Pub Date : 2018-03-15DOI: 10.1080/07075332.2017.1313297
Aurélie Basha i Novosejt
ABSTRACT This article focuses on President John F. Kennedy's Secretary of the Treasury, C. Douglas Dillon and contends that he played an important part in sustaining the political cooperation that underpinned the Bretton-Woods system during one of its first crisis points. Rather than focusing solely on structural, economic trends, the article suggests that individual actors mattered as well. As a bipartisan figure that was well regarded in Europe, Dillon was able to act effectively as an envoy to the private sector, principally Wall Street, and to France, which both threatened the stability of the dollar. The article explores Dillon's role in shaping Kennedy's economic policies in a more conservative direction than his successor, Lyndon B. Johnson, and in his external efforts to garner support for the Democratic administration.
{"title":"C. Douglas Dillon, President Kennedy's Economic Envoy*","authors":"Aurélie Basha i Novosejt","doi":"10.1080/07075332.2017.1313297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2017.1313297","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article focuses on President John F. Kennedy's Secretary of the Treasury, C. Douglas Dillon and contends that he played an important part in sustaining the political cooperation that underpinned the Bretton-Woods system during one of its first crisis points. Rather than focusing solely on structural, economic trends, the article suggests that individual actors mattered as well. As a bipartisan figure that was well regarded in Europe, Dillon was able to act effectively as an envoy to the private sector, principally Wall Street, and to France, which both threatened the stability of the dollar. The article explores Dillon's role in shaping Kennedy's economic policies in a more conservative direction than his successor, Lyndon B. Johnson, and in his external efforts to garner support for the Democratic administration.","PeriodicalId":46534,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"21 1","pages":"231 - 252"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07075332.2017.1313297","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59988308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-15DOI: 10.1080/07075332.2016.1189953
B. de Ridder
ABSTRACT Between the academic fields of International Relations and History there currently exist few real crossovers, despite the fact that both disciplines would benefit from an improved working relationship. As this is especially the case with regard to the pre-modern past, this article offers a new perspective on the possibilities of increased interaction in the field of Early Modern peace-making. Rather than setting up an abstract debate on how the different methodologies of IR and History might be combined, the text provides a hands-on example of how such disciplinary hybridity could work. By analysing the specific historical case of the 1598–1618 Pax Hispanica through the analytical lens of Hedley Bull's International Society, it is highlighted what can be gained from such an experiment. By taking several steps that fuse the key elements of historical and IR research - including the contextualisation of Bull's theory, the categorisation of historical structures, and the re-assessment of the actual peace treaties - new elements about the occurrence of the Pax Hispanica and the mechanics of International Society are revealed. Nevertheless, these results form only a starting point for further discussion about the value of such increased interdisciplinary research.
{"title":"Early Modern Peace and International Society: Using Disciplinary Hybridity to Question the Pax Hispanica (1598–1618)","authors":"B. de Ridder","doi":"10.1080/07075332.2016.1189953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2016.1189953","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Between the academic fields of International Relations and History there currently exist few real crossovers, despite the fact that both disciplines would benefit from an improved working relationship. As this is especially the case with regard to the pre-modern past, this article offers a new perspective on the possibilities of increased interaction in the field of Early Modern peace-making. Rather than setting up an abstract debate on how the different methodologies of IR and History might be combined, the text provides a hands-on example of how such disciplinary hybridity could work. By analysing the specific historical case of the 1598–1618 Pax Hispanica through the analytical lens of Hedley Bull's International Society, it is highlighted what can be gained from such an experiment. By taking several steps that fuse the key elements of historical and IR research - including the contextualisation of Bull's theory, the categorisation of historical structures, and the re-assessment of the actual peace treaties - new elements about the occurrence of the Pax Hispanica and the mechanics of International Society are revealed. Nevertheless, these results form only a starting point for further discussion about the value of such increased interdisciplinary research.","PeriodicalId":46534,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"39 1","pages":"216 - 236"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2017-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07075332.2016.1189953","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59988673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.1080/07075332.2016.1189951
L. De Witte
ABSTRACT The first years of the Congo as an independent state were marked by instability and rebellion as local nationalist struggles became embroiled in what NATO powers feared could lead to the loss of hegemony over the country and its vast mineral wealth, if not into a theatre of Cold War politics. This article focuses on the series of rebellions, including the Mulelist revolt and the Simba uprising, that took place in the Congo from late 1963 into 1965. Belgian, British, and US diplomatic and Congolese military sources are used to analyse the intervention of the West against the Congolese rebels, in support of the Congo government in Léopoldville headed by Prime Minister Tshombe and President Kasa Vubu. Belgian, US, and Congolese sources on this military campaign led by Belgian officers, known as ‘the Ommegang’, allow a detailed analysis of the planning and execution of the assault on the rebel stronghold Stanleyville by Belgian officers, white mercenaries and the forces of the Congo Army, including the decision to deploy Belgian parachutists, dropped by US aircraft. These events culminated in the coup that brought Mobutu to political power in Congo in November 1965, marking out the trajectory of the county's history for the next three decades.
{"title":"The suppression of the Congo rebellions and the rise of Mobutu, 1963–5","authors":"L. De Witte","doi":"10.1080/07075332.2016.1189951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2016.1189951","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The first years of the Congo as an independent state were marked by instability and rebellion as local nationalist struggles became embroiled in what NATO powers feared could lead to the loss of hegemony over the country and its vast mineral wealth, if not into a theatre of Cold War politics. This article focuses on the series of rebellions, including the Mulelist revolt and the Simba uprising, that took place in the Congo from late 1963 into 1965. Belgian, British, and US diplomatic and Congolese military sources are used to analyse the intervention of the West against the Congolese rebels, in support of the Congo government in Léopoldville headed by Prime Minister Tshombe and President Kasa Vubu. Belgian, US, and Congolese sources on this military campaign led by Belgian officers, known as ‘the Ommegang’, allow a detailed analysis of the planning and execution of the assault on the rebel stronghold Stanleyville by Belgian officers, white mercenaries and the forces of the Congo Army, including the decision to deploy Belgian parachutists, dropped by US aircraft. These events culminated in the coup that brought Mobutu to political power in Congo in November 1965, marking out the trajectory of the county's history for the next three decades.","PeriodicalId":46534,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"39 1","pages":"107 - 125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07075332.2016.1189951","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59988595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-08-08DOI: 10.1080/07075332.2014.985331
Jérôme aan de Wiel
The Irish Home Rule crisis has never been fully explored as a factor in the chain of events leading to the outbreak of the First World War. Yet, as archives reveal, Germany and Austria-Hungary believed that the Irish question could or would paralyse British foreign policy. Contacts between the Central Powers and advanced Irish nationalists had taken place several years before the onset of the hostilities. France and Russia had doubts whether their British ally could be relied upon. During the final phase of the July Crisis, events in Ireland seemed to indicate that the British government would not be able to intervene in a possible war on the continent.
{"title":"1914: What will the British do? The Irish Home Rule Crisis in the July Crisis","authors":"Jérôme aan de Wiel","doi":"10.1080/07075332.2014.985331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2014.985331","url":null,"abstract":"The Irish Home Rule crisis has never been fully explored as a factor in the chain of events leading to the outbreak of the First World War. Yet, as archives reveal, Germany and Austria-Hungary believed that the Irish question could or would paralyse British foreign policy. Contacts between the Central Powers and advanced Irish nationalists had taken place several years before the onset of the hostilities. France and Russia had doubts whether their British ally could be relied upon. During the final phase of the July Crisis, events in Ireland seemed to indicate that the British government would not be able to intervene in a possible war on the continent.","PeriodicalId":46534,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"37 1","pages":"657 - 681"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2015-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07075332.2014.985331","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59987867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-03-15DOI: 10.1080/07075332.2014.882375
Jérôme aan de Wiel
Traditional and historic relations between France and Ireland have been the object of numerous fine studies at historic, cultural, and literary levels. They have also been much celebrated. However, the darker side of Franco-Irish relations has received far less attention. The present article aims to act as a corrective and shows that between 1870 and 1970, relations between the two countries were rather distant, strained on occasion even, and that much depended on the political and strategic evolution in Europe and as well on the Catholic question. The scope of the article ranges from the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 until Ireland's negotiations to enter the European Communities (EC) in 1970.
{"title":"The Long Rupture, 1870–1970: the Darker Side of Franco-Irish Relations","authors":"Jérôme aan de Wiel","doi":"10.1080/07075332.2014.882375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2014.882375","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional and historic relations between France and Ireland have been the object of numerous fine studies at historic, cultural, and literary levels. They have also been much celebrated. However, the darker side of Franco-Irish relations has received far less attention. The present article aims to act as a corrective and shows that between 1870 and 1970, relations between the two countries were rather distant, strained on occasion even, and that much depended on the political and strategic evolution in Europe and as well on the Catholic question. The scope of the article ranges from the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 until Ireland's negotiations to enter the European Communities (EC) in 1970.","PeriodicalId":46534,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"37 1","pages":"201 - 218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2015-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07075332.2014.882375","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59988114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-03-15DOI: 10.1080/07075332.2014.897248
Rogério de Souza Farias
This article examines Brazil's position in multilateral trade negotiations from 1946 to 1960. It is an original contribution, as the focus only on developed countries in the literature on the creation of the multilateral trading system portrays developing countries as a monolithic bloc and does not use non-English primary sources. It is argued that Brazil was far from being a free rider in tariff negotiations and the position the country had on this issue can be explained by domestic rather than international constraints. This period also shaped Brazil's belief about the international trade order, something that had great relevance in later periods.
{"title":"Brazil and the Origins of the Multilateral Trading System","authors":"Rogério de Souza Farias","doi":"10.1080/07075332.2014.897248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2014.897248","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines Brazil's position in multilateral trade negotiations from 1946 to 1960. It is an original contribution, as the focus only on developed countries in the literature on the creation of the multilateral trading system portrays developing countries as a monolithic bloc and does not use non-English primary sources. It is argued that Brazil was far from being a free rider in tariff negotiations and the position the country had on this issue can be explained by domestic rather than international constraints. This period also shaped Brazil's belief about the international trade order, something that had great relevance in later periods.","PeriodicalId":46534,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"37 1","pages":"303 - 323"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2015-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07075332.2014.897248","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59988206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.1080/07075332.2013.879914
John Anthony Pella,
This article analyses the nature of international relations in West-Central Africa before the en masse arrival of Europeans in the late fifteenth century. Several different viewpoints are employed to describe these relations. Firstly, the different types of political units found in the region are discussed, and, secondly, regional trade, war, slavery, and norms and values are detailed to demonstrate the extent to which these practices connected African states. The argument is that these states made up a unique international system, one that was markedly different from other historical systems such as that in Western Europe. The case accordingly raises important issues about how we think about international systems, and about how international systems such as this one fit into the context of international history. In its entirety the study fills a significant void in the existing literature, which otherwise has very little to say about African international relations and its history.
{"title":"International Relations in Africa before the Europeans","authors":"John Anthony Pella,","doi":"10.1080/07075332.2013.879914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2013.879914","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses the nature of international relations in West-Central Africa before the en masse arrival of Europeans in the late fifteenth century. Several different viewpoints are employed to describe these relations. Firstly, the different types of political units found in the region are discussed, and, secondly, regional trade, war, slavery, and norms and values are detailed to demonstrate the extent to which these practices connected African states. The argument is that these states made up a unique international system, one that was markedly different from other historical systems such as that in Western Europe. The case accordingly raises important issues about how we think about international systems, and about how international systems such as this one fit into the context of international history. In its entirety the study fills a significant void in the existing literature, which otherwise has very little to say about African international relations and its history.","PeriodicalId":46534,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"37 1","pages":"118 - 99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07075332.2013.879914","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59988052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-08-08DOI: 10.1080/07075332.2013.852122
D. Kirby
This article explores the use made of Christianity during the Second World War and the dilemmas created for the Allies by Stalin's religious record. It is particularly concerned with the way in which Christianity appeared for a while to become a bridge between East and West, with the explicit promise of continued post-war co-operation. However, in the immediate aftermath of the war, Anglo-American policies in particular switched from using Christianity to rehabilitate the adverse image of the Soviet regime to what had been the inter-war policy of using religion to demonise it. Inter-war demonisation held up the Soviet Union as a model not to be emulated. Post-war demonisation pointed to the Soviet Union as an expansionist threat bent on world domination. The article examines Stalin's responses, and Allied perceptions of those responses, to the changes in Western religious policy and propaganda from the Second World War to the emergence of the cold war. The article seeks to show how both sides used religion for political purposes, but that in the final analysis Western reluctance to relinquish what was perhaps its most emotive means of indicting and containing Communism meant that Christianity, instead of becoming a bridge, became a divisive factor that contributed to both the onset of the cold war and public acceptance of it.
{"title":"From Bridge to Divide: East–West Relations and Christianity during the Second World War and Early Cold War","authors":"D. Kirby","doi":"10.1080/07075332.2013.852122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2013.852122","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the use made of Christianity during the Second World War and the dilemmas created for the Allies by Stalin's religious record. It is particularly concerned with the way in which Christianity appeared for a while to become a bridge between East and West, with the explicit promise of continued post-war co-operation. However, in the immediate aftermath of the war, Anglo-American policies in particular switched from using Christianity to rehabilitate the adverse image of the Soviet regime to what had been the inter-war policy of using religion to demonise it. Inter-war demonisation held up the Soviet Union as a model not to be emulated. Post-war demonisation pointed to the Soviet Union as an expansionist threat bent on world domination. The article examines Stalin's responses, and Allied perceptions of those responses, to the changes in Western religious policy and propaganda from the Second World War to the emergence of the cold war. The article seeks to show how both sides used religion for political purposes, but that in the final analysis Western reluctance to relinquish what was perhaps its most emotive means of indicting and containing Communism meant that Christianity, instead of becoming a bridge, became a divisive factor that contributed to both the onset of the cold war and public acceptance of it.","PeriodicalId":46534,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"36 1","pages":"721 - 744"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2014-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07075332.2013.852122","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59988089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-06-01DOI: 10.1080/07075332.2011.626576
Václav Hor[cbreve]i[cbreve]ka
This study shows that Austro-Hungarian policy toward the United States of America was in winter 1917 not primarily dictated by its German ally but by the sober evaluation of its own interests. The separate peace, which was offered by the Wilson administration, was not a realistic foreign-policy option for the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Therefore, this article shows why Austria-Hungary did not accept US peace feelers. On the other hand, it also demonstrates that in the winter of 1917 Washington did not treat Germany and Austria-Hungary as equals, with the latter being in a better position. But the monarchy's acceptance of the German course in the submarine war strengthened the perception of the monarchy as an appendage of the stronger Germany in the United States, and finally caused great damage to its reputation across the Atlantic.
{"title":"Austria-Hungary, Unrestricted Submarine Warfare, and the United States' Entrance into the First World War","authors":"Václav Hor[cbreve]i[cbreve]ka","doi":"10.1080/07075332.2011.626576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2011.626576","url":null,"abstract":"This study shows that Austro-Hungarian policy toward the United States of America was in winter 1917 not primarily dictated by its German ally but by the sober evaluation of its own interests. The separate peace, which was offered by the Wilson administration, was not a realistic foreign-policy option for the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Therefore, this article shows why Austria-Hungary did not accept US peace feelers. On the other hand, it also demonstrates that in the winter of 1917 Washington did not treat Germany and Austria-Hungary as equals, with the latter being in a better position. But the monarchy's acceptance of the German course in the submarine war strengthened the perception of the monarchy as an appendage of the stronger Germany in the United States, and finally caused great damage to its reputation across the Atlantic.","PeriodicalId":46534,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"34 1","pages":"245 - 269"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2012-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07075332.2011.626576","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59987828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-01DOI: 10.1080/07075332.2011.634206
Paul M. McGarr
{"title":"The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830–1970","authors":"Paul M. McGarr","doi":"10.1080/07075332.2011.634206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2011.634206","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46534,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"33 1","pages":"732 - 734"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07075332.2011.634206","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59987950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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