Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.1893606
Kristina Š. Despot, M. Sekulić Sović, M. Vilibić, N. Mimica
ABSTRACT It is well evidenced that patients with schizophrenia demonstrate impairments of figurative language comprehension. Their metaphor production has not attracted nearly as much scholarly attention. We, therefore, studied metaphor production in patients with schizophrenia as compared to non-psychiatric controls. Qualitative case analysis on three levels (linguistic, conceptual, and discourse) was performed on controlled and semi-controlled speech. Balanced and comparable speech materials were obtained using transcribed interviews based on the Clinical Language Disorder Rating Scale and on pictorial stimuli. Transcriptions were annotated for linguistic metaphors and for types and levels of conceptual metaphors. Additionally, a metaphor-led discourse analysis was performed. Target- and control-group parameters were analyzed and compared. We found that the percentage of linguistic metaphors in the patients’ speech was remarkably similar to the percentage of linguistic metaphors in the controls’ speech. We did not find any significant impairment in the production of primary or complex metaphors, general or specific metaphors, novel or conventional metaphors, metonymy, irony, or hyperbole, nor in the metaphor framing of discourse episodes̶, the production of figurative language appears intact in first-episode schizophrenia. Having in mind how clinically heterogeneous schizophrenia is, our qualitative results call for quantitative examination and additional scrutiny of the topic.
{"title":"Metaphor Production by Patients with Schizophrenia – A Case Analysis","authors":"Kristina Š. Despot, M. Sekulić Sović, M. Vilibić, N. Mimica","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2021.1893606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2021.1893606","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT It is well evidenced that patients with schizophrenia demonstrate impairments of figurative language comprehension. Their metaphor production has not attracted nearly as much scholarly attention. We, therefore, studied metaphor production in patients with schizophrenia as compared to non-psychiatric controls. Qualitative case analysis on three levels (linguistic, conceptual, and discourse) was performed on controlled and semi-controlled speech. Balanced and comparable speech materials were obtained using transcribed interviews based on the Clinical Language Disorder Rating Scale and on pictorial stimuli. Transcriptions were annotated for linguistic metaphors and for types and levels of conceptual metaphors. Additionally, a metaphor-led discourse analysis was performed. Target- and control-group parameters were analyzed and compared. We found that the percentage of linguistic metaphors in the patients’ speech was remarkably similar to the percentage of linguistic metaphors in the controls’ speech. We did not find any significant impairment in the production of primary or complex metaphors, general or specific metaphors, novel or conventional metaphors, metonymy, irony, or hyperbole, nor in the metaphor framing of discourse episodes̶, the production of figurative language appears intact in first-episode schizophrenia. Having in mind how clinically heterogeneous schizophrenia is, our qualitative results call for quantitative examination and additional scrutiny of the topic.","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":"36 1","pages":"119 - 140"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10926488.2021.1893606","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46227048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.1907185
Hui-Ling Yang, J. Nick Reid, A. Katz, Dandi Li
ABSTRACT In two experiments, we examined whether POWER is embodied in terms of horizontal forward and backward movement using an action compatibility task. Participants were asked to categorize power-related words (e.g., “boss”, “intern”) aseither “powerful” or “powerless” as quickly and accurately as possible. In the compatible condition, the response to indicate that the word was “powerful” involved a forward movement and the response to indicate “powerless” involved a backward movement. Under incompatible conditions, these responses were reversed (“powerful”-backward/“powerless”-forward). In both experiments, participants were faster to categorize the words when the response actions were compatible than incompatible. Furthermore, this compatibility effect was observed for both Chinese (Mandarin) speakers categorizing Chinese words and English speakers categorizing English words. These data suggest that the psychological reality of a “POWER IS MOVING FORWARD” conceptual metaphor in both language groups, which we argue is based on an extension of the “SOURCE-PATH-GOAL” schema.
{"title":"The Embodiment of Power as Forward/Backward Movement in Chinese and English Speakers","authors":"Hui-Ling Yang, J. Nick Reid, A. Katz, Dandi Li","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2021.1907185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2021.1907185","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In two experiments, we examined whether POWER is embodied in terms of horizontal forward and backward movement using an action compatibility task. Participants were asked to categorize power-related words (e.g., “boss”, “intern”) aseither “powerful” or “powerless” as quickly and accurately as possible. In the compatible condition, the response to indicate that the word was “powerful” involved a forward movement and the response to indicate “powerless” involved a backward movement. Under incompatible conditions, these responses were reversed (“powerful”-backward/“powerless”-forward). In both experiments, participants were faster to categorize the words when the response actions were compatible than incompatible. Furthermore, this compatibility effect was observed for both Chinese (Mandarin) speakers categorizing Chinese words and English speakers categorizing English words. These data suggest that the psychological reality of a “POWER IS MOVING FORWARD” conceptual metaphor in both language groups, which we argue is based on an extension of the “SOURCE-PATH-GOAL” schema.","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":"36 1","pages":"181 - 193"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10926488.2021.1907185","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46992868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-28DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.1901556
K. Li, Shukang Li
{"title":"Towards A Better Understanding of Metonymy","authors":"K. Li, Shukang Li","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2021.1901556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2021.1901556","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":"36 1","pages":"146 - 149"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10926488.2021.1901556","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44047472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-28DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.1907184
Matthias Sandmann, Sabine Weiss, H. Mueller
ABSTRACT Figurative elements in language have their own particularities, including words that deviate from their generally accepted definition to amplify our language or to paraphrase an issue. It is still unclear how individuals process idioms that are figurative or ambiguous, especially when they additionally become distracted by modified idioms that are similar in appearance. In our study, 47 healthy adults (mean age of 27.3 years, SD = 2.9) participated in a decision time experiment to determine how participants recognize well-formed, genuine German idioms alongside certain idiom modifications. All participants were initially exposed to a prime on a screen. Then, they had to detect the target idiom, which was presented alongside a systematically modified phonematic or semantic idiom. Using generalized linear mixed model regression analysis, we found that decisions related to a semantically modified idiom were made faster than decisions related to a phonematically modified idiom. The accuracy of correctly identifying an idiom was high (> 95%), regardless of the type of prime. Our findings indicate that complex idiomatic structures are more easily recognized when individuals are exposed to semantically modified idioms. Semantic information can be mapped onto the concept of the genuine idiom more quickly, which requires fewer mental resources.
{"title":"How Idioms Are Recognized when Individuals Are “Thrown Off the Track”, “Off the Rack” or “Off the Path”: A Decision Time Experiment in Healthy Volunteers","authors":"Matthias Sandmann, Sabine Weiss, H. Mueller","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2021.1907184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2021.1907184","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Figurative elements in language have their own particularities, including words that deviate from their generally accepted definition to amplify our language or to paraphrase an issue. It is still unclear how individuals process idioms that are figurative or ambiguous, especially when they additionally become distracted by modified idioms that are similar in appearance. In our study, 47 healthy adults (mean age of 27.3 years, SD = 2.9) participated in a decision time experiment to determine how participants recognize well-formed, genuine German idioms alongside certain idiom modifications. All participants were initially exposed to a prime on a screen. Then, they had to detect the target idiom, which was presented alongside a systematically modified phonematic or semantic idiom. Using generalized linear mixed model regression analysis, we found that decisions related to a semantically modified idiom were made faster than decisions related to a phonematically modified idiom. The accuracy of correctly identifying an idiom was high (> 95%), regardless of the type of prime. Our findings indicate that complex idiomatic structures are more easily recognized when individuals are exposed to semantically modified idioms. Semantic information can be mapped onto the concept of the genuine idiom more quickly, which requires fewer mental resources.","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":"36 1","pages":"166 - 180"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10926488.2021.1907184","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47349506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-22DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.1945419
Bodo Winter, M. Srinivasan
ABSTRACT Metaphors and other tropes are commonly thought to reflect asymmetries in concreteness, with concrete sources being used to talk about relatively more abstract targets. Similarly, originating senses in diachronic semantic change have often been argued to be more concrete than extended senses. In this paper, we use a dataset of cross-linguistically attested semantic changes to empirically test the idea that asymmetries in figurative language are predicted by asymmetries in concreteness. We find only weak evidence for the role of concreteness and argue that concreteness is not a helpful notion when it comes to describing changes where both originating and extended senses are highly concrete (e.g., skin > bark, liver > lungs). Moreover, we find that word frequency data from English and other languages is a stronger predictor of these typologically common semantic changes. We discuss the implications of our findings for metaphor theory and theories of semantic change.
{"title":"Why is Semantic Change Asymmetric? The Role of Concreteness and Word Frequency and Metaphor and Metonymy","authors":"Bodo Winter, M. Srinivasan","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2021.1945419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2021.1945419","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Metaphors and other tropes are commonly thought to reflect asymmetries in concreteness, with concrete sources being used to talk about relatively more abstract targets. Similarly, originating senses in diachronic semantic change have often been argued to be more concrete than extended senses. In this paper, we use a dataset of cross-linguistically attested semantic changes to empirically test the idea that asymmetries in figurative language are predicted by asymmetries in concreteness. We find only weak evidence for the role of concreteness and argue that concreteness is not a helpful notion when it comes to describing changes where both originating and extended senses are highly concrete (e.g., skin > bark, liver > lungs). Moreover, we find that word frequency data from English and other languages is a stronger predictor of these typologically common semantic changes. We discuss the implications of our findings for metaphor theory and theories of semantic change.","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":"37 1","pages":"39 - 54"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49653086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-29DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.1919490
A. Prokhorov
ABSTRACT Despite the fact that cinema and animation have common features, one of the fundamental differences between them is that animation uses metaphors much more freely. This current study explores this feature of animation and analyzes how the use of metaphors affects the narrative and plot structure of full- and short-length animation. The study is based on the narrative analysis of eight films made by Pixar Animation Studio, as a successful company that produces both full- and short-length animated films. The concept of monomyth, which was formulated by Joseph Campbell, in 1949, and had a significant impact on the contemporary film industry, allows me to describe the structure of each of the selected examples. Such a formal approach to describing the plot structure, in turn, makes it possible to trace the impact of the extended metaphor on these plots. As a result, this study reveals and describes three main types of creative metaphors in the context of storytelling: supportive, action-forming and destructive. It appears that the supportive metaphor is used in all of the examined films, while action-forming and destructive metaphors relate to short-length animation only. The individual features of using these types of metaphors in full- and short-length animation are revealed in the concluding parts of the research.
{"title":"The Hero’s Journey and Three Types of Metaphor in Pixar Animation","authors":"A. Prokhorov","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2021.1919490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2021.1919490","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Despite the fact that cinema and animation have common features, one of the fundamental differences between them is that animation uses metaphors much more freely. This current study explores this feature of animation and analyzes how the use of metaphors affects the narrative and plot structure of full- and short-length animation. The study is based on the narrative analysis of eight films made by Pixar Animation Studio, as a successful company that produces both full- and short-length animated films. The concept of monomyth, which was formulated by Joseph Campbell, in 1949, and had a significant impact on the contemporary film industry, allows me to describe the structure of each of the selected examples. Such a formal approach to describing the plot structure, in turn, makes it possible to trace the impact of the extended metaphor on these plots. As a result, this study reveals and describes three main types of creative metaphors in the context of storytelling: supportive, action-forming and destructive. It appears that the supportive metaphor is used in all of the examined films, while action-forming and destructive metaphors relate to short-length animation only. The individual features of using these types of metaphors in full- and short-length animation are revealed in the concluding parts of the research.","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":"36 1","pages":"229 - 240"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10926488.2021.1919490","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47529123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.1887707
N. Banasik-Jemielniak
{"title":"Irony and Sarcasm","authors":"N. Banasik-Jemielniak","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2021.1887707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2021.1887707","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":"36 1","pages":"116 - 118"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10926488.2021.1887707","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43480422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.1875322
Hayden Barber, Torsten Reimer
ABSTRACT Research on metaphors has shown that individuals form associations between the verticality, brightness, and distance of stimuli and their valence. Building on the literature on conceptual metaphor theory, the pitch–valence hypothesis predicts an association between the pitch of spoken words and their valence. A study was conducted recording participants’ accuracy and response latencies in identifying positive and negative words that were spoken in high and low pitches to see whether pitch affects the accuracy and speed when choosing words that systematically vary in their semantic valence. The results supported the pitch–valence hypothesis by revealing systematic differences in performance. The observed effects were mainly due to participants’ accuracies when words were presented in a high pitch.
{"title":"The Influence of Speaker Pitch on Inferring Semantic Valence","authors":"Hayden Barber, Torsten Reimer","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2021.1875322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2021.1875322","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Research on metaphors has shown that individuals form associations between the verticality, brightness, and distance of stimuli and their valence. Building on the literature on conceptual metaphor theory, the pitch–valence hypothesis predicts an association between the pitch of spoken words and their valence. A study was conducted recording participants’ accuracy and response latencies in identifying positive and negative words that were spoken in high and low pitches to see whether pitch affects the accuracy and speed when choosing words that systematically vary in their semantic valence. The results supported the pitch–valence hypothesis by revealing systematic differences in performance. The observed effects were mainly due to participants’ accuracies when words were presented in a high pitch.","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":"36 1","pages":"63 - 73"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10926488.2021.1875322","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44562788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.1898098
Herbert L. Colston, Carina Rasse, A. Katz
{"title":"Back to the Poem: A Call for A Special Issue on the Poetics of Metaphor","authors":"Herbert L. Colston, Carina Rasse, A. Katz","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2021.1898098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2021.1898098","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":"36 1","pages":"61 - 62"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10926488.2021.1898098","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46363361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.1887706
Daniel Alcaraz Carrión, Javier Valenzuela
ABSTRACT Previous psycholinguistic studies have suggested that English and Spanish express temporal duration through different metaphors. English tends to use the time-as-length metaphor (e.g. I have been waiting for a long time), while Spanish prefers the time-as-quantity metaphor (e.g. he esperado mucho tiempo; ‘I have waited much time’). However, these results conflated two different construals: the temporal duration construal, which can use length or quantity metaphors, (e.g. long time, that didn’t last much time) and the time-as-a-resource construal, which mostly employs quantity metaphors (e.g. you spent too much time). This study confirms through corpus linguistic data that English favors the time-as-length metaphor when expressing temporal duration, while it favors the time-as-quantity metaphor when expressing the time-as-a-resource construal. On the other hand, Spanish employs the time-as-quantity metaphor both in the duration and the resource construal. In addition, English shows a higher frequency of time-as-resource expressions, while Spanish shows a higher frequency of duration metaphors. This difference might be explained by the fact that English has been classified as a monochronic culture, conceptualizing time as a valuable object, while Spanish is a polychronic culture, categorizing time in a more abstract and flexible way.
{"title":"Duration as Length Vs Amount in English and Spanish: A Corpus Study","authors":"Daniel Alcaraz Carrión, Javier Valenzuela","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2021.1887706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2021.1887706","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Previous psycholinguistic studies have suggested that English and Spanish express temporal duration through different metaphors. English tends to use the time-as-length metaphor (e.g. I have been waiting for a long time), while Spanish prefers the time-as-quantity metaphor (e.g. he esperado mucho tiempo; ‘I have waited much time’). However, these results conflated two different construals: the temporal duration construal, which can use length or quantity metaphors, (e.g. long time, that didn’t last much time) and the time-as-a-resource construal, which mostly employs quantity metaphors (e.g. you spent too much time). This study confirms through corpus linguistic data that English favors the time-as-length metaphor when expressing temporal duration, while it favors the time-as-quantity metaphor when expressing the time-as-a-resource construal. On the other hand, Spanish employs the time-as-quantity metaphor both in the duration and the resource construal. In addition, English shows a higher frequency of time-as-resource expressions, while Spanish shows a higher frequency of duration metaphors. This difference might be explained by the fact that English has been classified as a monochronic culture, conceptualizing time as a valuable object, while Spanish is a polychronic culture, categorizing time in a more abstract and flexible way.","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":"36 1","pages":"74 - 84"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10926488.2021.1887706","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45425161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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