首页 > 最新文献

British Journal for the History of Science最新文献

英文 中文
Technology diplomacy in early Communist China: the visit to the Jingjiang Flood Diversion Project in 1952. 中国共产党早期的技术外交:1952 年对荆江引水工程的考察。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-04-25 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087424000463
Yue Liang
This article focuses on the 1952 visit to the Jingjiang Flood Diversion Project, the first large-scale water infrastructure built on the Yangzi river after the founding of the People's Republic of China, by a foreign delegation from the Asia-Pacific Peace Conference. Serving as a form of technology diplomacy, this trip advanced two main purposes for the newly established country - to build up closer ties with 'foreign friends' who advocated international peace in the context of the Korean War, and to demonstrate China's own technical capabilities and achievements as part of the national campaign of 'peaceful construction' of the early 1950s. I argue that vernacular technologies, which were grounded in indigenous knowledge and practices for water control in the mid-Yangzi region, were essential in shaping China's self-reliant modernization and China's public diplomacy, which targeted individuals without scientific or technical backgrounds.
本文重点介绍 1952 年亚太和平会议外国代表团参观靖江引水工程的情况,这是中华人民共和国成立后在长江上修建的第一个大型水利基础设施。作为技术外交的一种形式,此行为这个新成立的国家推进了两个主要目的--与在朝鲜战争背景下倡导国际和平的 "外国友人 "建立更密切的关系,以及作为 20 世纪 50 年代初 "和平建设 "国家运动的一部分,展示中国自身的技术能力和成就。我认为,以扬子江中游地区的本土知识和治水实践为基础的乡土技术,对于塑造中国自力更生的现代化和中国的公共外交至关重要,而中国的公共外交是以没有科学或技术背景的个人为目标的。
{"title":"Technology diplomacy in early Communist China: the visit to the Jingjiang Flood Diversion Project in 1952.","authors":"Yue Liang","doi":"10.1017/S0007087424000463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087424000463","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on the 1952 visit to the Jingjiang Flood Diversion Project, the first large-scale water infrastructure built on the Yangzi river after the founding of the People's Republic of China, by a foreign delegation from the Asia-Pacific Peace Conference. Serving as a form of technology diplomacy, this trip advanced two main purposes for the newly established country - to build up closer ties with 'foreign friends' who advocated international peace in the context of the Korean War, and to demonstrate China's own technical capabilities and achievements as part of the national campaign of 'peaceful construction' of the early 1950s. I argue that vernacular technologies, which were grounded in indigenous knowledge and practices for water control in the mid-Yangzi region, were essential in shaping China's self-reliant modernization and China's public diplomacy, which targeted individuals without scientific or technical backgrounds.","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140654268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
'Visible' compulsions: OCD and the politics of science in British clinical psychology, 1948-1975. “可见的”强迫:强迫症与英国临床心理学中的科学政治,1948-1975。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087423000328
Eva Surawy Stepney

This article historicizes a single stage in how the contemporary obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) category was built. Starting from the position that the two central components which make up OCD are 'obsessions' and 'compulsions', it illustrates how these concepts were taken apart by a small group of clinical psychologists working at the Institute of Psychiatry and the Maudsley psychiatric hospital in south London in the early 1970s, and why compulsions were investigated whilst obsessions were ignored. The decision to distinguish the previously undifferentiated symptoms is attributed to the commitment amongst psychologists at the Maudsley, most notably Stanley Rachman, to an empirical conception of science which emphasized observability. Two aspects of this are discussed. First, compulsions were deemed 'visible' through their correspondence with animal behaviour. Second, the symptom was seen as open to an experimental modification procedure which privileged visible outcomes. Ultimately, the article concludes that the historical division between 'obsessions' and 'compulsions', and the extensive investigation of the latter, has had substantial implications for the development of OCD as a category centred on visible behaviours and treated through behavioural means.

本文历史化了当代强迫症(OCD)类别是如何建立的一个阶段。从构成强迫症的两个核心组成部分是“强迫”和“强迫”的立场出发,它说明了20世纪70年代初,在伦敦南部的精神病学研究所和莫兹利精神病医院工作的一小群临床心理学家是如何将这些概念拆开的,以及为什么强迫被调查而强迫被忽视。区分以前未分化症状的决定归功于莫兹利大学心理学家,尤其是Stanley Rachman,对强调可观察性的经验科学概念的承诺。讨论了这方面的两个方面。首先,通过与动物行为的对应关系,强迫行为被认为是“可见的”。其次,该症状被视为对实验性修改程序开放,从而获得明显的结果。最终,文章得出结论,“强迫症”和“强迫”之间的历史划分,以及对后者的广泛调查,对强迫症的发展产生了重大影响,强迫症是一个以可见行为为中心并通过行为手段进行治疗的类别。
{"title":"'Visible' compulsions: OCD and the politics of science in British clinical psychology, 1948-1975.","authors":"Eva Surawy Stepney","doi":"10.1017/S0007087423000328","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007087423000328","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article historicizes a single stage in how the contemporary obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) category was built. Starting from the position that the two central components which make up OCD are 'obsessions' and 'compulsions', it illustrates how these concepts were taken apart by a small group of clinical psychologists working at the Institute of Psychiatry and the Maudsley psychiatric hospital in south London in the early 1970s, and why compulsions were investigated whilst obsessions were ignored. The decision to distinguish the previously undifferentiated symptoms is attributed to the commitment amongst psychologists at the Maudsley, most notably Stanley Rachman, to an empirical conception of science which emphasized observability. Two aspects of this are discussed. First, compulsions were deemed 'visible' through their correspondence with animal behaviour. Second, the symptom was seen as open to an experimental modification procedure which privileged visible outcomes. Ultimately, the article concludes that the historical division between 'obsessions' and 'compulsions', and the extensive investigation of the latter, has had substantial implications for the development of OCD as a category centred on visible behaviours and treated through behavioural means.</p>","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41153450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
'The very term mensuration sounds engineer-like': measurement and engineering authority in nineteenth-century river management. 测量一词听起来就像工程师":十九世纪河流管理中的测量与工程权威。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087423000948
Rachel Dishington

Measurement was vital to nineteenth-century engineering. Focusing on the work of the Stevenson engineering firm in Scotland, this paper explores the processes by which engineers made their measurements credible and explains how measurement, as both a product and a practice, informed engineering decisions and supported claims to engineering authority. By examining attempts made to quantify, measure and map dynamic river spaces, the paper analyses the relationship between engineering experience and judgement and the generation of data that engineers considered to be 'tolerably correct'. While measurement created an abstract and simplified version of the river that accommodated prediction, this abstraction had to be connected to and made meaningful in real river space despite acknowledged limitations to measuring practice. In response, engineers drew on experience gained through the measuring process to support claims to authoritative knowledge. This combination of quantification and experience was then used to support interventions in debates over the proper use and management of rivers. This paper argues that measurement in nineteenth-century engineering served a dual function, producing both data and expertise, which were both significant in underpinning engineering authority and facilitating engineers' intervention in decision making for river management.

测量对十九世纪的工程学至关重要。本文以苏格兰史蒂文森工程公司的工作为重点,探讨了工程师使其测量结果可信的过程,并解释了测量作为一种产品和实践,是如何为工程决策提供依据并支持工程权威的。通过研究量化、测量和绘制动态河流空间的尝试,本文分析了工程经验和判断之间的关系,以及工程师认为 "可容忍的正确 "数据的产生。尽管测量创造了一个抽象和简化的河流版本以适应预测,但这种抽象必须与真实的河流空间相联系并使其具有意义,尽管测量实践存在公认的局限性。为此,工程师们利用在测量过程中获得的经验来支持权威知识的主张。这种量化与经验的结合被用于支持对河流的合理使用和管理进行干预。本文认为,十九世纪的工程测量具有双重功能,既能产生数据,又能产生专业知识,既能支撑工程权威,又能促进工程师对河流管理决策的干预。
{"title":"'The very term mensuration sounds engineer-like': measurement and engineering authority in nineteenth-century river management.","authors":"Rachel Dishington","doi":"10.1017/S0007087423000948","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007087423000948","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Measurement was vital to nineteenth-century engineering. Focusing on the work of the Stevenson engineering firm in Scotland, this paper explores the processes by which engineers made their measurements credible and explains how measurement, as both a product and a practice, informed engineering decisions and supported claims to engineering authority. By examining attempts made to quantify, measure and map dynamic river spaces, the paper analyses the relationship between engineering experience and judgement and the generation of data that engineers considered to be 'tolerably correct'. While measurement created an abstract and simplified version of the river that accommodated prediction, this abstraction had to be connected to and made meaningful in real river space despite acknowledged limitations to measuring practice. In response, engineers drew on experience gained through the measuring process to support claims to authoritative knowledge. This combination of quantification and experience was then used to support interventions in debates over the proper use and management of rivers. This paper argues that measurement in nineteenth-century engineering served a dual function, producing both data and expertise, which were both significant in underpinning engineering authority and facilitating engineers' intervention in decision making for river management.</p>","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139378514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Watching birds: observation, photography and the 'ethological eye'. 观察鸟类:观察、摄影和 "伦理学之眼"。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087423000353
Sean Nixon

The article reflects upon the observational practices and methods developed by the early exponents of ethology committed to naturalistic field study and explores how their approaches and techniques influenced a wider field of popular natural-history filmmaking and photography. In doing so, my focus is upon three aspects of ethological field studies: the socio-technical devices used by ethologists to bring birds closer to them, the distinctive observational and representational practices which they forged, and the analogies they used to codify behaviour. This assemblage of elements included hides or screens from which to watch wild birds without disturbing them, optics to extend human vision, pens and paper to sketch and fix patterns of behaviour, watches to record timings, photography to capture action and freeze movement, and illustration and photographs to visualize behaviour. Carried through natural-history networks, the practices, methods and theories of ethologists like Huxley and Tinbergen influenced popular natural-history filmmaking and photography more broadly from the 1940s, driving a behavioural turn in these cultural practices. This popularization of the 'ethological eye' was further facilitated by the convergence of socio-technical devices, forms of observation and dramatization in the work of the early exponents of naturalistic field studies of birds and the popular filmmakers.

这篇文章反映了早期致力于自然野外研究的人种学家所开发的观察实践和方法,并探讨了他们的方法和技术如何影响了更广泛的流行自然历史电影和摄影领域。在此过程中,我将重点放在人种学野外研究的三个方面:人种学家用来拉近鸟类距离的社会技术手段、他们所形成的独特的观察和表现实践,以及他们用来编纂行为的类比方法。这些元素的组合包括:用于在不打扰野生鸟类的情况下观察它们的兽皮或屏风、用于扩大人类视野的光学仪器、用于勾勒和固定行为模式的笔和纸、用于记录时间的手表、用于捕捉动作和定格运动的摄影机,以及用于将行为视觉化的插图和照片。通过自然史网络,赫胥黎和丁伯根等人种学家的实践、方法和理论从 20 世纪 40 年代开始影响了流行的自然史电影制作和摄影,推动了这些文化实践中的行为转向。社会技术设备、观察形式和戏剧化的融合进一步推动了 "鸟类学之眼 "的普及。
{"title":"Watching birds: observation, photography and the 'ethological eye'.","authors":"Sean Nixon","doi":"10.1017/S0007087423000353","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007087423000353","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The article reflects upon the observational practices and methods developed by the early exponents of ethology committed to naturalistic field study and explores how their approaches and techniques influenced a wider field of popular natural-history filmmaking and photography. In doing so, my focus is upon three aspects of ethological field studies: the socio-technical devices used by ethologists to bring birds closer to them, the distinctive observational and representational practices which they forged, and the analogies they used to codify behaviour. This assemblage of elements included hides or screens from which to watch wild birds without disturbing them, optics to extend human vision, pens and paper to sketch and fix patterns of behaviour, watches to record timings, photography to capture action and freeze movement, and illustration and photographs to visualize behaviour. Carried through natural-history networks, the practices, methods and theories of ethologists like Huxley and Tinbergen influenced popular natural-history filmmaking and photography more broadly from the 1940s, driving a behavioural turn in these cultural practices. This popularization of the 'ethological eye' was further facilitated by the convergence of socio-technical devices, forms of observation and dramatization in the work of the early exponents of naturalistic field studies of birds and the popular filmmakers.</p>","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10675093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Scientizing the 'environment': Solly Zuckerman and the idea of the School of Environmental Sciences. 环境 "科学化:索利-祖克曼和环境科学学院的理念。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087423000936
Elliot Honeybun-Arnolda

In 1960 Sir Solly Zuckerman proposed the idea of an interdisciplinary department of 'environmental sciences' (ENV) for the newly established University of East Anglia (UEA). Prior to this point, the concept of 'environmental sciences' was little known: since then, departments and degree courses have rapidly proliferated through universities and colleges around the globe. This paper draws on archival research to explore the conditions and contexts that led to the proposal of a new and interdisciplinary grouping of sciences by Zuckerman. It argues that the activities of Zuckerman and other scientists in Britain during the Second World War and in the post-war period helped to create fertile conditions for a new kind of scientific authority to emerge as a tool of governance and source of policy advice. In particular, the specific challenges of post-war Britain - as addressed through scientific advisers and civil servants - led to the 'environment' becoming both the subject of sustained scientific study and an object of concern.

1960 年,索利-祖克曼爵士提出了在新成立的东英吉利大学(UEA)设立跨学科 "环境科学 "系(ENV)的想法。在此之前,"环境科学 "的概念鲜为人知:从那时起,环境科学系和学位课程在全球各大学和学院迅速发展。本文通过档案研究,探讨了导致祖克曼提出新的跨学科科学分组的条件和背景。本文认为,第二次世界大战期间和战后时期,祖克曼和英国其他科学家的活动为新型科学权威的出现创造了肥沃的条件,使其成为一种治理工具和政策建议的来源。特别是,战后英国面临的具体挑战--通过科学顾问和公务员来应对--导致 "环境 "成为持续科学研究的主题和关注的对象。
{"title":"Scientizing the 'environment': Solly Zuckerman and the idea of the School of Environmental Sciences.","authors":"Elliot Honeybun-Arnolda","doi":"10.1017/S0007087423000936","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007087423000936","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 1960 Sir Solly Zuckerman proposed the idea of an interdisciplinary department of 'environmental sciences' (ENV) for the newly established University of East Anglia (UEA). Prior to this point, the concept of 'environmental sciences' was little known: since then, departments and degree courses have rapidly proliferated through universities and colleges around the globe. This paper draws on archival research to explore the conditions and contexts that led to the proposal of a new and interdisciplinary grouping of sciences by Zuckerman. It argues that the activities of Zuckerman and other scientists in Britain during the Second World War and in the post-war period helped to create fertile conditions for a new kind of scientific authority to emerge as a tool of governance and source of policy advice. In particular, the specific challenges of post-war Britain - as addressed through scientific advisers and civil servants - led to the 'environment' becoming both the subject of sustained scientific study and an object of concern.</p>","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139040727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Petty's instruments: the Down Survey, territorial natural history and the birth of statistics. 佩蒂的工具:唐氏调查、领土自然史和统计学的诞生。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087423001097
Svit Komel

William Petty's work has usually been regarded as an epistemic break in the history of statistical and politico-economic thought. In this paper, I argue that Petty's statistical notions stemmed from the natural-historical techniques he originally implemented to manage the Down Survey. Following Bacon, who viewed the description of trades as a paramount branch of natural history, Petty approached the art of surveying itself as an object of natural-historical analysis. He partitioned the surveying work into individual tasks and implemented a meticulous division of labour, employing hundreds of disbanded soldiers as surveyors and using questionnaires to calibrate the responses of his 'instruments', as he called his specialized workers. By borrowing these methods from natural history to organize surveying work, Petty was able to conceptualize Ireland as a political body defined by tables of aggregate data. I then compare the Down Survey with John Graunt's observations on the bills of mortality to show that both are representative of a particular style of natural history, aimed at describing the natural and political state of a circumscribed territory. I close by considering other manifestations of 'territorial natural history', indicating a continuity between this research tradition and the appearance of statistics in the British Isles.

威廉-佩蒂的工作通常被视为统计和政治经济思想史上的认识论突破。在本文中,我认为佩蒂的统计概念源于他最初为管理唐氏调查而采用的自然历史技术。培根将行业描述视为自然史的一个重要分支,而佩蒂则将测量艺术本身视为自然史分析的对象。他将测量工作划分为单项任务,实行细致的分工,雇用了数百名解散士兵作为测量员,并使用调查问卷来校准他的 "仪器"(他称自己的专业工人为 "仪器")的反应。通过从自然史中借鉴这些方法来组织测量工作,佩蒂能够将爱尔兰概念化为一个由综合数据表定义的政治体。然后,我将唐恩调查与约翰-格拉特(John Graunt)对死亡账单的观察进行比较,以说明两者都代表了一种特殊的自然史风格,旨在描述一个限定领土的自然和政治状况。最后,我考虑了 "领地自然史 "的其他表现形式,指出这一研究传统与统计在不列颠群岛的出现之间的连续性。
{"title":"Petty's instruments: the Down Survey, territorial natural history and the birth of statistics.","authors":"Svit Komel","doi":"10.1017/S0007087423001097","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007087423001097","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>William Petty's work has usually been regarded as an epistemic break in the history of statistical and politico-economic thought. In this paper, I argue that Petty's statistical notions stemmed from the natural-historical techniques he originally implemented to manage the Down Survey. Following Bacon, who viewed the description of trades as a paramount branch of natural history, Petty approached the art of surveying itself as an object of natural-historical analysis. He partitioned the surveying work into individual tasks and implemented a meticulous division of labour, employing hundreds of disbanded soldiers as surveyors and using questionnaires to calibrate the responses of his 'instruments', as he called his specialized workers. By borrowing these methods from natural history to organize surveying work, Petty was able to conceptualize Ireland as a political body defined by tables of aggregate data. I then compare the Down Survey with John Graunt's observations on the bills of mortality to show that both are representative of a particular style of natural history, aimed at describing the natural and political state of a circumscribed territory. I close by considering other manifestations of 'territorial natural history', indicating a continuity between this research tradition and the appearance of statistics in the British Isles.</p>","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139472629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The end of an era. 一个时代的终结
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087423001036
Peter J Bowler

These volumes conclude a series initiated in 1974, marking almost fifty years of effort by a huge cohort of scholars. This review is thus a valedictory for the whole series as well as an account of what we have learned from the most recent volumes about Darwin's final years (1879-82). The project was begun by Frederick Burckhardt, who shared the editorial role for the early volumes with Sydney Smith and a rolling sequence of assistant editors and advisers who eventually comprised a significant fraction of the leading members of what used to be called the 'Darwin industry'. Smith passed away in 1988 (volume 7 notes his legacy). Burkardt too left this world in 2007 - volume 16, part 1 includes an obituary, but his name has been retained and Cambridge University Press still ask that the series be cited as 'Burkhardt et al.' Duncan Porter took over for volumes 8-15, again with a sequence of fellow editors and assistants, after which James Secord became head of the project through its final years. The dedications of successive volumes record the efforts of individual scholars who have aided the teams and the involvement of the many institutions and foundations that have leant moral and material support over the years. For those of us with Cambridge connections, the University Library will not seem the same without the presence of the team it supported.

这几卷书结束了 1974 年启动的系列研究,标志着一大批学者近五十年的努力。因此,这篇评论既是对整套丛书的告别,也是对我们从有关达尔文晚年(1879-1882 年)的最新几卷中了解到的情况的介绍。该项目由弗雷德里克-布克哈特(Frederick Burckhardt)发起,他与悉尼-史密斯(Sydney Smith)以及一连串助理编辑和顾问共同承担了早期各卷的编辑工作,这些助理编辑和顾问最终组成了过去所谓 "达尔文产业 "的重要成员。史密斯于1988年去世(第7卷记述了他的遗产)。邓肯-波特(Duncan Porter)接手了第 8-15 卷的编纂工作,同样也是由一批编辑和助理组成,之后詹姆斯-塞科德(James Secord)成为该项目的负责人,直至项目的最后几年。各卷的献词记录了协助团队工作的学者个人的努力,以及多年来给予精神和物质支持的许多机构和基金会的参与。对于我们这些与剑桥有渊源的人来说,如果没有它所支持的团队的存在,剑桥大学图书馆将显得面目全非。
{"title":"The end of an era.","authors":"Peter J Bowler","doi":"10.1017/S0007087423001036","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007087423001036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>These volumes conclude a series initiated in 1974, marking almost fifty years of effort by a huge cohort of scholars. This review is thus a valedictory for the whole series as well as an account of what we have learned from the most recent volumes about Darwin's final years (1879-82). The project was begun by Frederick Burckhardt, who shared the editorial role for the early volumes with Sydney Smith and a rolling sequence of assistant editors and advisers who eventually comprised a significant fraction of the leading members of what used to be called the 'Darwin industry'. Smith passed away in 1988 (volume 7 notes his legacy). Burkardt too left this world in 2007 - volume 16, part 1 includes an obituary, but his name has been retained and Cambridge University Press still ask that the series be cited as 'Burkhardt <i>et al.</i>' Duncan Porter took over for volumes 8-15, again with a sequence of fellow editors and assistants, after which James Secord became head of the project through its final years. The dedications of successive volumes record the efforts of individual scholars who have aided the teams and the involvement of the many institutions and foundations that have leant moral and material support over the years. For those of us with Cambridge connections, the University Library will not seem the same without the presence of the team it supported.</p>","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139098935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ian Hesketh (ed.), Imagining the Darwinian Revolution Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2022. Pp. 352. ISBN 978-0-822-94708-0. $55.00 (hardcover). - CORRIGENDUM. Ian Hesketh(编辑),《想象达尔文革命》匹兹堡:匹兹堡大学出版社,2022 年。Pp.352.ISBN 978-0-822-94708-0. 55.00 美元(精装)。- CORRIGENDUM.
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-01-15 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087423001085
James A Secord
{"title":"Ian Hesketh (ed.), Imagining the Darwinian Revolution Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2022. Pp. 352. ISBN 978-0-822-94708-0. $55.00 (hardcover). - CORRIGENDUM.","authors":"James A Secord","doi":"10.1017/S0007087423001085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087423001085","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139465807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Sex, science and curated community at the World League for Sexual Reform 1929 conference. 1929年世界性改革联盟会议上的性、科学和策划社区。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087423000535
Laura C Forster

This article interrogates the scientific conference as a means by which the organizers of the World League for Sexual Reform's 1929 conference attempted to marshal the 'scientific spirit' in order to present progressive sexual reform as a rational and scientifically informed undertaking. The conference was carefully curated to make the sex reform movement (and the assorted characters that gathered under its banner) look serious, legitimate and, most importantly, scientific. The conference was also an attempt by organizer Norman Haire to exert control over the strategy of sexology, an enterprise that put him at odds with other prominent sexologists of the time. Crucially, Haire understood sexology as inherently intellectually interdisciplinary, but was strategically convinced that the only sound rubric through which to promote and gain acceptance for the movement was through medical science. This central debate, about how best to define the contested concept of sexology, continues among historians today. By examining how the 1929 conference organizers wrestled to define their sex-reforming remit and how they curated the conference to that end, this paper will offer a window onto the mechanisms via which adherents of intellectual communities contend with heterogeneity, how we judge forms of knowledge and, ultimately, what constitutes science.

本文质疑科学会议是世界性改革联盟1929年会议的组织者试图调动“科学精神”的一种手段,以将渐进的性改革作为一项理性和科学知情的事业来呈现。这次会议是精心策划的,目的是让性改革运动(以及聚集在其旗帜下的各种人物)看起来严肃、合法,最重要的是,科学。这次会议也是组织者Norman Haire试图控制性学策略的一次尝试,这一举措使他与当时其他著名的性学家产生了分歧。至关重要的是,海尔将性学理解为内在的智力跨学科,但从战略上相信,促进和接受这场运动的唯一合理准则是通过医学。这场关于如何最好地定义有争议的性学概念的核心辩论,今天仍在历史学家中继续。通过研究1929年会议组织者是如何努力定义他们的性别改革职权范围的,以及他们是如何为此目的策划会议的,本文将为了解知识社区的追随者如何应对异质性的机制、我们如何判断知识的形式,以及最终是什么构成了科学提供一个窗口。
{"title":"Sex, science and curated community at the World League for Sexual Reform 1929 conference.","authors":"Laura C Forster","doi":"10.1017/S0007087423000535","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007087423000535","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article interrogates the scientific conference as a means by which the organizers of the World League for Sexual Reform's 1929 conference attempted to marshal the 'scientific spirit' in order to present progressive sexual reform as a rational and scientifically informed undertaking. The conference was carefully curated to make the sex reform movement (and the assorted characters that gathered under its banner) look serious, legitimate and, most importantly, scientific. The conference was also an attempt by organizer Norman Haire to exert control over the strategy of sexology, an enterprise that put him at odds with other prominent sexologists of the time. Crucially, Haire understood sexology as inherently intellectually interdisciplinary, but was strategically convinced that the only sound rubric through which to promote and gain acceptance for the movement was through medical science. This central debate, about how best to define the contested concept of sexology, continues among historians today. By examining how the 1929 conference organizers wrestled to define their sex-reforming remit and how they curated the conference to that end, this paper will offer a window onto the mechanisms via which adherents of intellectual communities contend with heterogeneity, how we judge forms of knowledge and, ultimately, what constitutes science.</p>","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71414667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Niche development: the International Foundation for Science and the road to Sweden. 生态位发展:国际科学基金会和通往瑞典的道路。
IF 0.8 1区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0007087423000547
Jenny Beckman

This paper examines the crowded landscape of conferences and organizations within which the International Foundation for Science (IFS) was shaped in the early 1970s. The IFS aimed to support scientists from developing countries, circumventing the bureaucracy of established international organizations such as UNESCO and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The new foundation was a potential rival to such institutions, which ironically provided the conditions essential to its emergence. Their conferences, board meetings and assemblies, where scientists and policy makers convened, provided key infrastructure for the development of the IFS. This infrastructure appears simultaneously both as an almost invisible feature of international science policy, and as a political problem. The solution to this problem was Stockholm: a geographical place that was also placeless, occupying both national and international status, desirable in its political, scientific and geographical neutrality. In an organizational context, academies and scientific societies who found their role circumscribed by existing international institutions used the IFS to argue for their particular role and expertise in funding and promoting scientific development. Geographically and politically, neutral Sweden provided a setting which was located between East and West, and which added to the country's own reputation for championing the causes of developing nations.

本文考察了20世纪70年代初国际科学基金会(IFS)成立时会议和组织的拥挤景象。IFS旨在支持发展中国家的科学家,绕过联合国教科文组织和经济合作与发展组织(OECD)等老牌国际组织的官僚作风。新基金会是这些机构的潜在竞争对手,具有讽刺意味的是,这些机构为其出现提供了必要的条件。他们的会议、董事会会议和大会是科学家和政策制定者召集的地方,为国际单项体育联合会的发展提供了关键的基础设施。这种基础设施既是国际科学政策的一个几乎看不见的特征,也是一个政治问题。这个问题的解决方案是斯德哥尔摩:一个同样没有地方的地理位置,同时具有国家和国际地位,其政治、科学和地理中立性是可取的。在组织背景下,发现自己的角色受到现有国际机构限制的学院和科学学会利用国际单项体育联合会来论证自己在资助和促进科学发展方面的特殊作用和专业知识。在地理和政治上,中立的瑞典提供了一个介于东西方之间的环境,这增加了该国支持发展中国家事业的声誉。
{"title":"Niche development: the International Foundation for Science and the road to Sweden.","authors":"Jenny Beckman","doi":"10.1017/S0007087423000547","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007087423000547","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper examines the crowded landscape of conferences and organizations within which the International Foundation for Science (IFS) was shaped in the early 1970s. The IFS aimed to support scientists from developing countries, circumventing the bureaucracy of established international organizations such as UNESCO and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The new foundation was a potential rival to such institutions, which ironically provided the conditions essential to its emergence. Their conferences, board meetings and assemblies, where scientists and policy makers convened, provided key infrastructure for the development of the IFS. This infrastructure appears simultaneously both as an almost invisible feature of international science policy, and as a political problem. The solution to this problem was Stockholm: a geographical place that was also placeless, occupying both national and international status, desirable in its political, scientific and geographical neutrality. In an organizational context, academies and scientific societies who found their role circumscribed by existing international institutions used the IFS to argue for their particular role and expertise in funding and promoting scientific development. Geographically and politically, neutral Sweden provided a setting which was located between East and West, and which added to the country's own reputation for championing the causes of developing nations.</p>","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49683496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
期刊
British Journal for the History of Science
全部 Acc. Chem. Res. ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ACS Appl. Nano Mater. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. ACS BIOMATER-SCI ENG ACS Catal. ACS Cent. Sci. ACS Chem. Biol. ACS Chemical Health & Safety ACS Chem. Neurosci. ACS Comb. Sci. ACS Earth Space Chem. ACS Energy Lett. ACS Infect. Dis. ACS Macro Lett. ACS Mater. Lett. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. ACS Nano ACS Omega ACS Photonics ACS Sens. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ACS Synth. Biol. Anal. Chem. BIOCHEMISTRY-US Bioconjugate Chem. BIOMACROMOLECULES Chem. Res. Toxicol. Chem. Rev. Chem. Mater. CRYST GROWTH DES ENERG FUEL Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. IND ENG CHEM RES Inorg. Chem. J. Agric. Food. Chem. J. Chem. Eng. Data J. Chem. Educ. J. Chem. Inf. Model. J. Chem. Theory Comput. J. Med. Chem. J. Nat. Prod. J PROTEOME RES J. Am. Chem. Soc. LANGMUIR MACROMOLECULES Mol. Pharmaceutics Nano Lett. Org. Lett. ORG PROCESS RES DEV ORGANOMETALLICS J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A J. Phys. Chem. B J. Phys. Chem. C J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Analyst Anal. Methods Biomater. Sci. Catal. Sci. Technol. Chem. Commun. Chem. Soc. Rev. CHEM EDUC RES PRACT CRYSTENGCOMM Dalton Trans. Energy Environ. Sci. ENVIRON SCI-NANO ENVIRON SCI-PROC IMP ENVIRON SCI-WAT RES Faraday Discuss. Food Funct. Green Chem. Inorg. Chem. Front. Integr. Biol. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. J. Mater. Chem. A J. Mater. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem. C Lab Chip Mater. Chem. Front. Mater. Horiz. MEDCHEMCOMM Metallomics Mol. Biosyst. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. Nanoscale Nanoscale Horiz. Nat. Prod. Rep. New J. Chem. Org. Biomol. Chem. Org. Chem. Front. PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PCCP Polym. Chem.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
0
微信
客服QQ
Book学术公众号 扫码关注我们
反馈
×
意见反馈
请填写您的意见或建议
请填写您的手机或邮箱
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
现在去查看 取消
×
提示
确定
Book学术官方微信
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献 互助须知 联系我们:info@booksci.cn
Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。
Copyright © 2023 Book学术 All rights reserved.
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号 京ICP备2023020795号-1