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The femininization of AI-powered voice assistants: Personification, anthropomorphism and discourse ideologies 人工智能语音助手的女性化:人格化、拟人化与话语意识形态
IF 2.3 2区 文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcm.2024.100833
Maria Grazia Sindoni
Intelligent Voice Assistants (IVAs), such as Amazon Alexa, Apple Siri, Microsoft Cortana, and Google Assistant, have been mainstreamed as female by default, through voices, avatars, colour palette, and conversational cues. Even though tech companies tend to justify this systematic feminization on customers’ preferences, the ingrained gender biases have been raising concerns about the normalization of gendered, abusive, and toxic discourse practices.
In this paper, a multimodal critical discourse approach, combined with feminist philosophy, and notions of ‘digital domesticity’ will be applied to analyse examples of IVA’s coded responses, as well as personification and anthropomorphic conversational cues. The analysis aims to uncover the companies’ hidden ideologies as they emerge from coded (i.e., pre-established) conversational practices (i.e., what IVAs are expected to say to engage users) in response to users’ prompts that gender, sexualize, and ultimately harass IVAs – a practice that hard-wires women and subservience. The paper seeks to advance understanding of the intersection of design interface of IVAs with reference to the ideological gendering of IVAs, actively pursued by companies to increase user engagement.
亚马逊 Alexa、苹果 Siri、微软 Cortana 和谷歌助理等智能语音助手(IVA)已通过声音、头像、色调和对话提示等方式默认为女性。本文将采用多模态批判性话语方法,结合女性主义哲学和 "数字家庭性 "概念,分析 IVA 的编码回复示例,以及人格化和拟人化对话线索。分析旨在揭示公司隐藏的意识形态,这些意识形态来自于编码(即预先建立的)对话实践(即 IVA 在与用户互动时应该说的话),以回应用户对 IVA 的性别化、性化和最终骚扰的提示--这是一种对女性和从属性进行硬编码的实践。本文旨在促进人们对 IVAs 设计界面与 IVAs 意识形态性别化交叉点的理解,公司积极追求提高用户参与度。
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引用次数: 0
Scaling as method: A three-stage, mixed-methods approach to digital discourse analysis 规模即方法:数字话语分析的三阶段混合方法
IF 2.3 2区 文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcm.2024.100817
Jannis Androutsopoulos
Drawing on research on graphic contextualization cues in punctuation and typography, this paper describes a three-stage, mixed-methods approach to digital discourse analysis. It introduces the terms ‘scale’ and ‘scaling’ as methodological metaphors for a researcher’s planned, yet contingent movement through formations of digital textual data that differ in terms of volume, method of collection, processing, and analysis. ‘Scaling-as-method’ aims to replace static binaries (such as ‘micro’ and ‘macro’, ‘small’ and ‘big’ data, ‘manual’ and ‘automated’ processing) by the vision of a researcher who shifts their degree of abstraction, or ‘distance’, towards digital data, while moving from close to distant reading and back again. The paper exemplifies this three-stage process on the example of the indignation mark, aka <!!1>, a twist on the iterated exclamation mark that is attested in digital discourse in various languages as a cue of double-voicing. The explorative examination of a small dataset (Stage 1) leads to the computational collection and distributional analysis of a much larger dataset (‘scaling up’, Stage 2), followed by the manual annotation of a selected subset of this data (‘scaling down’, Stage 3). Each stage draws on a different amount of data, which enables different techniques of processing and analysis, and relies on a specific combination of abductive, deductive, and inductive reasoning. Yet all three stages complement one another in a kaleidoscopic way towards understanding connections between punctuation practices and participatory political discourse online. Scaling as method is not a closed recipe, but an adaptable procedure that can be applied to a variety of discrete digital features. It does not aim to replace established methods of computational social media analysis, but to boost research that is predominantly based on the manual collection and annotation of social media data, and to enables a dialogue between multiple understandings of context.
本文借鉴对标点符号和排版中图形语境化线索的研究,描述了一种三阶段混合方法的数字话语分析方法。本文引入了 "规模 "和 "缩放 "两个术语,作为研究人员在数字文本数据的形成过程中进行有计划的、偶然的移动的方法学隐喻,这些数字文本数据在数量、收集方法、处理和分析方面各不相同。缩放即方法 "旨在以研究者的视角取代静态的二元对立(如 "微观 "与 "宏观"、"小 "数据与 "大 "数据、"手工 "处理与 "自动 "处理),研究者对数字数据的抽象程度或 "距离 "发生变化,从近距离阅读到远距离阅读再到近距离阅读。本文以愤慨标记(又名<!!1>)为例,说明了这三个阶段的过程,愤慨标记是迭代感叹号的一种变形,在各种语言的数字话语中都被证明是双重发声的线索。对小型数据集的探索性研究(第 1 阶段)导致了对更大数据集的计算收集和分布分析("放大",第 2 阶段),随后是对这些数据中选定的子集进行人工标注("缩小",第 3 阶段)。每个阶段都利用不同数量的数据,从而采用不同的处理和分析技术,并依赖于归纳、演绎和归纳推理的特定组合。然而,所有三个阶段以万花筒般的方式相互补充,从而理解标点符号实践与在线参与式政治话语之间的联系。作为方法的缩放并不是一个封闭的秘方,而是一个可适用于各种离散数字特征的适应性程序。它的目的不是取代已有的社交媒体计算分析方法,而是促进主要基于社交媒体数据的手工收集和注释的研究,并促成对语境的多种理解之间的对话。
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引用次数: 0
Sharing second stories in online comforting interactions 在网络慰藉互动中分享第二故事
IF 2.3 2区 文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcm.2024.100835
Wei Ren, Yufei Li
Online sharing has emerged as a pivotal means for individuals, particularly those facing challenges, to seek support. This study investigates how second stories are employed to comfort original posters in online support groups. Data were collected from two distinct online support groups, related to exam failures and relationship issues respectively, on the Chinese social media platform Douban, with 100 interactive segments from each group. We also examine whether thematic contexts shape the types and perspectives of second stories. The findings identified three types of second stories in the online comforting interactions, namely aligned, prospective, and divergent second stories. Netizens shared their personal experiences much more frequently than the experiences of others in their second stories, and the themes of the online groups significantly influenced the choices and perspectives of the second stories. In addition, the study details the dynamics of interactions between the original posters and those who replied, highlighting a spectrum of engagement levels from single responses to circular, linear, and multi-party interactions. These findings demonstrate the adaptive and context-sensitive nature of sharing second stories online in providing targeted emotional support within digital communities.
在线分享已成为个人,尤其是面临挑战的个人寻求支持的重要途径。本研究探讨了在网络互助小组中如何利用第二故事来安慰原始发帖者。数据收集自中国社交媒体平台豆瓣上两个不同的在线支持小组,分别与考试失败和感情问题有关,每个小组有 100 个互动片段。我们还研究了主题背景是否会影响第二故事的类型和视角。研究结果发现,在网络安慰性互动中存在三种类型的第二故事,即一致型、前瞻型和分歧型第二故事。在第二故事中,网民分享个人经历的频率远高于分享他人经历的频率,而网络群体的主题在很大程度上影响了第二故事的选择和视角。此外,本研究还详细介绍了原发帖者与回复者之间的互动动态,强调了从单一回复到循环、线性和多方互动的参与程度。这些研究结果表明,在线分享 "第二个故事 "在数字社区内提供有针对性的情感支持时,具有适应性和情境敏感性。
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引用次数: 0
Surveillance at the (inter)face: A nexus analysis 面(间)监视:关联分析
IF 2.3 2区 文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcm.2024.100832
Rodney H. Jones
This paper discusses how facial recognition technology is changing the way interfaces are designed for digital surveillance. Drawing on work in mediated discourse analysis, it argues that interfaces for surveillance (as well as digital interfaces more generally) should be understood as sites of engagement where particular texts, bodies, social relationships, and social practices come together to make surveillance possible. To illustrate this framework, I analyse the controversial facial recognition service PimEyes, exploring how the ‘discourses in place’ on the PimEyes website, the ‘interaction orders’ it makes possible, and the ‘historical bodies’ that users bring to the site work together to lure users into using the service and contribute to the normalisation of digital surveillance using facial recognition. This paper contributes not just to our understanding of surveillance, but also to our understanding of digital interfaces more generally by showing how they function to enable new kinds of social identities, social relationships and social practices.
本文讨论了面部识别技术如何改变数字监控界面的设计方式。本文借鉴了中介话语分析的研究成果,认为监控界面(以及一般意义上的数字界面)应被理解为特定文本、身体、社会关系和社会实践共同促成监控的参与场所。为了说明这一框架,我分析了备受争议的面部识别服务 PimEyes,探讨了 PimEyes 网站上的 "现有话语"、它所实现的 "互动秩序 "以及用户带到网站上的 "历史性身体 "是如何共同引诱用户使用该服务并促使使用面部识别进行数字监控的正常化的。本文不仅有助于我们对监控的理解,还通过展示数字界面如何实现新型社会身份、社会关系和社会实践的功能,更广泛地加深了我们对数字界面的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Transmodal messenger interaction–Analysing the sequentiality of text and audio postings in WhatsApp chats 跨模式信使互动--分析 WhatsApp 聊天中文字和音频发布的先后顺序
IF 2.3 2区 文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcm.2024.100818
Katharina König
The emerging field of digital conversation analysis is concerned with the study of practices with which participants accomplish shared meaning in different forms of digital communication. Methodologically, it is rooted in the sequential analysis of their coordinated conduct in digital environments, which takes into account the ways in which interlocutors make use of the semiotic resources the platforms provide. Based on messenger chats with text and voice messages from the Mobile Communication Database (MoCoDa) and a private collection, the paper develops the notion of ‘transmodal interaction’ as a new conceptual perspective on the microanalysis of temporally unfolding digital communication while also discussing methodological challenges the sequential integration of speech and writing poses to methods of data collection and processing. Subsequently, the paper showcases an interactional analysis of practices for introducing text and audio postings to transmodal discourse, which shows that voice messages are designed as rather personal postings participants can choose to contribute but which are rarely made relevant explicitly. Thus, a sequential perspective on transmodal messenger interaction offers valuable insights into participants’ perception of the semiotic potentials associated with different contribution modalities.
新兴的数字对话分析领域关注的是研究参与者在不同形式的数字交流中完成共同意义的实践。从方法论上讲,它植根于对参与者在数字环境中协调行为的连续分析,考虑到对话者利用平台提供的符号资源的方式。本文以移动通信数据库(MoCoDa)和私人收藏的信使聊天文字和语音信息为基础,提出了 "跨模式互动 "的概念,将其作为对时间展开的数字通信进行微观分析的新概念视角,同时还讨论了语音和文字的顺序整合给数据收集和处理方法带来的方法论挑战。随后,论文展示了对在跨模式话语中引入文本和音频帖子的做法进行的互动分析,分析结果表明,语音信息被设计为参与者可以选择贡献的个人帖子,但很少明确与之相关。因此,从跨模态信使互动的顺序角度出发,可以深入了解参与者对不同贡献模式相关符号潜力的看法。
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引用次数: 0
Digital facilitation-as-a-process: The mismatch between promotional text and situated interaction 数字促进即过程:宣传文本与情景互动之间的不匹配
IF 2.3 2区 文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcm.2024.100834
Elina Salomaa
This paper examines facilitation-as-a-process, which is characterized by its aims to challenge the traditional top-down leadership formats by empowering employees to achieve their goals without control. In this sense, the idea of facilitation reflects the ideologies of the New Work Order. By looking at both a promotional website of a digital platform and the use of this platform in situated interaction, the study shows how these ideologies are (re)constructed in and through promotional texts and how the claims are or are not enacted in actual in-situ interaction in two organizations. Drawing on critical discursive psychology and the distinction of Discourses (big-D) and discourse (little-d), it is first shown that New Work Order ideals are reconstructed on the website by relying on two key Discourses: The Discourse of Empowerment and the Discourse of Textualization. Secondly, using authentic chat discussions from two organizations, it is shown that the organizations do not orient to these ideologies presented on the website, but rather maintain and reproduce more traditional patterns of interaction, similar to, for example, classroom interaction. In this respect, the study shows how the promise of changing the traditional leadership formats and empowering employees, as presented in the facilitation literature and the platform’s promotional texts, remains purely ideological.
本文探讨的是 "促进过程"(facilitation-as-a-process),其特点是旨在挑战传统的自上而下的领导方式,让员工在不受控制的情况下实现自己的目标。从这个意义上说,促进的理念反映了新工作秩序的意识形态。通过观察一个数字平台的宣传网站以及在情景互动中对该平台的使用,本研究展示了这些意识形态是如何在宣传文本中或通过宣传文本被(重新)建构的,以及在两个组织的实际情景互动中这些主张是如何或没有被实施的。借鉴批判性话语心理学和话语(大-D)与话语(小-D)的区别,研究首先表明,新工作秩序的理想是通过两个关键话语在网站上重新构建的:赋权话语和文本化话语。其次,通过两个组织的真实聊天讨论,研究表明这些组织并没有以网站上呈现的这些意识形态为导向,而是保持并再现了更传统的互动模式,例如类似于课堂互动的模式。在这方面,本研究表明,促进文献和该平台宣传文本中提出的改变传统领导方式和增强员工能力的承诺如何仍然纯粹是意识形态的。
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引用次数: 0
Perspectivization in the thematic exploration of atypical depressive self-talk in an unmanaged online depression community on Weibo 在一个无人管理的微博抑郁社区中对非典型抑郁自言自语进行主题探索的透视化研究
IF 2.3 2区 文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcm.2024.100820
Yating Chen, Charity Lee, Pei Soo Ang

Unmanaged online depression communities (ODCs), which are self-formed without managers or professional support groups, are characterized by negative emotional sharing that is often context-absent and highly self-attentional. The atypical features of emotional narratives pose challenges for examining the communities’ communication patterns and themes of sensemaking. This study explores some methodological perspectives for conducting a thematic analysis of the mundane, fragmented, and uncontextualized emotions related to depression in the largest unmanaged ODC in Weibo, named ‘Zoufan’. By adopting the small stories research paradigm from narrative analysis and incorporating the concept of perspectivization, this study offers an in-depth thematic and narrative analysis of depressive self-talk online. It first identifies three salient theme clusters – ‘punishment’, ‘deprivation’, and ‘failure’ – to reveal how the ‘Zoufan’ members conceptualize their lived experience with depressive episodes, and then maps the theme clusters with the commenters’ passive, powerless, and paradoxical perspectivization of the self in their narratives. Methodologically, the study underscores the effectiveness of small stories research in the thematic exploration of atypical depressive self-talk on social media. Practically, it provides insights for mental health professionals, educators, parents, and other stakeholders to better understand depressive self-talk in the context of Weibo.

无人管理的在线抑郁社区(ODCs)是在没有管理者或专业支持团体的情况下自发形成的,其特点是消极情绪分享往往不受背景影响,并具有高度的自我关注性。情绪叙事的非典型特征给研究社区的交流模式和感知建立主题带来了挑战。本研究从方法论的角度探讨了如何对微博上最大的无人管理社区 "邹凡 "中与抑郁相关的世俗、碎片化和非语境化的情绪进行主题分析。本研究采用叙事分析中的小故事研究范式,并结合视角化概念,对网上抑郁自言自语进行了深入的主题和叙事分析。研究首先确定了三个突出的主题群--"惩罚"、"剥夺 "和 "失败"--以揭示 "Zoufan "成员如何将其抑郁发作的生活经验概念化,然后将这些主题群与评论者在其叙述中对自我的被动、无力和自相矛盾的视角化进行映射。在方法论上,本研究强调了小故事研究在社交媒体上非典型抑郁自我对话主题探索中的有效性。在实践中,本研究为心理健康专业人士、教育工作者、家长和其他利益相关者提供了见解,帮助他们更好地理解微博背景下的抑郁自言自语。
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引用次数: 0
“Yu haf no idr how feckin fablus I feel rite now”: “Wine mom” humour in an online support group for mothers during COVID-19 "你不知道我现在感觉有多糟糕吗?COVID-19 期间母亲在线支持小组中的 "酒妈妈 "幽默
IF 2.3 2区 文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcm.2024.100816
Vincent Wai Sum Tse , Olga Zayts-Spence

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the “wine mom” phenomenon exploded in online spaces. This paper examines “wine mom” discourse in a Facebook support group for mothers in Hong Kong. We define the “wine mom” as a humorous memetic resource. It is culturally recognisable and associated with women’s (including mothers’) drinking. Drawing on 30 “wine mom” threads from the support group, we use interactional sociolinguistics and multimodal discourse analysis to examine humour performance and humour support in the data. We identify a range of linguistic and multimodal strategies that the support group members use to construct and respond to “wine mom” humour. A focus on particularly popular threads demonstrates that the members playfully blend advice-giving with genres such as breaking news. Humorous advice centres on various COVID-19-related practices and realities, including quarantining and self-testing. We discuss how by joking about wine and drinking, the women do more than being humorous: they build rapport and solidarity, and provide support to each other during the pandemic.

在 COVID-19 大流行期间,"葡萄酒妈妈 "现象在网络空间爆炸性增长。本文研究了香港一个 Facebook 母亲支持小组中的 "红酒妈妈 "话语。我们将 "红酒妈妈 "定义为一种幽默的记忆资源。它具有文化识别性,与女性(包括母亲)饮酒相关联。我们利用支持小组中的 30 个 "酒妈妈 "主题,使用互动社会语言学和多模态话语分析来研究数据中的幽默表现和幽默支持。我们确定了支持小组成员用来构建和回应 "酒妈妈 "幽默的一系列语言和多模态策略。对特别受欢迎的主题的关注表明,成员们将提供建议与突发新闻等体裁巧妙地融合在一起。幽默建议的中心是各种与 COVID-19 相关的实践和现实,包括隔离和自我检测。我们讨论了妇女们如何通过对葡萄酒和饮酒的玩笑,不仅仅是幽默:她们建立了融洽和团结的关系,并在大流行病期间相互支持。
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引用次数: 0
“Zhuge Kongming becomes reborn as a clownish partygoer!”: Linguistic carnivalization, critical metapragmatics of danmu, and mediatized neoliberal (inter)subjectivity "诸葛孔明转世为小丑!":语言狂欢化、丹青的批判元语用学和媒介化的新自由主义(主体间性)。
IF 2.3 2区 文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcm.2024.100815
Zhixin Liu

The Chinese video-sharing platform of bilibili experiences a ‘Kongming fever’, wherein danmu commenters collectively parodize the historical figure Zhuge Kongming, a pre-existing indexical of Confucianist value beliefs institutionalized by the official authority. Drawing upon Bakhtinian carnivalesque (‘free and familiar contact’ and ‘parodic profanation’), the present study proposes the analytical framework of ‘linguistic carnivalization’ as a critical metapragmatic approach (i.e., subjectivity-oriented). The multimodal analysis of danmu comments reveals how digital users appropriate multiple semiotic resources to construct carnivalesque, including vulgar linguistic varieties from media culture, netspeak genre, poetic patterns of textual repetition, and inversive sign vehicles and rescripting. As a discursive-affective effect of such carnivalization processes, Kongming’s ‘serious’ Confucianist personae and indexed ideological expectations become playfully mediatized, profaned, and transformed into new images of personhood (‘livestreaming microcelebrity’ and ‘hedonic partygoer’) according to mass popular culture. In so doing, the Chinese netizens metapragmatically negotiate existing sociocultural hierarchies and reposition themselves as neoliberal subjects. This paper further suggests that the ‘inside-out’ and ‘down-to-earth’ power of linguistic carnivalization does not simply reside in creating aesthetic humor within a local cybercommunity, but importantly owns critical implications for illuminating variegated forms of neoliberal discourse and (re)production of neoliberal subjectivity under large-scale political economic conditions.

在中国的 bilibili 视频分享平台上,出现了一股 "孔明热",在这股 "孔明热 "中,评论者们集体戏仿历史人物诸葛孔明,而诸葛孔明是官方权威制度化的儒家价值信仰的先在指标。本研究借鉴巴赫金式的狂欢("自由而熟悉的接触 "和 "戏仿亵渎"),提出了 "语言狂欢化 "的分析框架,作为一种批判性的元语用学方法(即主观性导向)。通过对丹木评论的多模态分析,我们可以发现数字用户是如何利用多种符号资源来构建狂欢化的,其中包括媒体文化中的粗俗语言变体、网络语言体裁、文本重复的诗意模式以及反转符号载体和重写。作为这种狂欢化过程的话语-情感效应,孔明 "严肃 "的儒家人格和索引化的意识形态期待被游戏化、亵渎化,并根据大众流行文化转化为新的人格形象("直播微名人 "和 "享乐主义派对狂")。在此过程中,中国网民对现有的社会文化等级进行了形而上的协商,并将自己重新定位为新自由主义主体。本文进一步指出,语言狂欢化的 "由内而外 "和 "脚踏实地 "的力量不仅在于在本地网络社区中创造审美幽默,更重要的是,它对于揭示大规模政治经济条件下新自由主义话语的各种形式和新自由主义主体性的(再)生产具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
HRT in DMC? the orthographic representation of high rising terminals in WhatsApp DMC 中的 HRT?WhatsApp 中高位上升终端的正交表示法
IF 2.3 2区 文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcm.2024.100819
Christian Ilbury

Contemporary research has shown that a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods is productive in exploring patterns of Digitally Mediated Communication (DMC). In this paper, I demonstrate the analytical potential of this approach by studying the typographic representation of a prosodic feature of spoken language – High Rising Terminals (HRTs, e.g., that beer pong place I went for my birthday?) – in a large corpus of WhatsApp messages (96,471 messages; 594,183 words) sent by 15 young British adults. Combining methods and approaches from variationist and interactional sociolinguistics, I show that the orthographic representation of HRTs patterns in pragmatically similar ways to the feature in speech in that it most frequently functions as a way of verifying the interlocutors’ comprehension of discourse-new information. The precise rate and pragmatic function of this feature, however, appears to be constrained by the textual modality of the platform. Concluding, I join others in arguing for the analytical potential of employing a multidimensional approach to studying variable patterns of DMC.

当代研究表明,定性与定量相结合的方法在探索以数字为媒介的交流(DMC)模式方面很有成效。在本文中,我通过研究 15 名英国年轻人发送的大量 WhatsApp 消息(96,471 条消息;594,183 个单词)中口语的拟声特征--高音终端(HRT,例如:我生日去的那个啤酒乒乓球馆?结合变异社会语言学和互动社会语言学的方法和途径,我表明,HRTs 的正字法表征模式在语用上与语音中的特征相似,它最常见的功能是验证对话者对话语新信息的理解。然而,这一特征的精确速率和语用功能似乎受到平台文本模式的限制。最后,我和其他人一样,认为采用多维方法研究 DMC 的不同模式具有分析潜力。
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引用次数: 0
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