Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/13563475.2019.1626221
Wayne Williamson, K. Ruming
ABSTRACT Public participation in urban planning often focuses on the effectiveness of participation at the neighbourhood scale, while less attention is given to metropolitan wide participation. The growth of social media offers an opportunity to engage a broader geographic area. This study investigates the #MySydney social media campaign undertaken in Sydney, Australia. The #MySydney campaign utilized three social media channels and the Social Pinpoint application to engage Sydney’s citizens during the preparation of district plans. Our examination of the campaign makes the following contributions; Firstly, although the Department prompted the campaign as a conversation with the community, it was more consistent with a branding strategy. Secondly, the case study highlights the difficulties of moderating participation on social media. Thirdly, the response rate per capita was consistently very low. Finally, we demonstrate a weak link between mainstream and social media in this instance.
{"title":"Can social media support large scale public participation in urban planning? The case of the #MySydney digital engagement campaign","authors":"Wayne Williamson, K. Ruming","doi":"10.1080/13563475.2019.1626221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13563475.2019.1626221","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Public participation in urban planning often focuses on the effectiveness of participation at the neighbourhood scale, while less attention is given to metropolitan wide participation. The growth of social media offers an opportunity to engage a broader geographic area. This study investigates the #MySydney social media campaign undertaken in Sydney, Australia. The #MySydney campaign utilized three social media channels and the Social Pinpoint application to engage Sydney’s citizens during the preparation of district plans. Our examination of the campaign makes the following contributions; Firstly, although the Department prompted the campaign as a conversation with the community, it was more consistent with a branding strategy. Secondly, the case study highlights the difficulties of moderating participation on social media. Thirdly, the response rate per capita was consistently very low. Finally, we demonstrate a weak link between mainstream and social media in this instance.","PeriodicalId":46688,"journal":{"name":"International Planning Studies","volume":"25 1","pages":"355 - 371"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13563475.2019.1626221","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48201077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/13563475.2019.1626702
J. Jackson
ABSTRACT This paper considers whether twelve Melbourne mid-career planners actively seek to push the boundaries of existing practice in the context of ‘actually existing neoliberalism’. Based open-ended interviews it is concluded that while there is evidence of a general preparedness to work within these confines, as manifest in Melbourne, many consider they are in work situations that enable them to push against them in line with their own values, albeit in small ways. Why this might be is discussed.
{"title":"What do mid-career Melbourne planners profess?","authors":"J. Jackson","doi":"10.1080/13563475.2019.1626702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13563475.2019.1626702","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper considers whether twelve Melbourne mid-career planners actively seek to push the boundaries of existing practice in the context of ‘actually existing neoliberalism’. Based open-ended interviews it is concluded that while there is evidence of a general preparedness to work within these confines, as manifest in Melbourne, many consider they are in work situations that enable them to push against them in line with their own values, albeit in small ways. Why this might be is discussed.","PeriodicalId":46688,"journal":{"name":"International Planning Studies","volume":"25 1","pages":"393 - 408"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13563475.2019.1626702","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46273456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-14DOI: 10.1080/13563475.2020.1802235
Katayoun Karampour
ABSTRACT This article, by using empirical evidence from Tehran, looks beyond the West to explore the implications of the reliance of the entrepreneurial local government on private capital for the urban planning system. The main premise of this paper is that the financial dependence of Tehran Municipality on income generated from increasing construction density (density bonus tool) paid by developers has led to planning that is responsive to property market interests rather than the city’s strategic needs or the public interest. This paper makes a contribution to the literature of urban planning by providing a new case study of density bonus tool focused in Tehran; that allows a better understanding of the issue of how municipal financial tools (such as density bonus) could affect planning decisions.
{"title":"Implications of density bonus tool for urban planning: relaxing floor area ratio (FAR) regulations in Tehran","authors":"Katayoun Karampour","doi":"10.1080/13563475.2020.1802235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13563475.2020.1802235","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article, by using empirical evidence from Tehran, looks beyond the West to explore the implications of the reliance of the entrepreneurial local government on private capital for the urban planning system. The main premise of this paper is that the financial dependence of Tehran Municipality on income generated from increasing construction density (density bonus tool) paid by developers has led to planning that is responsive to property market interests rather than the city’s strategic needs or the public interest. This paper makes a contribution to the literature of urban planning by providing a new case study of density bonus tool focused in Tehran; that allows a better understanding of the issue of how municipal financial tools (such as density bonus) could affect planning decisions.","PeriodicalId":46688,"journal":{"name":"International Planning Studies","volume":"26 1","pages":"219 - 235"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13563475.2020.1802235","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49574445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-04DOI: 10.1080/13563475.2020.1802236
Hyung Min Kim, M. Cocks
ABSTRACT While the attraction of international students makes a direct impact on the host city and the education institutions, retention (or reattraction) of them after their graduation can generate wider, indirect impacts on the local labor market. The link from international study to the labor market means the role of a gateway played out by the host city that offers university education and various urban attributes. This paper presents the relationship between international tertiary students, and the key factors for their attraction and re-attraction in the context of China. The case of the Dushu Lake Higher Education Town in Suzhou is investigated for how international students have interacted with the local built environment and whether this affects their plans to remain locally for work. This research found that the place based offer was generally less significant than the quality of academic institutions and economic prospects in attracting and re-attracting international students.
{"title":"A university town and attraction/re-attraction of international students: an investigation into Dushu Lake higher education town in Suzhou, China","authors":"Hyung Min Kim, M. Cocks","doi":"10.1080/13563475.2020.1802236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13563475.2020.1802236","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT While the attraction of international students makes a direct impact on the host city and the education institutions, retention (or reattraction) of them after their graduation can generate wider, indirect impacts on the local labor market. The link from international study to the labor market means the role of a gateway played out by the host city that offers university education and various urban attributes. This paper presents the relationship between international tertiary students, and the key factors for their attraction and re-attraction in the context of China. The case of the Dushu Lake Higher Education Town in Suzhou is investigated for how international students have interacted with the local built environment and whether this affects their plans to remain locally for work. This research found that the place based offer was generally less significant than the quality of academic institutions and economic prospects in attracting and re-attracting international students.","PeriodicalId":46688,"journal":{"name":"International Planning Studies","volume":"26 1","pages":"236 - 250"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13563475.2020.1802236","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45964714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/13563475.2019.1585231
Sonia Freire Trigo
ABSTRACT Vacant land is a widespread urban phenomenon that has been problematised as a waste of a scarce resource, which needs to be brought back to use. The consensus around this belief has been almost unanimous, despite the contradiction between the idea of scarcity and that of vacancy. This paper explores the assumptions underpinning this contradiction to point to new ways of addressing the ‘vacant land problem’. Drawing on the work of Lefebvre and Massey, the paper suggests a dialectical framing of vacant land to understand how its socially constructed nature shapes its transformation. The paper reveals a static understanding of urban change behind the conceptualisation of Battersea Power Station and Silvertown Quays as ‘bad places’, which in turn legitimises and shapes their transformation. The paper argues for a re-problematisation of ‘vacant land’, whereby its function as a planning tool for growth can be challenged.
{"title":"Vacant land in London: a planning tool to create land for growth","authors":"Sonia Freire Trigo","doi":"10.1080/13563475.2019.1585231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13563475.2019.1585231","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Vacant land is a widespread urban phenomenon that has been problematised as a waste of a scarce resource, which needs to be brought back to use. The consensus around this belief has been almost unanimous, despite the contradiction between the idea of scarcity and that of vacancy. This paper explores the assumptions underpinning this contradiction to point to new ways of addressing the ‘vacant land problem’. Drawing on the work of Lefebvre and Massey, the paper suggests a dialectical framing of vacant land to understand how its socially constructed nature shapes its transformation. The paper reveals a static understanding of urban change behind the conceptualisation of Battersea Power Station and Silvertown Quays as ‘bad places’, which in turn legitimises and shapes their transformation. The paper argues for a re-problematisation of ‘vacant land’, whereby its function as a planning tool for growth can be challenged.","PeriodicalId":46688,"journal":{"name":"International Planning Studies","volume":"25 1","pages":"261 - 276"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13563475.2019.1585231","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47791341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/13563475.2019.1584551
G. Berruti, Maria Federica Palestino
ABSTRACT The paper addresses the issue of contested land and the clarification of blurred rights concerning urban environments with weak public sector territorial control and the entrenchment of organized crime in the Global North. Adopting a grey spacing approach, we focus on urban informalities in the urban region of Naples (south of Italy) such as uncontrolled land use, ranging from unlawful waste disposal to unauthorized building. We argue that in-depth field research may be helpful in unravelling the entanglement of the formal and the informal, and its findings may become a resource for planning. On the one hand, this is possible by leveraging the informal in order to carry out forward-looking policies and, on the other, by channelling informal practices into suitable formal tools benefitting the public interest. In conclusion, modifying current balances and powers concerning land is a political action, as it helps treat conflicts, unravel the dispute between real and presumed rights, and uncover hidden rights in the public arena.
{"title":"Contested land and blurred rights in the Land of Fires (Italy)","authors":"G. Berruti, Maria Federica Palestino","doi":"10.1080/13563475.2019.1584551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13563475.2019.1584551","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The paper addresses the issue of contested land and the clarification of blurred rights concerning urban environments with weak public sector territorial control and the entrenchment of organized crime in the Global North. Adopting a grey spacing approach, we focus on urban informalities in the urban region of Naples (south of Italy) such as uncontrolled land use, ranging from unlawful waste disposal to unauthorized building. We argue that in-depth field research may be helpful in unravelling the entanglement of the formal and the informal, and its findings may become a resource for planning. On the one hand, this is possible by leveraging the informal in order to carry out forward-looking policies and, on the other, by channelling informal practices into suitable formal tools benefitting the public interest. In conclusion, modifying current balances and powers concerning land is a political action, as it helps treat conflicts, unravel the dispute between real and presumed rights, and uncover hidden rights in the public arena.","PeriodicalId":46688,"journal":{"name":"International Planning Studies","volume":"25 1","pages":"277 - 288"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13563475.2019.1584551","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46018817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-30DOI: 10.1080/13563475.2020.1785278
D. Okeke
ABSTRACT .Since mid-15th century the epistemological foundations of imperialism is a continuing process that is responsible for the vulnerability of cities in Africa to structural adversities. The vulnerability to structural adversities is responsible for the legendary ‘urbanization without growth’ and for ‘growth without development’ in Africa since the turn of the 21st century. This vulnerability threatens the sustainable urban development initiative because it has very high potentials to impede the reversion of extant consumer cities to centres of production. This paper therefore argues that the prospect of sustainable urban development in post-2015 planning period is very low. Ideological and policy changes are required to redress this situation. To this end, the paper attempts to identify requisite development ideology and policy changes specifically to enhance the productive health of the city.
{"title":"Prospects for sustainable urban development in Africa – (re)viewed from a planning perspective","authors":"D. Okeke","doi":"10.1080/13563475.2020.1785278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13563475.2020.1785278","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT .Since mid-15th century the epistemological foundations of imperialism is a continuing process that is responsible for the vulnerability of cities in Africa to structural adversities. The vulnerability to structural adversities is responsible for the legendary ‘urbanization without growth’ and for ‘growth without development’ in Africa since the turn of the 21st century. This vulnerability threatens the sustainable urban development initiative because it has very high potentials to impede the reversion of extant consumer cities to centres of production. This paper therefore argues that the prospect of sustainable urban development in post-2015 planning period is very low. Ideological and policy changes are required to redress this situation. To this end, the paper attempts to identify requisite development ideology and policy changes specifically to enhance the productive health of the city.","PeriodicalId":46688,"journal":{"name":"International Planning Studies","volume":"26 1","pages":"198 - 217"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13563475.2020.1785278","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42241104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-16DOI: 10.1080/13563475.2020.1770057
Nina Gribat, Barbara Pizzo
ABSTRACT This special issue examines the politics of land focusing on the intersections of dominant land and property regimes and situated land practices that are not characterized by open conflict, but rather mundane everyday negotiations. The selected papers show that the interrelations between landed practices and regimes of land are extremely variegated and complex, shaped by socio-economic factors as well as by their own peculiar geographies and temporalities. Thus, they can be examined most adequately in the specific geographic, socio-economic and historical context in which they materialize. Structural factors matter, but they are (continuously) challenged by the agency and everyday practices of many different actors, pursuing different and mutable objectives and following varying trajectories, often far away from the established rules. Viewed like this, dominant regimes of land appear to be less overarching and monolithic than commonly understood.
{"title":"Introduction to the special issue: the politics of land – dominant regimes and situated practices","authors":"Nina Gribat, Barbara Pizzo","doi":"10.1080/13563475.2020.1770057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13563475.2020.1770057","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This special issue examines the politics of land focusing on the intersections of dominant land and property regimes and situated land practices that are not characterized by open conflict, but rather mundane everyday negotiations. The selected papers show that the interrelations between landed practices and regimes of land are extremely variegated and complex, shaped by socio-economic factors as well as by their own peculiar geographies and temporalities. Thus, they can be examined most adequately in the specific geographic, socio-economic and historical context in which they materialize. Structural factors matter, but they are (continuously) challenged by the agency and everyday practices of many different actors, pursuing different and mutable objectives and following varying trajectories, often far away from the established rules. Viewed like this, dominant regimes of land appear to be less overarching and monolithic than commonly understood.","PeriodicalId":46688,"journal":{"name":"International Planning Studies","volume":"25 1","pages":"237 - 246"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13563475.2020.1770057","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47258241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-14DOI: 10.1080/13563475.2020.1779043
G. Verdini
ABSTRACT The creative cities discourse has long-overlooked the impact of the new creative economy regime on rural areas, often legitimazing arguable urban-biased policies. This paper illustrates how two small towns, in Asia and in Europe, have attempted to build creative settlements, setting up agendas for sustainability transition. This has implied a strategy to reposition the local economy around notions of culture and creativity, deconstructing mainstream pro-growth discourses. It has been also accompanied by the experimentation of forms of engagement of local communities. The aim is to explain the challenges encountered during this process, and to distil, from this experience, the potential factors that might hinder a real process of transition towards sustainability in the long run. It will conclude that employing effective creative-led strategies, to overcome ‘smallness’ and ‘marginality’ in a sustainable way, should be based on the strengthening of local planning capacities, and the development of effective network governance arrangements.
{"title":"Creative-led strategies for peripheral settlements and the uneasy transition towards sustainability","authors":"G. Verdini","doi":"10.1080/13563475.2020.1779043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13563475.2020.1779043","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The creative cities discourse has long-overlooked the impact of the new creative economy regime on rural areas, often legitimazing arguable urban-biased policies. This paper illustrates how two small towns, in Asia and in Europe, have attempted to build creative settlements, setting up agendas for sustainability transition. This has implied a strategy to reposition the local economy around notions of culture and creativity, deconstructing mainstream pro-growth discourses. It has been also accompanied by the experimentation of forms of engagement of local communities. The aim is to explain the challenges encountered during this process, and to distil, from this experience, the potential factors that might hinder a real process of transition towards sustainability in the long run. It will conclude that employing effective creative-led strategies, to overcome ‘smallness’ and ‘marginality’ in a sustainable way, should be based on the strengthening of local planning capacities, and the development of effective network governance arrangements.","PeriodicalId":46688,"journal":{"name":"International Planning Studies","volume":"26 1","pages":"149 - 164"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13563475.2020.1779043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46542667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-11DOI: 10.1080/13563475.2020.1779671
Andrew Ebekozien
ABSTRACT Over the years, the Nigerian Governments have made several attempts to address the deficit in low-cost housing (LCH) provision via various housing policies but failed. Thus, the need to investigate the encumbrances faced with the LCH policy and proffer pragmatic policy solutions so that low-income earners can gain access to homes in Edo State, Nigeria. A phenomenology type of qualitative research was adopted. To achieve this, 12 face-to-face interviews were conducted, and saturation accomplished. The data was validated via secondary sources, analysed by MAXQDA 2018 and supported with thematic analysis. The study found that the Edo State have admirable housing policy on paper but due to some challenges such as relaxed housing policy implementation, corruption, inadequate fund, ‘act of political will’ among others, implementation has been fruitless. As part of the practical implications, this paper would stir-up policymakers in the formulation of policies.
{"title":"A qualitative approach to investigate low-cost housing policy provision in Edo State, Nigeria","authors":"Andrew Ebekozien","doi":"10.1080/13563475.2020.1779671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13563475.2020.1779671","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Over the years, the Nigerian Governments have made several attempts to address the deficit in low-cost housing (LCH) provision via various housing policies but failed. Thus, the need to investigate the encumbrances faced with the LCH policy and proffer pragmatic policy solutions so that low-income earners can gain access to homes in Edo State, Nigeria. A phenomenology type of qualitative research was adopted. To achieve this, 12 face-to-face interviews were conducted, and saturation accomplished. The data was validated via secondary sources, analysed by MAXQDA 2018 and supported with thematic analysis. The study found that the Edo State have admirable housing policy on paper but due to some challenges such as relaxed housing policy implementation, corruption, inadequate fund, ‘act of political will’ among others, implementation has been fruitless. As part of the practical implications, this paper would stir-up policymakers in the formulation of policies.","PeriodicalId":46688,"journal":{"name":"International Planning Studies","volume":"26 1","pages":"165 - 181"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13563475.2020.1779671","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45864386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：