。这些结果证实了我们第一次调查的结果。总的来说,这项研究为背景训练影响时间序列感知的假设提供了支持。
{"title":"Different Metaphorical Orientations of Time Succession between Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine","authors":"Juanjuan Wang, Yi Sun","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2021.1910952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2021.1910952","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Speakers of different languages perceive time differently depending on various factors such as age, pace of life, religion, time of day, and even pregnancy. In recent years, studies have shown that this is the case even within one same language community. This article presents research showing that doctors in China differ in their perception of time, based on their specific background training, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) or Western medicine (WM), even when both categories speak the same mother tongue. An initial questionnaire showed that TCM doctors were significantly more vertically oriented than WM doctors. To test these findings’ generalizability, we designed a spatial priming experiment (using horizontal and vertical pictures as priming stimuli) to obtain reaction time and accuracy of the doctors’ response on horizontal and vertical questions. TCM doctors showed significantly shorter reaction times and higher accuracy rates than WM doctors when answering vertical questions. These results confirmed the findings of our first survey. Overall, this study provides support for the hypothesis that background training affects the perception of time succession.","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10926488.2021.1910952","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41382557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Imagery underlying metaphors: A cognitive study of a multimodal discourse of yoga classes 隐喻背后的意象:瑜伽课多模态语篇的认知研究
IF 1.1 3区 文学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.1905486
Joanna Łozińska
ABSTRACT The article presents an analysis of metaphorical names for yoga postures (called asanas) as well as other verbal and verbo-gestural means of communication used by yoga teachers to describe these complex bodily postures. The difficulty of describing the intricacies of subjective bodily experience has been noted in the previous studies which, for example, deal with the metaphorical language, who analyze the metaphorical language and metaphorical gestures used by dance teachers to convey information about the subjective experience of bodily balance while dancing tango and ballet. A common feature of all the metaphors discussed in the present paper is mental imagery, which is mapped from source to target. The study shows firstly that metaphor is an important didactic tool used by yoga teachers to instruct practitioners about complicated postures; secondly, that the images permeating verbal and verbo-gestural metaphors used for didactic purposes during a yoga class are a mixture of static, dynamic and image-schematic elements. It is assumed that these are mainly image schemas underlying source and target domains of metaphors used in yoga discourse that allow for the conveyance of information on the intricacies and logic of asanas.
摘要本文分析了瑜伽姿势的隐喻名称(称为体式),以及瑜伽教师用来描述这些复杂身体姿势的其他口头和口头手势交流方式。在之前的研究中已经注意到描述主观身体体验复杂性的困难,例如,涉及隐喻语言的研究,他们分析了舞蹈老师在跳探戈和芭蕾舞时用来传达身体平衡主观体验信息的隐喻语言和隐喻手势。本文讨论的所有隐喻的一个共同特征是心理意象,它是从源到目标映射的。研究表明,隐喻是瑜伽教师指导练习者复杂姿势的重要教学工具;其次,在瑜伽课上,渗透在言语和动词手势隐喻中的图像是静态、动态和图像图式元素的混合体。假设这些主要是瑜伽话语中使用的隐喻的源域和目标域的图像图式,这些隐喻允许传达关于体式的复杂性和逻辑的信息。
{"title":"Imagery underlying metaphors: A cognitive study of a multimodal discourse of yoga classes","authors":"Joanna Łozińska","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2021.1905486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2021.1905486","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The article presents an analysis of metaphorical names for yoga postures (called asanas) as well as other verbal and verbo-gestural means of communication used by yoga teachers to describe these complex bodily postures. The difficulty of describing the intricacies of subjective bodily experience has been noted in the previous studies which, for example, deal with the metaphorical language, who analyze the metaphorical language and metaphorical gestures used by dance teachers to convey information about the subjective experience of bodily balance while dancing tango and ballet. A common feature of all the metaphors discussed in the present paper is mental imagery, which is mapped from source to target. The study shows firstly that metaphor is an important didactic tool used by yoga teachers to instruct practitioners about complicated postures; secondly, that the images permeating verbal and verbo-gestural metaphors used for didactic purposes during a yoga class are a mixture of static, dynamic and image-schematic elements. It is assumed that these are mainly image schemas underlying source and target domains of metaphors used in yoga discourse that allow for the conveyance of information on the intricacies and logic of asanas.","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10926488.2021.1905486","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49070830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Scientists, Poets and Iconic Realities: A Cognitive Theory of Aesthetics 科学家、诗人与象征现实:一种美学认知理论
IF 1.1 3区 文学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.1899751
Lacey Okonski
Cognitive scientists who study poetry and aesthetics often write with great craftmanship (e.g. Gibbs, 2017, p. 14; or Young, 2014). In her recent book, The Poem as Icon (2020), Margaret Freeman does not disappoint in this capacity. She writes: “Just as the far reaches of the visible and the invisible worlds are experienced through scientific knowledge, so are they experienced through artistic feeling. Scientists and poets are not pursuing different realities: they are pursuing them from different perspectives.” In introducing the topic, she rightly puts forward the claim that art is not beyond scientific reach. Indeed, there are increasingly publications coming forth on cognitive poetics (inter alia Brône & Vandaele, 2009; Csabi, 2018; Lakoff & Turner, 1989; Stockwell, 2020; Tsur, 2008; Turner, 2006, 2014; see also the reviewed book’s bibliography). This is also the case for other areas in cognition and aesthetics such as dance (Bläsing, Puttke, & Schack, 2012; Fernandez, Evola, & Ribeiro, in preparation), music (Pearce & Rohrmeier, 2012), and art (Solso, 1994). These studies reveal the human experience of aesthetic objects and also contribute to basic science by confirming that cognitive aesthetics are an integral aspect of our cognitive system. Freeman begins the book by exploring the roles of icon, semblance, metaphor, and schema and concludes with her arguments for the poem as icon and a theory of cognitive aesthetics. Her work appeals to an interdisciplinary audience including philosophy from the classics to the phenomenologists, poets from Emily Dickinson to Sylvia Plath, and those doing the empirical and theoretical work in this area including Raymond Gibbs, Zoltán Kövecses, Reuven Tsur, and Mark Turner to name a few. This book does not intend to provide a comprehensive overview of all of the studies in the area of cognitive poetics; it aims to build a cognitive theory of poetics and it is successful at advancing a theory of poem as icon. In the introductory section, Freeman argues that “taste, beauty, and pleasure are produced by, not constitutive of, the aesthetic faculty” (Freeman, 2020, p. 12). She situates the goal of poetic cognition as providing an explanatory methodology for poetic effects and a theoretical basis for poetic evaluation. The terminology gives her approach a more dynamic tone, such as preferring the term minding rather than mind, proffering a reading that the mind and the associated faculties, including the aesthetic faculty, are an emergent quality. This proposition is compatible with dynamic theories of cognition and with the cognitive view of embodied subjectivity that Freeman alludes to. The idea that our felt subjective bodily experiences inform our cognition on higher level cognitive tasks, such as reading poetry, is a modern theoretical position (Gibbs, 2005) although it may date back to pre-Cartesian times (pp.141–142). Poet Elizabeth Acevedo once described the power of poetry: “I think poetry is amazing becau
研究诗歌和美学的认知科学家通常以高超的技巧写作(例如Gibbs,2017,第14页;或Young,2014)。玛格丽特·弗里曼在她最近出版的《作为偶像的诗》(2020)一书中并没有让人失望。她写道:“正如看得见和看不见的世界是通过科学知识来体验的一样,它们也是通过艺术感受来体验的。科学家和诗人不是在追求不同的现实:他们是从不同的角度来追求它们的。”在介绍这个话题时,她正确地提出了艺术并非超出科学范围的主张。事实上,关于认知诗学的出版物越来越多(Brône和Vandaele,2009;Csabi,2018;Lakoff和Turner,1989;Stockwell,2020;Tsur,2008;Turner,20062014;另见评论书的参考书目)。认知和美学的其他领域也是如此,如舞蹈(Bläsing,Puttke,&Schack,2012;Fernandez,Evola,&Ribeiro,正在准备中)、音乐(Pearce&Rohrmeier,2012)和艺术(Solso,1994)。这些研究揭示了人类对审美对象的体验,也证实了认知美学是我们认知系统的一个组成部分,从而为基础科学做出了贡献。弗里曼在书的开头探讨了意象、表象、隐喻和图式的作用,并以她对诗歌作为意象和认知美学理论的论点作为结尾。她的作品吸引了跨学科的观众,包括从经典到现象学家的哲学,从艾米丽·迪金森到西尔维娅·普拉斯的诗人,以及在这一领域从事实证和理论工作的人,包括Raymond Gibbs、Zoltán Kövecses、Reuven Tsur和Mark Turner等等。本书并不打算全面概述认知诗学领域的所有研究;它旨在建立一种诗学的认知理论,并成功地提出了诗歌作为象征的理论。在引言部分,弗里曼认为“品味、美和愉悦是由审美能力产生的,而不是审美能力的组成部分”(弗里曼,2020,第12页)。她认为诗歌认知的目标是为诗歌效果提供一种解释方法,为诗歌评价提供理论依据。术语赋予了她的方法一种更具活力的基调,比如更喜欢术语“心智”而不是“心智”,提供了一种解读,即心智和相关的能力,包括审美能力,是一种新兴的品质。这一命题与动态认知理论以及弗里曼所暗示的具体主体性的认知观相一致,是一种现代理论立场(Gibbs,2005),尽管它可以追溯到笛卡尔时代之前(第141–142页)。诗人伊丽莎白·阿塞维多曾描述诗歌的力量:“我认为诗歌是惊人的,因为它很容易携带在身体里”(Acevedo,2016)。这与弗里曼的主要建议产生了共鸣,即这首诗的本质是通过“捕捉体验现实的特定个性的本质”,作为感受现实的象征(弗里曼,2020,第5页)。
{"title":"Scientists, Poets and Iconic Realities: A Cognitive Theory of Aesthetics","authors":"Lacey Okonski","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2021.1899751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2021.1899751","url":null,"abstract":"Cognitive scientists who study poetry and aesthetics often write with great craftmanship (e.g. Gibbs, 2017, p. 14; or Young, 2014). In her recent book, The Poem as Icon (2020), Margaret Freeman does not disappoint in this capacity. She writes: “Just as the far reaches of the visible and the invisible worlds are experienced through scientific knowledge, so are they experienced through artistic feeling. Scientists and poets are not pursuing different realities: they are pursuing them from different perspectives.” In introducing the topic, she rightly puts forward the claim that art is not beyond scientific reach. Indeed, there are increasingly publications coming forth on cognitive poetics (inter alia Brône & Vandaele, 2009; Csabi, 2018; Lakoff & Turner, 1989; Stockwell, 2020; Tsur, 2008; Turner, 2006, 2014; see also the reviewed book’s bibliography). This is also the case for other areas in cognition and aesthetics such as dance (Bläsing, Puttke, & Schack, 2012; Fernandez, Evola, & Ribeiro, in preparation), music (Pearce & Rohrmeier, 2012), and art (Solso, 1994). These studies reveal the human experience of aesthetic objects and also contribute to basic science by confirming that cognitive aesthetics are an integral aspect of our cognitive system. Freeman begins the book by exploring the roles of icon, semblance, metaphor, and schema and concludes with her arguments for the poem as icon and a theory of cognitive aesthetics. Her work appeals to an interdisciplinary audience including philosophy from the classics to the phenomenologists, poets from Emily Dickinson to Sylvia Plath, and those doing the empirical and theoretical work in this area including Raymond Gibbs, Zoltán Kövecses, Reuven Tsur, and Mark Turner to name a few. This book does not intend to provide a comprehensive overview of all of the studies in the area of cognitive poetics; it aims to build a cognitive theory of poetics and it is successful at advancing a theory of poem as icon. In the introductory section, Freeman argues that “taste, beauty, and pleasure are produced by, not constitutive of, the aesthetic faculty” (Freeman, 2020, p. 12). She situates the goal of poetic cognition as providing an explanatory methodology for poetic effects and a theoretical basis for poetic evaluation. The terminology gives her approach a more dynamic tone, such as preferring the term minding rather than mind, proffering a reading that the mind and the associated faculties, including the aesthetic faculty, are an emergent quality. This proposition is compatible with dynamic theories of cognition and with the cognitive view of embodied subjectivity that Freeman alludes to. The idea that our felt subjective bodily experiences inform our cognition on higher level cognitive tasks, such as reading poetry, is a modern theoretical position (Gibbs, 2005) although it may date back to pre-Cartesian times (pp.141–142). Poet Elizabeth Acevedo once described the power of poetry: “I think poetry is amazing becau","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10926488.2021.1899751","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47011573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Metaphor Production by Patients with Schizophrenia – A Case Analysis 精神分裂症患者隐喻的产生——一个个案分析
IF 1.1 3区 文学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.1893606
Kristina Š. Despot, M. Sekulić Sović, M. Vilibić, N. Mimica
ABSTRACT It is well evidenced that patients with schizophrenia demonstrate impairments of figurative language comprehension. Their metaphor production has not attracted nearly as much scholarly attention. We, therefore, studied metaphor production in patients with schizophrenia as compared to non-psychiatric controls. Qualitative case analysis on three levels (linguistic, conceptual, and discourse) was performed on controlled and semi-controlled speech. Balanced and comparable speech materials were obtained using transcribed interviews based on the Clinical Language Disorder Rating Scale and on pictorial stimuli. Transcriptions were annotated for linguistic metaphors and for types and levels of conceptual metaphors. Additionally, a metaphor-led discourse analysis was performed. Target- and control-group parameters were analyzed and compared. We found that the percentage of linguistic metaphors in the patients’ speech was remarkably similar to the percentage of linguistic metaphors in the controls’ speech. We did not find any significant impairment in the production of primary or complex metaphors, general or specific metaphors, novel or conventional metaphors, metonymy, irony, or hyperbole, nor in the metaphor framing of discourse episodes̶, the production of figurative language appears intact in first-episode schizophrenia. Having in mind how clinically heterogeneous schizophrenia is, our qualitative results call for quantitative examination and additional scrutiny of the topic.
摘要有充分的证据表明,精神分裂症患者表现出形象语言理解障碍。他们的隐喻创作并没有引起学术界的广泛关注。因此,我们研究了精神分裂症患者与非精神病对照组的隐喻产生。对控制言语和半控制言语分别从语言、概念和语篇三个层面进行了定性案例分析。使用基于临床语言障碍评定量表和图形刺激的转录访谈获得平衡和可比较的言语材料。转录本被注释为语言隐喻以及概念隐喻的类型和水平。此外,还进行了隐喻引导的语篇分析。对目标组和对照组的参数进行分析和比较。我们发现,患者言语中语言隐喻的百分比与对照组言语中语言比喻的百分比显著相似。我们在初级或复杂隐喻、一般或特定隐喻、新颖或传统隐喻、转喻、反讽或夸张的产生方面没有发现任何显著的障碍,在话语情节的隐喻框架中也没有发现任何明显的障碍。考虑到临床上精神分裂症的异质性,我们的定性结果要求对该主题进行定量检查和额外的审查。
{"title":"Metaphor Production by Patients with Schizophrenia – A Case Analysis","authors":"Kristina Š. Despot, M. Sekulić Sović, M. Vilibić, N. Mimica","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2021.1893606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2021.1893606","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT It is well evidenced that patients with schizophrenia demonstrate impairments of figurative language comprehension. Their metaphor production has not attracted nearly as much scholarly attention. We, therefore, studied metaphor production in patients with schizophrenia as compared to non-psychiatric controls. Qualitative case analysis on three levels (linguistic, conceptual, and discourse) was performed on controlled and semi-controlled speech. Balanced and comparable speech materials were obtained using transcribed interviews based on the Clinical Language Disorder Rating Scale and on pictorial stimuli. Transcriptions were annotated for linguistic metaphors and for types and levels of conceptual metaphors. Additionally, a metaphor-led discourse analysis was performed. Target- and control-group parameters were analyzed and compared. We found that the percentage of linguistic metaphors in the patients’ speech was remarkably similar to the percentage of linguistic metaphors in the controls’ speech. We did not find any significant impairment in the production of primary or complex metaphors, general or specific metaphors, novel or conventional metaphors, metonymy, irony, or hyperbole, nor in the metaphor framing of discourse episodes̶, the production of figurative language appears intact in first-episode schizophrenia. Having in mind how clinically heterogeneous schizophrenia is, our qualitative results call for quantitative examination and additional scrutiny of the topic.","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10926488.2021.1893606","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46227048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
The Embodiment of Power as Forward/Backward Movement in Chinese and English Speakers 权力作为前进/后退运动在中英文语言中的体现
IF 1.1 3区 文学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.1907185
Hui-Ling Yang, J. Nick Reid, A. Katz, Dandi Li
ABSTRACT In two experiments, we examined whether POWER is embodied in terms of horizontal forward and backward movement using an action compatibility task. Participants were asked to categorize power-related words (e.g., “boss”, “intern”) aseither “powerful” or “powerless” as quickly and accurately as possible. In the compatible condition, the response to indicate that the word was “powerful” involved a forward movement and the response to indicate “powerless” involved a backward movement. Under incompatible conditions, these responses were reversed (“powerful”-backward/“powerless”-forward). In both experiments, participants were faster to categorize the words when the response actions were compatible than incompatible. Furthermore, this compatibility effect was observed for both Chinese (Mandarin) speakers categorizing Chinese words and English speakers categorizing English words. These data suggest that the psychological reality of a “POWER IS MOVING FORWARD” conceptual metaphor in both language groups, which we argue is based on an extension of the “SOURCE-PATH-GOAL” schema.
摘要在两个实验中,我们使用动作兼容性任务检验了POWER是否体现在水平向前和向后移动方面。参与者被要求尽可能快速准确地将与权力相关的单词(如“老板”、“实习生”)分为“强大”或“无力”。在相容条件下,表示单词“有力”的反应涉及向前运动,表示“无力”的反应则涉及向后运动。在不兼容的条件下,这些反应是相反的(“强大”-向后/“无力”-向前)。在这两个实验中,当反应动作兼容时,参与者对单词的分类比不兼容更快。此外,这种兼容性效应在汉语(普通话)使用者对汉语单词的分类和英语使用者对英语单词的分类中都得到了观察。这些数据表明,“权力正在向前发展”概念隐喻在两个语言组中的心理现实,我们认为这是基于“来源-途径-语言”模式的扩展。
{"title":"The Embodiment of Power as Forward/Backward Movement in Chinese and English Speakers","authors":"Hui-Ling Yang, J. Nick Reid, A. Katz, Dandi Li","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2021.1907185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2021.1907185","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In two experiments, we examined whether POWER is embodied in terms of horizontal forward and backward movement using an action compatibility task. Participants were asked to categorize power-related words (e.g., “boss”, “intern”) aseither “powerful” or “powerless” as quickly and accurately as possible. In the compatible condition, the response to indicate that the word was “powerful” involved a forward movement and the response to indicate “powerless” involved a backward movement. Under incompatible conditions, these responses were reversed (“powerful”-backward/“powerless”-forward). In both experiments, participants were faster to categorize the words when the response actions were compatible than incompatible. Furthermore, this compatibility effect was observed for both Chinese (Mandarin) speakers categorizing Chinese words and English speakers categorizing English words. These data suggest that the psychological reality of a “POWER IS MOVING FORWARD” conceptual metaphor in both language groups, which we argue is based on an extension of the “SOURCE-PATH-GOAL” schema.","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10926488.2021.1907185","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46992868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
Towards A Better Understanding of Metonymy 更好地理解转喻
IF 1.1 3区 文学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-06-28 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.1901556
K. Li, Shukang Li
{"title":"Towards A Better Understanding of Metonymy","authors":"K. Li, Shukang Li","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2021.1901556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2021.1901556","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10926488.2021.1901556","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44047472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
期刊
Metaphor and Symbol
全部 Acc. Chem. Res. ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ACS Appl. Nano Mater. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. ACS BIOMATER-SCI ENG ACS Catal. ACS Cent. Sci. ACS Chem. Biol. ACS Chemical Health & Safety ACS Chem. Neurosci. ACS Comb. Sci. ACS Earth Space Chem. ACS Energy Lett. ACS Infect. Dis. ACS Macro Lett. ACS Mater. Lett. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. ACS Nano ACS Omega ACS Photonics ACS Sens. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ACS Synth. Biol. Anal. Chem. BIOCHEMISTRY-US Bioconjugate Chem. BIOMACROMOLECULES Chem. Res. Toxicol. Chem. Rev. Chem. Mater. CRYST GROWTH DES ENERG FUEL Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. IND ENG CHEM RES Inorg. Chem. J. Agric. Food. Chem. J. Chem. Eng. Data J. Chem. Educ. J. Chem. Inf. Model. J. Chem. Theory Comput. J. Med. Chem. J. Nat. Prod. J PROTEOME RES J. Am. Chem. Soc. LANGMUIR MACROMOLECULES Mol. Pharmaceutics Nano Lett. Org. Lett. ORG PROCESS RES DEV ORGANOMETALLICS J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A J. Phys. Chem. B J. Phys. Chem. C J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Analyst Anal. Methods Biomater. Sci. Catal. Sci. Technol. Chem. Commun. Chem. Soc. Rev. CHEM EDUC RES PRACT CRYSTENGCOMM Dalton Trans. Energy Environ. Sci. ENVIRON SCI-NANO ENVIRON SCI-PROC IMP ENVIRON SCI-WAT RES Faraday Discuss. Food Funct. Green Chem. Inorg. Chem. Front. Integr. Biol. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. J. Mater. Chem. A J. Mater. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem. C Lab Chip Mater. Chem. Front. Mater. Horiz. MEDCHEMCOMM Metallomics Mol. Biosyst. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. Nanoscale Nanoscale Horiz. Nat. Prod. Rep. New J. Chem. Org. Biomol. Chem. Org. Chem. Front. PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PCCP Polym. Chem.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
0
微信
客服QQ
Book学术公众号 扫码关注我们
反馈
×
意见反馈
请填写您的意见或建议
请填写您的手机或邮箱
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
现在去查看 取消
×
提示
确定
Book学术官方微信
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献 互助须知 联系我们:info@booksci.cn
Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。
Copyright © 2023 Book学术 All rights reserved.
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号 京ICP备2023020795号-1