This paper investigates the determinants of international tourism demand in Croatia, a country whose economy is heavily dependent on tourism. A particular focus is placed on the role of accommodation capacity and trade openness, two demand drivers that have been rarely examined in combination. Using the difference GMM estimator, a dynamic panel model of international tourism demand in Croatia is estimated, employing annual data for 16 tourism generating countries from 2007 to 2019. The results show that the lagged dependent variable, income, accommodation capacity, and exchange rate have a positive effect on international tourism demand, while the impact of relative prices and trade openness prove to be irrelevant in the Croatian context.
{"title":"Accommodation Capacity, Trade Openness and International Tourism Demand in Croatia","authors":"N. Erjavec, Kristina Devčić","doi":"10.37741/t.70.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37741/t.70.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the determinants of international tourism demand in Croatia, a country whose economy is heavily dependent on tourism. A particular focus is placed on the role of accommodation capacity and trade openness, two demand drivers that have\u0000been rarely examined in combination. Using the difference GMM estimator, a\u0000dynamic panel model of international tourism demand in Croatia is estimated,\u0000employing annual data for 16 tourism generating countries from 2007 to 2019.\u0000The results show that the lagged dependent variable, income, accommodation\u0000capacity, and exchange rate have a positive effect on international tourism\u0000demand, while the impact of relative prices and trade openness prove to be\u0000irrelevant in the Croatian context.","PeriodicalId":46641,"journal":{"name":"Tourism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41862180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The tour guiding profession was much abused in the past while illegal guiding took place, and remains much the same nowadays. With the use of official documents, this paper outlines issues concerning illegal tour guiding from the past to the present. Document analysis as a qualitative research method was applied in this study. Archival research was carried out, and unpublished documents were analysed to contribute to the literature and shed light on the roots of illegal tour guiding. Archival data was combined with travel guidebooks, official reports, and court files. Despite regulations, problems concerning tour guiding continue to exist to the present day. More than ever before, illegal tour guides employed by travel agencies have become a threat to the employment of licenced guides. The number of illegal tour guides proves that current measures remain incapable of prohibiting illegal guiding activities. Touting seems to be the longstanding main motivation for illegal guides. Unethical guiding practices affect the established image of the destination country. From a historical perspective and underlining issues such as touting through unpublished archived documents and official reports, this paper contributes a detailed understanding of the defective points concerning the travel industry.
{"title":"A Historical Review of Illegal Tour Guiding in Turkey","authors":"H. Polat, T. Çakmak, Aytuğ Arslan","doi":"10.37741/t.70.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37741/t.70.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"The tour guiding profession\u0000was much abused in the past\u0000while illegal guiding took place, and\u0000remains much the same nowadays. With the use of official documents, this\u0000paper outlines issues concerning illegal tour guiding from the past to the\u0000present. Document analysis as a qualitative research method was applied in this\u0000study. Archival research was carried out, and unpublished documents were analysed\u0000to contribute to the literature and shed light on the roots of illegal tour\u0000guiding. Archival data was combined with travel guidebooks, official reports,\u0000and court files. Despite regulations, problems concerning tour guiding continue\u0000to exist to the present day. More than ever before, illegal tour guides\u0000employed by travel agencies have become a threat to the employment of licenced\u0000guides. The number of illegal tour guides proves that current measures remain\u0000incapable of prohibiting illegal guiding activities. Touting seems to be the\u0000longstanding main motivation for illegal guides. Unethical guiding practices\u0000affect the established image of the destination country. From a historical\u0000perspective and underlining issues such as touting through unpublished archived\u0000documents and official reports, this paper contributes a detailed understanding\u0000of the defective points concerning the travel industry.","PeriodicalId":46641,"journal":{"name":"Tourism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43971096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mustafa Göktuğ Kaya, Stephen Taiwo Onifade, Ayhan Akpınar
The booming tourism sector in Turkey has resulted in major economic gains in terms of direct revenues to both government and private sectors alike. Turkey had more than 45 million visits in 2018, and top inbound arrivals were from Russia and European Union (EU) members, such as Germany, the United Kingdom, and Bulgaria, among others (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD], 2020). However, terrorism is becoming a challenge to tourism development. This study explores terrorism–tourism dynamics in Turkey. The short- and long-run impacts of terror attacks on tourism revenues were examined within the framework of an autoregressive lag (ARDL) model using monthly data for the period between 2012 and 2018. The empirical findings did not support terrorism's effects on tourism revenues. However, in the long run, terror-related casualties and fatalities on tourism revenues had different effects. The findings affirm that the casualty rate has a stronger impact on terrorism–tourism dynamics in Turkey because a 1% increase in reported injuries from terror attacks hampers revenues by approximately 0.1%. Hence, adequate and continuous support for general security establishments is imperative while strengthening commitments to the international cooperation on the war against terrorism to proactively contain the undesirable impacts of terrorism in the Turkish tourism industry,
{"title":"Terrorism and Tourism","authors":"Mustafa Göktuğ Kaya, Stephen Taiwo Onifade, Ayhan Akpınar","doi":"10.37741/t.70.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37741/t.70.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"The booming tourism sector in Turkey has resulted in major economic gains in terms\u0000of direct revenues to both government and private sectors alike. Turkey had more than 45 million visits in 2018, and top inbound arrivals were from Russia and European Union (EU) members, such as Germany, the United Kingdom, and Bulgaria, among others (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD], 2020). However, terrorism is becoming a challenge to tourism development. This study explores terrorism–tourism dynamics in Turkey. The short- and long-run impacts of terror attacks on tourism revenues were examined within the framework of an autoregressive lag (ARDL) model using monthly data for the period between 2012 and 2018. The empirical findings did not support terrorism's effects on tourism revenues. However, in the long run, terror-related casualties and fatalities on\u0000tourism revenues had different effects. The findings affirm that the casualty rate has a stronger impact on terrorism–tourism dynamics in Turkey because a 1% increase in reported injuries from terror attacks hampers revenues by approximately 0.1%. Hence, adequate and continuous support for general security establishments is imperative while strengthening commitments to the international cooperation on the war against\u0000terrorism to proactively contain the undesirable impacts of terrorism in the\u0000Turkish tourism industry,","PeriodicalId":46641,"journal":{"name":"Tourism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46283313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This is a study into the segmentation of social media users interested in traveling into groups and aims to ascertain if differences exist in benefits among segments. It is based on a survey that examines the benefits they see social media as having before, during, and after a trip to a destination, using their responses to generate a data-driven segmentation. Data from a total of 218 questionnaires were analyzed using factor and cluster analysis in sequence, specifically applying a hierarchical cluster analysis using the Ward method and a K-means algorithm. The analysis led to the identification of four useful types of social media user: info-seeker, communication-seeker, interaction-seeker, and hybrid segments, each of which seeks different things from social media and use it in different ways (e.g., to seek information, to see what other people have said about a destination, or to post their own experiences). As such, the implications of our findings offer useful insights for both scholars and destination marketers, highlighting the significance of offering appropriate marketing strategies for each type of segment.
{"title":"Segmentation of Social Media Users for Destinations","authors":"Gökçe Özdemir, Vesile Aslı Arzık","doi":"10.37741/t.70.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37741/t.70.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"This is a study into the segmentation of social media users interested in traveling into groups and aims to ascertain if differences exist in benefits among segments. It is based on a survey that examines the benefits they see social media as having before, during, and after a trip to a destination, using their responses to generate a data-driven segmentation. Data from a total of 218 questionnaires were analyzed using factor and cluster analysis in sequence, specifically applying a hierarchical cluster analysis using the Ward method and a K-means algorithm. The analysis led to the identification of four useful types of social media user: info-seeker, communication-seeker, interaction-seeker, and hybrid segments, each of which seeks different things from social media and use it in different ways (e.g., to seek information, to\u0000see what other people have said about a destination, or to post their own\u0000experiences). As such, the implications of our findings offer useful insights\u0000for both scholars and destination marketers, highlighting the significance of\u0000offering appropriate marketing strategies for each type of segment.","PeriodicalId":46641,"journal":{"name":"Tourism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47251917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the start of vaccination efforts in various countries, hopes spark that social gatherings are coming closer within reach. From a leisure and tourism business perspective, vaccination is a possible road to restart. Such a restart depends on the number of people receiving vaccinations and the sense of safety for customers. Therefore, businesses relying on social gatherings might be highly motivated to further boost vaccination acceptance by requiring their customers to get vaccinated. The following shall provide a basis of debate about the possibilities of enforcing vaccination initiatives from a political perspective considering legal restrictions.
{"title":"Vaccination Requirements","authors":"Ralf Vogler","doi":"10.37741/t.70.1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37741/t.70.1.10","url":null,"abstract":"With the start of vaccination efforts in various countries, hopes spark that social gatherings are coming closer within reach. From a leisure and tourism business perspective, vaccination is a possible road to restart. Such a restart depends on the number of people receiving vaccinations and the sense of safety for customers. Therefore, businesses relying on social gatherings might be highly motivated to further boost vaccination acceptance by requiring their customers to get vaccinated. The following shall provide a basis of debate about the possibilities of enforcing vaccination initiatives from a political perspective considering legal restrictions.","PeriodicalId":46641,"journal":{"name":"Tourism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41804660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A fishbone diagram was used in this study to identify the perspectives of Indian tourists who visited Puducherry during the COVID-19 pandemic. The main problems encountered by the tourists who visited Puducherry were personal problems and issues related to food and accommodations, transportation, lockdown after effects, government regulations and territorial restrictions. Tourism authorities and local governments should consider and solve the problems identified by the tourists to boost the local economy to attract domestic tourists during the ongoing pandemic.
{"title":"Identifying the Perspectives of Domestic Tourists Visiting Puducherry of India During the\u0000COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"V. G. Girish","doi":"10.37741/t.70.1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37741/t.70.1.9","url":null,"abstract":"A fishbone diagram was used in this study to identify\u0000the perspectives of Indian tourists who visited Puducherry during the COVID-19\u0000pandemic. The main problems encountered by the tourists who visited Puducherry\u0000were personal problems and issues related to food and accommodations,\u0000transportation, lockdown after effects, government regulations and territorial\u0000restrictions. Tourism authorities and local governments should consider and\u0000solve the problems identified by the tourists to boost the local economy to attract\u0000domestic tourists during the ongoing pandemic.","PeriodicalId":46641,"journal":{"name":"Tourism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47798293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cruises were the fastest growing sector in the travel industry. The rapid growth in demand was created originally by demand from North America, more recently Europe, and finally the rest of the world, China and Australia in particular. One of the main reasons for the rapid development and growth in popularity of cruises is that the cruise lines were successfully adapting to new travel trends delivering cruise ships with facilities and experiences tailored to the needs of travellers from all market segments. The corona crisis hit the cruise industry heavily and disrupted all plans, schedules and forecasts. This paper aims to analyze which factors were driving the demand for cruising on the world's leading source markets and the challenges facing the industry in a post-pandemic world. The findings show that the rapid growth in demand of cruise tourism was due to several factors, including the long-term growth in consumers’ disposable income, the adaptation of products to the requirements of new source markets and different market segments, more cruise capacity in new regions, and the development of national cruise brands.
{"title":"Key Factors Driving the Demand for Cruising and Challenges Facing the Cruise Industry in the Future","authors":"D. Peručić, Marijana Greblički","doi":"10.37741/t.70.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37741/t.70.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Cruises were the fastest growing sector in the travel\u0000industry. The rapid growth in demand was created originally by demand from\u0000North America, more recently Europe, and finally the rest of the world, China\u0000and Australia in particular. One of the main reasons for the rapid development\u0000and growth in popularity of cruises is that the cruise lines were successfully\u0000adapting to new travel trends delivering cruise ships with facilities and\u0000experiences tailored to the needs of travellers from all market segments. The\u0000corona crisis hit the cruise industry heavily and disrupted all plans,\u0000schedules and forecasts. This paper aims to analyze which factors were driving\u0000the demand for cruising on the world's leading source markets and the\u0000challenges facing the industry in a post-pandemic world. The findings show that\u0000the rapid growth in demand of cruise tourism was due to several factors,\u0000including the long-term growth in consumers’ disposable income, the adaptation\u0000of products to the requirements of new source markets and different market\u0000segments, more cruise capacity in new regions, and the development of national\u0000cruise brands.","PeriodicalId":46641,"journal":{"name":"Tourism","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69992091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aims to examine any possible effects of servant leadership (SL) on psychological empowerment (PE) in terms of sub dimensionality. Implementing convenience sampling, 356 questionnaires were collected from five-star hotel employees in Antalya. The overall relationships were tested by conducting Pearson’s correlation analysis, and all constructs were subjected to the exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Later on, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted in terms of providing support for dimensionality and confirmed convergent and discriminant validity via Amos. To test the hypothesized model, structural equation modeling was employed. The model showed that Agapao love has a substantial significant positive effect on the meaning sub-dimension of the PE, and the same effect was observed in the competence and impact sub-dimensions of the PE. Along with Agapao love, trust was also significant and had positive effects on PE sub-dimensions. Referring to our discussion in this paper, leaders should support their followers in terms of psychological empowerment and preferably closely interact with their subordinates as an expected leadership behavior in service enterprises. Besides, trustworthiness is a crucial cue for kitchen employees in terms of motivation, inspiration, and competence.
{"title":"How Servant Leaders Psychologically Empower Their\u0000Followers","authors":"Özcan Zorlu, Ahmet Baytok, Ali Avan, Emre İnci","doi":"10.37741/t.69.4.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37741/t.69.4.3","url":null,"abstract":"This study\u0000aims to examine any possible effects\u0000of servant leadership (SL) on psychological empowerment\u0000(PE) in terms of sub dimensionality. Implementing convenience sampling, 356 questionnaires were collected from five-star hotel employees in Antalya.\u0000The overall relationships were tested by conducting Pearson’s correlation\u0000analysis, and all constructs were subjected to the exploratory factor analysis\u0000(EFA). Later on, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted in terms of providing\u0000support for dimensionality and confirmed convergent and discriminant validity\u0000via Amos. To test the hypothesized model, structural equation modeling was employed.\u0000The model showed that Agapao love has a substantial significant positive effect\u0000on the meaning sub-dimension of the PE, and the same effect was observed in the\u0000competence and impact sub-dimensions of the PE. Along with Agapao love, trust was\u0000also significant and had positive effects on PE sub-dimensions. Referring to\u0000our discussion in this paper, leaders should support their followers in terms\u0000of psychological empowerment and preferably closely interact with their\u0000subordinates as an expected leadership behavior in service enterprises. Besides,\u0000trustworthiness is a crucial cue for kitchen employees in terms of motivation,\u0000inspiration, and competence.","PeriodicalId":46641,"journal":{"name":"Tourism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44313705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite the current importance of international retirement migration for both academics and practitioners, the extant literature on the topic is still scarce and mostly focused on short-period migration flows from wealthy and northern countries to cheaper and warm-weather destinations. This article aims at shedding light on the role of tourism in prospective migrants’ decision-making process, considering the framework provided by the push-pull model, which is often used to explain both migration and tourism. A qualitative study was conducted, comprising ten in-depth interviews with 45+ year-old Brazilian citizens who intend to move to Europe after retirement. Results show that tourism is important for prospective migrants to evaluate possible migration destinations, as some of the most relevant migration pull factors (e.g., safety) are easily assessed during tourism experiences. Participants in this study also carefully plan tourism activities prior to their decision to migrate in order to get a more realistic notion of what the destination is like for residents. Overall, this study demonstrates that tourism is particularly important for several stages of migrants’ decision-making process.
{"title":"How Prospective\u0000International Retired Migrants Use Tourism for Decision Making","authors":"B. Barbosa, C. Santos, Marcia Santos","doi":"10.37741/t.69.4.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37741/t.69.4.2","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the current importance of international retirement\u0000migration for both academics and practitioners, the extant literature on the\u0000topic is still scarce and mostly focused on short-period migration flows from\u0000wealthy and northern countries to cheaper and warm-weather destinations. This\u0000article aims at shedding light on the role of tourism in prospective migrants’\u0000decision-making process, considering the framework provided by the push-pull\u0000model, which is often used to explain both migration and tourism. A qualitative\u0000study was conducted, comprising ten in-depth interviews with 45+ year-old\u0000Brazilian citizens who intend to move to Europe after retirement. Results show\u0000that tourism is important for prospective migrants to evaluate possible\u0000migration destinations, as some of the most relevant migration pull factors\u0000(e.g., safety) are easily assessed during tourism experiences. Participants in\u0000this study also carefully plan tourism activities prior to their decision to\u0000migrate in order to get a more realistic notion of what the destination is like\u0000for residents. Overall, this study demonstrates that tourism is particularly\u0000important for several stages of migrants’ decision-making process.","PeriodicalId":46641,"journal":{"name":"Tourism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49057561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tourism is an extremely important economic sector for the Republic of Croatia and an important component of certain economic and social activities, such as transport and business of travel agencies, trade, catering, agriculture, and numerous service activities. Many Croatian citizens are directly, indirectly, or partially employed in the said sectors. Many depend on it – from individuals, through various business entities and tourist destinations, to the state itself which generates almost 20 percent of the annual state budget revenue from tourism. Given the multilevel and multifunctional importance of tourism, it is important to research how it is organized for emergencies that can cause significant disruptions in the operation and revenue generation. The goal of this paper is to analyze how and how successfully the tourism sector coped with the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting crisis, what crisis management mechanisms were developed and how they were used during 2020.
{"title":"Croatian Tourism Sector and Crisis Management","authors":"Robert Mikac, Karla Kravarščan","doi":"10.37741/t.69.4.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37741/t.69.4.9","url":null,"abstract":"Tourism\u0000is an extremely important economic sector for the Republic of Croatia and an\u0000important component of certain economic and social activities, such as\u0000transport and business of travel agencies, trade, catering, agriculture, and\u0000numerous service activities. Many Croatian citizens are directly, indirectly, or\u0000partially employed in the said sectors. Many depend on it – from individuals,\u0000through various business entities and tourist destinations, to the state itself\u0000which generates almost 20 percent of the annual state budget revenue from\u0000tourism. Given the multilevel and multifunctional importance of tourism, it is\u0000important to research how it is organized for emergencies that can cause\u0000significant disruptions in the operation and revenue generation. The goal of\u0000this paper is to analyze how and how successfully the tourism sector coped with the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting crisis, what crisis\u0000management mechanisms were developed and how they were used during 2020.","PeriodicalId":46641,"journal":{"name":"Tourism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41743501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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