This study investigated the relationship between the tourism trade balance and globalization. We developed a novel and encompassing approach to measuring the tourism trade balance, including several inflows and outflows. The responsiveness of the tourism trade balance is examined not only for globalization processes depicted by indicators like de facto economic, social, and political globalization but also for globalization policies, i.e., de jure globalization. A comparative analysis across countries - belonging to different income groups, different quartiles of the tourism trade, globalization, and economic growth - revealed considerable heterogeneities among the other grouping of countries for the tourism-globalization relationship. The study suggested that it is of utmost importance to recognize that countries with a high level of globalization and well-developed tourism industry are in a better position to materialize the benefits of globalization.
{"title":"Tourism Trade Balance and Globalization","authors":"Saira Tufail, Sadia Sherbaz, Tanzila Rafi","doi":"10.37741/t.71.3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37741/t.71.3.3","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the relationship between the tourism trade balance and globalization. We developed a novel and encompassing approach to measuring the tourism trade balance, including several inflows and outflows. The responsiveness of the tourism trade balance is examined not only for globalization processes depicted by indicators like de facto economic, social, and political globalization but also for globalization policies, i.e., de jure globalization. A comparative analysis across countries - belonging to different income groups, different quartiles of the tourism trade, globalization, and economic growth - revealed considerable heterogeneities among the other grouping of countries for the tourism-globalization relationship. The study suggested that it is of utmost importance to recognize that countries with a high level of globalization and well-developed tourism industry are in a better position to materialize the benefits of globalization.","PeriodicalId":46641,"journal":{"name":"Tourism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46194661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fransiscus Engelbert Manumpil, S. Utomo, R. Koestoer, T. Soesilo
Multicriteria Decision Making (MCDM) is increasingly being utilized as an analytical research tool for sectors that require decision-making with specific objectives and constraints, such as the tourism industry. Sustainable tourism, which examines the balance of numerous aspects, including stakeholders’ interests, is the critical feature propelling the increased usage of MCDM. This paper explores the use of Multicriteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods applied in studies of sustainable tourism and its derivative term, low-carbon tourism, using a systematic literature review (SLR) search from the Scopus database. The analysis has identified 189 relevant studies published between 1987 to April 2022. After selection, screening, and synthesizing processes, we selected 135 pertinent studies, which were analysed in general descriptive data, citation impacts, geographical categorization, categorization of the methodologies’ objectives, and possible trajectories of similar research in the future. We find that highly cited authors and articles are related to sustainable tourism indicators' development and case studies. Furthermore, most relevant studies are concentrated in Asia and Europe rather than other regions. We also categorize the reviewed studies into six classifications depending on each method's intended usage and further suggest four contexts for the studies’ future trajectory.
{"title":"Multicriteria Decision Making in Sustainable Tourism\u0000and Low-Carbon Tourism Research","authors":"Fransiscus Engelbert Manumpil, S. Utomo, R. Koestoer, T. Soesilo","doi":"10.37741/t.71.3.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37741/t.71.3.2","url":null,"abstract":"Multicriteria Decision Making (MCDM) is increasingly being utilized as an analytical research tool for sectors that require decision-making with specific objectives and constraints, such as the tourism industry. Sustainable tourism, which examines the balance of numerous aspects, including stakeholders’ interests, is the critical feature propelling the increased usage of MCDM. This paper explores the use of Multicriteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods applied in studies of sustainable tourism and its derivative term, low-carbon tourism, using a systematic literature review (SLR) search from the Scopus database. The analysis has identified 189 relevant studies published between 1987 to April 2022. After selection, screening, and synthesizing processes, we selected 135 pertinent studies, which were analysed in general descriptive data, citation impacts, geographical categorization, categorization of the methodologies’ objectives, and possible trajectories of similar research in the future. We find that highly cited authors and articles are related to sustainable tourism indicators' development and case studies. Furthermore, most relevant studies are concentrated in Asia and Europe rather than other regions. We also categorize the reviewed studies into six classifications depending on each method's intended usage and further suggest four contexts for the studies’ future trajectory.","PeriodicalId":46641,"journal":{"name":"Tourism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44811831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Wang, E. Opoku, N. Bu, Hsueh Chu Rebecca Chen, Aaron Tham
This research presents a reframing of tourism and hospitality teaching and assessment quality assurance in a post-COVID-19 higher education landscape. It does this as a timely and opportune moment to reflect on why and how higher education assessments should be framed through a Blue Ocean Strategy for disciplines such as tourism and hospitality to formulate radical changes in an environment that has long been dominated by using examinations to assess learning. To explore potential solutions, this research traces the journeys of 16 Chinese academics transitioning as educators before and during the outbreak of COVID-19. The findings revealed how the pandemic hastened the replication of face-to-face teaching and assessments into an online mode. However, other essential skills, such as graduate employability, remain implicit as the influences on students’ competencies for the post-pandemic industry needs more exploration. Derived from these outcomes is a conceptual framework around a Blue Ocean Strategy to repurpose the role of assessments to prompt broader conversations and debates about the theory and practice of tourism and hospitality assessments towards desired futures.
{"title":"Re-Strategizing Tourism and Hospitality Assessments in a Post-COVID-19 Higher Education Landscape","authors":"M. Wang, E. Opoku, N. Bu, Hsueh Chu Rebecca Chen, Aaron Tham","doi":"10.37741/t.71.3.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37741/t.71.3.10","url":null,"abstract":"This research presents a reframing of tourism and hospitality teaching and assessment quality assurance in a post-COVID-19 higher education landscape. It does this as a timely and opportune moment to reflect on why and how higher education assessments should be framed through a Blue Ocean Strategy for disciplines such as tourism and hospitality to formulate radical changes in an environment that has long been dominated by using examinations to assess learning. To explore potential solutions, this research traces the journeys of 16 Chinese academics transitioning as educators before and during the outbreak of COVID-19. The findings revealed how the pandemic hastened the replication of face-to-face teaching and assessments into an online mode. However, other essential skills, such as graduate employability, remain implicit as the influences on students’ competencies for the post-pandemic industry needs more exploration. Derived from these outcomes is a conceptual framework around a Blue Ocean Strategy to repurpose the role of assessments to prompt broader conversations and debates about the theory and practice of tourism and hospitality assessments towards desired futures.","PeriodicalId":46641,"journal":{"name":"Tourism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49298113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite the Covid-19 pandemic, business travel spending is expected to reach two-thirds of the pre-pandemic levels in 2022. Therefore, travel policies remain essential for reducing travel expenses and managing traveller behaviour. A significant challenge for a company is to ensure compliance with its travel policy. This study uses the equity theory and person-organization fit model to understand non-compliance with travel policies. Two hundred and five responses were collected from corporate travellers employed in South Africa via an online survey. The results revealed that work values and perceived organizational injustice could influence corporate travel policy compliance. This study is the first to investigate the influence of work values, travel satisfaction, and organizational injustice on unethical decision-making and behaviour in a corporate travel context.
{"title":"Work Values, Travel Satisfaction, and Organizational Injustice as Antecedents of Corporate Travel Policy Compliance","authors":"A. Douglas, Mnandi Weber","doi":"10.37741/t.71.3.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37741/t.71.3.7","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the Covid-19 pandemic, business travel spending is expected to reach two-thirds of the pre-pandemic levels in 2022. Therefore, travel policies remain essential for reducing travel expenses and managing traveller behaviour. A significant challenge for a company is to ensure compliance with its travel policy. This study uses the equity theory and person-organization fit model to understand non-compliance with travel policies. Two hundred and five responses were collected from corporate travellers employed in South Africa via an online survey. The results revealed that work values and perceived organizational injustice could influence corporate travel policy compliance. This study is the first to investigate the influence of work values, travel satisfaction, and organizational injustice on unethical decision-making and behaviour in a corporate travel context.","PeriodicalId":46641,"journal":{"name":"Tourism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42047331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study responds to the paucity of understanding of tourists' attitudes toward peer-to-peer (P2P) accommodation services in less-developed economies. By gaining insights into the extant literature, the study proposes and tests a research model that accents the impact of perceived economic benefits, social incentives, and trust on consumers’ attitudes towards P2P accommodation. Notably, it also explores the potential attitudinal effect of the new materialist lifestyle. Data were collected through a web-based survey involving 112 consumers aware of P2P accommodation with prior domestic tourism experience in the Philippines. Partial least squares structural equation modelling technique was employed for data analysis. The findings reveal that only economic benefits and trust perceptions can predict consumers’ attitudes towards P2P accommodation services. Considering this, accommodation providers should continue to emphasize the economic value of their services to expand the customer base. Additionally, platform and accommodation providers can also enhance trust-building initiatives to reduce consumers' risk perceptions potentially aggravated by the ongoing pandemic.
{"title":"Attitude Towards Peer-to-Peer\u0000Accommodation","authors":"Mark Ratilla, Sandeep Kumar Dey, M. Chovancová","doi":"10.37741/t.71.2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37741/t.71.2.5","url":null,"abstract":"The study responds to the paucity of understanding of tourists' attitudes toward peer-to-peer (P2P) accommodation services in less-developed economies. By gaining insights into the extant literature, the study proposes and tests a research model that accents the impact of perceived economic benefits, social incentives, and trust on consumers’ attitudes towards P2P accommodation. Notably, it also explores the potential attitudinal effect of the new materialist lifestyle. Data were collected through a web-based survey involving 112 consumers aware of P2P accommodation with prior domestic tourism experience in the Philippines. Partial least squares structural equation modelling technique was employed for data analysis. The findings reveal that only economic benefits and trust perceptions can predict consumers’ attitudes towards P2P accommodation services. Considering this, accommodation providers should continue to emphasize the economic value of their services to expand the customer base. Additionally, platform and accommodation providers can also enhance trust-building initiatives to reduce consumers' risk perceptions potentially aggravated by the ongoing pandemic.","PeriodicalId":46641,"journal":{"name":"Tourism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41764639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. S. Krishnan, Kishore Kumar Gangwani, Annapureddy Rama Papi Reddy, K. K.
Goal 15 of the Sustainable Development Goals calls for efforts to protect fragile mountain ecosystems. Waste generated due to mountain tourism leads to environmental degradation, biodiversity loss, and poses a significant challenge to achieving this goal. Mountains which are characterized by uninhabitable terrain and remoteness, coupled with current tourism practices compound this challenge. The paper resolves this challenge by understanding barriers to sustainably manage waste using th Classical DEMATEL method. Based on data from 36 experts in India’s mountain tourism industry, barriers to sustainable management of non-biodegradable waste are analyzed. Results suggest that enforcement of regulations, waste collection infrastructure, and lack of transportation for waste transfer are the most prominent barriers that can be mitigated by collectively leveraging four tangible barriers: tourists’ motivation or achievement mentality, local government’s initiative, economic value of waste, and tourists’ lack of environmental awareness. Based on this, a policy intervention mandating certification standards for tourists is suggested before they embark on mountain tourism.
{"title":"Barriers to Sustainable Waste Management in Mountain Tourism","authors":"T. S. Krishnan, Kishore Kumar Gangwani, Annapureddy Rama Papi Reddy, K. K.","doi":"10.37741/t.71.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37741/t.71.2.2","url":null,"abstract":"Goal 15 of the Sustainable Development Goals calls for efforts to protect fragile mountain ecosystems. Waste generated due to mountain tourism leads to environmental degradation, biodiversity loss, and poses a significant challenge to achieving this goal. Mountains which are characterized by uninhabitable terrain and remoteness, coupled with current tourism practices compound this challenge. The paper resolves this challenge by understanding barriers to sustainably manage waste using th Classical DEMATEL method. Based on data from 36 experts in India’s mountain tourism industry, barriers to sustainable management of non-biodegradable waste are analyzed. Results suggest that enforcement of regulations, waste collection infrastructure, and lack of transportation for waste transfer are the most prominent barriers that can be mitigated by collectively leveraging four tangible barriers: tourists’ motivation or achievement mentality, local government’s initiative, economic value of waste, and tourists’ lack of environmental awareness. Based on this, a policy intervention mandating certification standards for tourists is suggested before they embark on mountain tourism.","PeriodicalId":46641,"journal":{"name":"Tourism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41860252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dental tourism is based on providing dental services outside the home country at more favourable prices but with added value in tourist offers and arrangements. Croatia has become a destination for affordable and at the same time quality dental tourism due to low prices, high quality, and natural beauties. In addition to dental services, most clinics offer transportation and accommodation. Dental tourists want to combine dental services with vacation, which makes Croatia a desirable destination precisely because of the natural beauty and abundance of rich content. For this reason, many Croatian dentists have recognized dental tourism as an additional source of income or as their primary business orientation. Although clinics operating within dental tourism are located throughout Croatia, the most significant number is in Zagreb, Rijeka, and Split. Patients mostly come from developed countries such as Italy, Austria, Germany, UK, Ireland, Japan, Canada, and the USA, where dental procedures are not as affordable. Dental tourism in Croatia had exponential growth until March 2020, when, for the first time, it faced a global problem and was challenged in the form of the COVID-19 pandemic.
{"title":"The Effect of the COVID-19\u0000Pandemic on Dental Tourism in Croatia","authors":"Jelena Lana Zelenika, Luka Banjšak, M. Vodanović","doi":"10.37741/t.71.2.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37741/t.71.2.12","url":null,"abstract":"Dental tourism is based on providing dental services outside the home country at more favourable prices but with added value in tourist offers and arrangements. Croatia has become a destination for affordable and at the same time quality dental tourism due to low prices, high quality, and natural beauties. In addition to dental services, most clinics offer transportation and accommodation. Dental tourists want to combine dental services with vacation, which makes Croatia a desirable destination precisely because of the natural beauty and abundance of rich content. For this reason, many Croatian dentists have recognized dental tourism as an additional source of income or as their primary business orientation. Although clinics operating within dental tourism are located throughout Croatia, the most significant number is in Zagreb, Rijeka, and Split. Patients mostly come from developed countries such as Italy, Austria, Germany, UK, Ireland, Japan, Canada, and the USA, where dental procedures are not as affordable. Dental tourism in Croatia had exponential growth until March 2020, when, for the first time, it faced a global problem and was challenged in the form of the COVID-19 pandemic.","PeriodicalId":46641,"journal":{"name":"Tourism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49534848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gilda Hernandez-Maskivker, Marta Capdevila-Torres, Stanislav Ivanov, B. Garrod
This paper examines various models of academic publishing and considers their relative advantages for authors, readers, academic institutions and society. Relevant factors in driving authors’ choice of journal include the journal’s scope, reputation and publishing model used. Authors’ choices are shaped by the expectations of academic institutions and strongly determine both access to readers and the benefits to society. From an analysis of 174 journals in the tourism and hospitality field, four publication models are identified and compared: ‘subscription-only’ and the ‘Green’, ‘Gold’ and ‘Platinum’ open-access models. The findings of a survey of 42 editors of journals in the field are then presented. These suggest that subscription-based journals (be they subscription-only or hybrid) tend to be owned by commercial publishing companies and have the highest reputation, as measured by their position in one or more indexing systems. They also tend to have significantly larger numbers of paper submissions than open-access journals, especially those that use the Platinum open-access model. While some commentators have suggested that editors of open-access journals with article-processing charges may be tempted to lower their scientific standards to maximise revenues, no evidence was found that such journals have higher acceptance rates than their subscription-based equivalents.
{"title":"Open-Access Publishing in\u0000Tourism and Hospitality Research","authors":"Gilda Hernandez-Maskivker, Marta Capdevila-Torres, Stanislav Ivanov, B. Garrod","doi":"10.37741/t.71.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37741/t.71.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines various models of academic publishing and considers their relative advantages for authors, readers, academic institutions and society. Relevant factors in driving authors’ choice of journal include the journal’s scope, reputation and publishing model used. Authors’ choices are shaped by the expectations of academic institutions and strongly determine both access to readers and the benefits to society. From an analysis of 174 journals in the tourism and hospitality field, four publication models are identified and compared: ‘subscription-only’ and the ‘Green’, ‘Gold’ and ‘Platinum’ open-access models. The findings of a survey of 42 editors of journals in the field are then presented. These suggest that subscription-based journals (be they subscription-only or hybrid) tend to be owned by commercial publishing companies and have the highest reputation, as measured by their position in one or more indexing systems. They also tend to have significantly larger numbers of paper submissions than open-access journals, especially those that use the Platinum open-access model. While some commentators have suggested that editors of open-access journals with article-processing charges may be tempted to lower their scientific standards to maximise revenues, no evidence was found that such journals have higher acceptance rates than their subscription-based equivalents.","PeriodicalId":46641,"journal":{"name":"Tourism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45501074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Political or ethical activism associated with tourism consumption receives hardly any attention from a legal perspective. As such activities may constitute a legal infringement of competition, (potential) activists, particularly companies engaging in such activism, need to be aware of the potential risk of being subject to legal prosecution, undermining the actual goals of their activism. Vice versa, companies, destinations or other tourism entities negatively affected by activism may claim such a behaviour to be deemed illegal. Such illegality may originate from a competition's abusive behaviour or unfair commercial practice. For either of those to be applicable, actors taking part or calling for political or ethical induced consumption need at least to have an indirect economic interest in the tourism market and, similar to the activism targets, need to be considered an economic entity. This also applies to destinations not considering themselves economic entities, despite being commercially active. In general, consumption activism will be deemed illegal if used or called for by a dominant market position. Without market dominance, activism activities are deemed commercially unfair unless the originator of activism has a legitimate reason protected by constitutional rights.
{"title":"Legality of Political and Ethical Consumerism in Tourism","authors":"Ralf Vogler","doi":"10.37741/t.71.2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37741/t.71.2.8","url":null,"abstract":"Political or ethical activism associated with tourism consumption receives hardly any attention from a legal perspective. As such activities may constitute a legal infringement of competition, (potential) activists, particularly companies engaging in such activism, need to be aware of the potential risk of being subject to legal prosecution, undermining the actual goals of their activism. Vice versa, companies, destinations or other tourism entities negatively affected by activism may claim such a behaviour to be deemed illegal. Such illegality may originate from a competition's abusive behaviour or unfair commercial practice. For either of those to be applicable, actors taking part or calling for political or ethical induced consumption need at least to have an indirect economic interest in the tourism market and, similar to the activism targets, need to be considered an economic entity. This also applies to destinations not considering themselves economic entities, despite being commercially active. In general, consumption activism will be deemed illegal if used or called for by a dominant market position. Without market dominance, activism activities are deemed commercially unfair unless the originator of activism has a legitimate reason protected by constitutional rights.","PeriodicalId":46641,"journal":{"name":"Tourism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47470638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Almudena Otegui Carles, J. A. Fraiz-Brea, Noelia Araújo Vila
Research in animal ethics and Generation Z in the field of tourism is a little-explored topic. With a focus on the development of both research fields, the aim of this study was to determine if Generation Z in Spain justifies or rejects the use of animals in tourism attractions, and to establish which specific animal attractions are acceptable for Generation Z and which are not. The results indicated that Generation Z does not justify any of the animal attractions presented in the questionnaire. Generation Z does not accept any of the possible justifications for the existence of animal-based attractions, and all conditions under which animals must be treated at those attractions are important for Generation Z respondents. Females attach greater importance than males to all animal treatment conditions and express a greater rejection of all attractions as well as all justifications presented in the questionnaire.
{"title":"The Ethical Attitudes of\u0000Generation Z in Spain Toward Animal-Based Tourism Attractions","authors":"Almudena Otegui Carles, J. A. Fraiz-Brea, Noelia Araújo Vila","doi":"10.37741/t.71.2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37741/t.71.2.4","url":null,"abstract":"Research in animal ethics and Generation Z in the field of tourism is a little-explored topic. With a focus on the development of both research fields, the aim of this study was to determine if Generation Z in Spain justifies or rejects the use of animals in tourism attractions, and to establish which specific animal attractions are acceptable for Generation Z and which are not. The results indicated that Generation Z does not justify any of the animal attractions presented in the questionnaire. Generation Z does not accept any of the possible justifications for the existence of animal-based attractions, and all conditions under which animals must be treated at those attractions are important for Generation Z respondents. Females attach greater importance than males to all animal treatment conditions and express a greater rejection of all attractions as well as all justifications presented in the questionnaire.","PeriodicalId":46641,"journal":{"name":"Tourism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49157390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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