Pub Date : 2021-09-12DOI: 10.1080/0735648X.2021.1972827
K. B. Hoover
ABSTRACT Household member incarceration has only increased in prevalence due to the era of mass incarceration; however prior studies have focused exclusively on the impacts of parental imprisonment. In an effort to expand the literature, the current study examines (1) whether having a household family member incarcerated leads to within-individual changes in offending and substance use over time and (2) whether these effects vary according to the type of family member who was incarcerated. Using the Pathways to Desistance Study, fixed effects negative binomial and Poisson regression models were performed on the sample of justice-involved adolescents and young adults. The findings demonstrate that experiencing any type of household member incarceration increases offending, drug use, and binge drinking behaviors. Moreover, a sibling incarceration effect was found in which experiencing sibling incarceration increased offending, drug use, and binge drinking behaviors. Additional findings and implications are discussed.
{"title":"The consequences of household member incarceration on justice-involved youth","authors":"K. B. Hoover","doi":"10.1080/0735648X.2021.1972827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648X.2021.1972827","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Household member incarceration has only increased in prevalence due to the era of mass incarceration; however prior studies have focused exclusively on the impacts of parental imprisonment. In an effort to expand the literature, the current study examines (1) whether having a household family member incarcerated leads to within-individual changes in offending and substance use over time and (2) whether these effects vary according to the type of family member who was incarcerated. Using the Pathways to Desistance Study, fixed effects negative binomial and Poisson regression models were performed on the sample of justice-involved adolescents and young adults. The findings demonstrate that experiencing any type of household member incarceration increases offending, drug use, and binge drinking behaviors. Moreover, a sibling incarceration effect was found in which experiencing sibling incarceration increased offending, drug use, and binge drinking behaviors. Additional findings and implications are discussed.","PeriodicalId":46770,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crime & Justice","volume":"45 1","pages":"347 - 362"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43990003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-04DOI: 10.1080/0735648X.2021.1952102
Ellen A. Donnelly, Christen O. Asiedu
ABSTRACT Effective as of October 2019, the Disproportionate Minority Contact (DMC) Mandate requires states to address racial/ethnic disparities in their juvenile justice systems without reference to any numerical standards or a definition of disparity in empirical terms. Standards for assessing disproportionate minority contact have also gotten looser, as the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) announced that states should evaluate DMC problems and interventions based on their own metrics of success. Understanding how states have examined minority overrepresentation and disparities in their systems in the past helps to structure what states might do in terms of DMC assessment in the near future. This study analyzes 39 state assessments on behalf of the DMC mandate from 1992 to 2019. A content analysis locates patterns in methods, racial/ethnic categories, decision-making stages, geographic coverage, and recommendations for future reform efforts. Frequent use of multivariate methods and qualitative techniques, such as surveys, focus groups, and interviews, suggests that assessments are empirically rich. Most assessments likewise contain directions for reform initiatives and analysis in subsequent DMC reports. Lessons are drawn for designing robust DMC assessments for states and illuminating racial/ethnic disparities in juvenile processing ahead.
{"title":"Meeting the Disproportionate Minority Contact (DMC) Mandate: Lessons from State Assessments of Minority Overrepresentation and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Juvenile Justice Systems","authors":"Ellen A. Donnelly, Christen O. Asiedu","doi":"10.1080/0735648X.2021.1952102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648X.2021.1952102","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Effective as of October 2019, the Disproportionate Minority Contact (DMC) Mandate requires states to address racial/ethnic disparities in their juvenile justice systems without reference to any numerical standards or a definition of disparity in empirical terms. Standards for assessing disproportionate minority contact have also gotten looser, as the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) announced that states should evaluate DMC problems and interventions based on their own metrics of success. Understanding how states have examined minority overrepresentation and disparities in their systems in the past helps to structure what states might do in terms of DMC assessment in the near future. This study analyzes 39 state assessments on behalf of the DMC mandate from 1992 to 2019. A content analysis locates patterns in methods, racial/ethnic categories, decision-making stages, geographic coverage, and recommendations for future reform efforts. Frequent use of multivariate methods and qualitative techniques, such as surveys, focus groups, and interviews, suggests that assessments are empirically rich. Most assessments likewise contain directions for reform initiatives and analysis in subsequent DMC reports. Lessons are drawn for designing robust DMC assessments for states and illuminating racial/ethnic disparities in juvenile processing ahead.","PeriodicalId":46770,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crime & Justice","volume":"45 1","pages":"363 - 380"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49462886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-21DOI: 10.1080/0735648X.2021.1950562
M. Goldman, N. Rodriguez
ABSTRACT Influenced by Dr. Michael Leiber, a body of juvenile justice research explores how legal, extralegal and institutional decision-making factors racialize the process of punishment. While this scholarship has indirectly considered the role of school-related factors for unequal court outcomes, an interdisciplinary body of work explores the relationship between schooling and criminal justice institutions directly, often under the framework of the school-to-prison pipeline. Building on juvenile justice research, and departing from the pipeline framing, we utilize the analytic framework of the school-prison nexus – which theorizes schools and the criminal justice system as fundamentally and symbiotically linked – to examine the role of school referral source and school enrollment status on differential court outcomes. Our findings highlight the structural and institutional processes behind the relationship between school enrollment and incarceration, and have implications for the ways in which the nexus between schools and juvenile courts entrench broader systems of inequality.
{"title":"Juvenile court in the school-prison nexus: youth punishment, schooling and structures of inequality","authors":"M. Goldman, N. Rodriguez","doi":"10.1080/0735648X.2021.1950562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648X.2021.1950562","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Influenced by Dr. Michael Leiber, a body of juvenile justice research explores how legal, extralegal and institutional decision-making factors racialize the process of punishment. While this scholarship has indirectly considered the role of school-related factors for unequal court outcomes, an interdisciplinary body of work explores the relationship between schooling and criminal justice institutions directly, often under the framework of the school-to-prison pipeline. Building on juvenile justice research, and departing from the pipeline framing, we utilize the analytic framework of the school-prison nexus – which theorizes schools and the criminal justice system as fundamentally and symbiotically linked – to examine the role of school referral source and school enrollment status on differential court outcomes. Our findings highlight the structural and institutional processes behind the relationship between school enrollment and incarceration, and have implications for the ways in which the nexus between schools and juvenile courts entrench broader systems of inequality.","PeriodicalId":46770,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crime & Justice","volume":"45 1","pages":"270 - 284"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0735648X.2021.1950562","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42312899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-05DOI: 10.1080/0735648X.2021.1947348
Peter S. Lehmann
ABSTRACT A small but growing body of research has explored how juveniles transferred to the criminal court are sentenced relative to adult defendants, but the findings from this literature have been complex and inconsistent. A noteworthy line of inquiry that to date has received only limited attention is how crime type might moderate these relationships. Theoretically, according to the liberation hypothesis, primary offense type corresponds closely with the exercise of judicial discretion, and court actors’ decision-making is most likely to be informed by extralegal offender-based attributions in the disposition of less serious cases. The goal of the present study is to extend this literature by exploring the main and interactive effects of juvenile status and crime type on adult court punishment outcomes among defendants sentenced for seven violent felony offenses. Using data from Florida circuit courts (N = 198,362), the findings show that, regarding sentencing to prison, transferred youth are consistently punished more severely than adult defendants among the three least serious crime types. However, juveniles receive shorter prison terms than adults for most violent offenses, and these disparities are greatest among murder, manslaughter, and robbery/carjacking cases.
{"title":"Juvenile transfer status and the sentencing of violent offenders: a test of the liberation hypothesis","authors":"Peter S. Lehmann","doi":"10.1080/0735648X.2021.1947348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648X.2021.1947348","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A small but growing body of research has explored how juveniles transferred to the criminal court are sentenced relative to adult defendants, but the findings from this literature have been complex and inconsistent. A noteworthy line of inquiry that to date has received only limited attention is how crime type might moderate these relationships. Theoretically, according to the liberation hypothesis, primary offense type corresponds closely with the exercise of judicial discretion, and court actors’ decision-making is most likely to be informed by extralegal offender-based attributions in the disposition of less serious cases. The goal of the present study is to extend this literature by exploring the main and interactive effects of juvenile status and crime type on adult court punishment outcomes among defendants sentenced for seven violent felony offenses. Using data from Florida circuit courts (N = 198,362), the findings show that, regarding sentencing to prison, transferred youth are consistently punished more severely than adult defendants among the three least serious crime types. However, juveniles receive shorter prison terms than adults for most violent offenses, and these disparities are greatest among murder, manslaughter, and robbery/carjacking cases.","PeriodicalId":46770,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crime & Justice","volume":"45 1","pages":"430 - 449"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0735648X.2021.1947348","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44888774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-29DOI: 10.1080/0735648X.2021.1936123
Danielle M. Romain Dagenhardt, Amanda J. Heideman, Tina L. Freiburger
ABSTRACT Much of the prior literature on criminal court case processing has focused on judicial decisions regarding bail and sentencing. Fewer studies have examined prosecutorial decision-making, particularly charge reduction. Framed within the focal concerns perspective, this paper examined racial and gender disparity in charge reduction and whether disparity existed across different types of charge reduction. Findings demonstrated partial support for the focal concerns perspective with men and minority defendants less likely to receive a severity reduction.Implications for plea negotiation policies are discussed.
{"title":"An examination of the direct and interactive effects of race/ethnicity and gender on charge reduction","authors":"Danielle M. Romain Dagenhardt, Amanda J. Heideman, Tina L. Freiburger","doi":"10.1080/0735648X.2021.1936123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648X.2021.1936123","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Much of the prior literature on criminal court case processing has focused on judicial decisions regarding bail and sentencing. Fewer studies have examined prosecutorial decision-making, particularly charge reduction. Framed within the focal concerns perspective, this paper examined racial and gender disparity in charge reduction and whether disparity existed across different types of charge reduction. Findings demonstrated partial support for the focal concerns perspective with men and minority defendants less likely to receive a severity reduction.Implications for plea negotiation policies are discussed.","PeriodicalId":46770,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crime & Justice","volume":"45 1","pages":"324 - 346"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0735648X.2021.1936123","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45851912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-23DOI: 10.1080/0735648X.2021.1939765
Chad Cotti, Bryan Engelhardt, Matt Richie
ABSTRACT Using data from the State of Wisconsin’s Consolidated Court Automation Programs (CCAP), we find evidence that Wisconsin’s District Attorneys decisions on how to file criminal complaints (charges) changed meaningfully in 2001 and 2009. These changes align with changes in the State’s funding process for District Attorneys (DAs). Specifically, after the introduction and alterations of a formula-based funding process, which is determined by charges filed, we find an increase in the number of felony charges. Further, we only observe this increase where prosecutorial discretion exists. Finally, relative to misdemeanors, we find a discontinuous increase in charges that is consistent with the formula. In summary, we find evidence consistent with a relationship between DA funding policies and DA behavior.
{"title":"Government funding incentives and felony charge rates","authors":"Chad Cotti, Bryan Engelhardt, Matt Richie","doi":"10.1080/0735648X.2021.1939765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648X.2021.1939765","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Using data from the State of Wisconsin’s Consolidated Court Automation Programs (CCAP), we find evidence that Wisconsin’s District Attorneys decisions on how to file criminal complaints (charges) changed meaningfully in 2001 and 2009. These changes align with changes in the State’s funding process for District Attorneys (DAs). Specifically, after the introduction and alterations of a formula-based funding process, which is determined by charges filed, we find an increase in the number of felony charges. Further, we only observe this increase where prosecutorial discretion exists. Finally, relative to misdemeanors, we find a discontinuous increase in charges that is consistent with the formula. In summary, we find evidence consistent with a relationship between DA funding policies and DA behavior.","PeriodicalId":46770,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crime & Justice","volume":"45 1","pages":"243 - 257"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0735648X.2021.1939765","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43725666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-06DOI: 10.1080/0735648X.2021.1935298
V. Jenness, Lori Sexton
ABSTRACT This research draws on original data to empirically assess how an array of factors – including features of the self, the prison environment, and prisoners’ interactions with each other – shape the probability of transgender women in prisons for men experiencing sexual victimization and non-sexual physical assault. Logistic regression analyses reveal that, in general, the same factors that predict sexual assault per se predict sexual victimization more generally as well as non-sexual assault. The most consistently powerful predictor is an interactional variable: whether transgender women report having been in a consensual sexual relationship with another prisoner, which consistently approximately triples the odds of all three categories of victimization (i.e., sexual assault, sexual victimization, and non-sexual assault). The prominence of this durable interactional predictor points to lifestyle and routines as the most proximate influence on victimization – sexual or otherwise. This, in turn, allows for both a more robust understanding of the social organization of violence and victimization within prison settings as well as a more robust understanding of the relationships between different types of victimization.
{"title":"The centrality of relationships in context: a comparison of factors that predict the sexual and non-sexual victimization of transgender women in prisons for men","authors":"V. Jenness, Lori Sexton","doi":"10.1080/0735648X.2021.1935298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648X.2021.1935298","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This research draws on original data to empirically assess how an array of factors – including features of the self, the prison environment, and prisoners’ interactions with each other – shape the probability of transgender women in prisons for men experiencing sexual victimization and non-sexual physical assault. Logistic regression analyses reveal that, in general, the same factors that predict sexual assault per se predict sexual victimization more generally as well as non-sexual assault. The most consistently powerful predictor is an interactional variable: whether transgender women report having been in a consensual sexual relationship with another prisoner, which consistently approximately triples the odds of all three categories of victimization (i.e., sexual assault, sexual victimization, and non-sexual assault). The prominence of this durable interactional predictor points to lifestyle and routines as the most proximate influence on victimization – sexual or otherwise. This, in turn, allows for both a more robust understanding of the social organization of violence and victimization within prison settings as well as a more robust understanding of the relationships between different types of victimization.","PeriodicalId":46770,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crime & Justice","volume":"45 1","pages":"259 - 269"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0735648X.2021.1935298","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45909584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-30DOI: 10.1080/0735648X.2021.1932558
Bitna Kim, Daniel Lee
ABSTRACT Calls to improve the interaction between academics and practitioners have been repeatedly pronounced by scholars and government leaders alike. A number of publications have focused on examining the experience and views of police leaders on partnerships with researchers. However, there is a general lack of knowledge about community corrections leaders’ receptivity to research and the experience and view of research partnerships. Our study addressed this limitation with a statewide survey of probation/parole chiefs in Pennsylvania. Guided by prior research on research partnerships in policing, the survey in the current project included questions about potential correlates of researcher-practitioner partnerships in addition to the questions measuring the experience and opinions of probation/parole chiefs in Pennsylvania on such partnerships. The current research results provide greater insight to inform practitioners and researchers on how to encourage the research utilization and tailor researcher-practitioner partnerships to the context and conditions within community corrections.
{"title":"Partnerships between community corrections and researchers: the view from the probation/parole chiefs","authors":"Bitna Kim, Daniel Lee","doi":"10.1080/0735648X.2021.1932558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648X.2021.1932558","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Calls to improve the interaction between academics and practitioners have been repeatedly pronounced by scholars and government leaders alike. A number of publications have focused on examining the experience and views of police leaders on partnerships with researchers. However, there is a general lack of knowledge about community corrections leaders’ receptivity to research and the experience and view of research partnerships. Our study addressed this limitation with a statewide survey of probation/parole chiefs in Pennsylvania. Guided by prior research on research partnerships in policing, the survey in the current project included questions about potential correlates of researcher-practitioner partnerships in addition to the questions measuring the experience and opinions of probation/parole chiefs in Pennsylvania on such partnerships. The current research results provide greater insight to inform practitioners and researchers on how to encourage the research utilization and tailor researcher-practitioner partnerships to the context and conditions within community corrections.","PeriodicalId":46770,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crime & Justice","volume":"45 1","pages":"207 - 227"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0735648X.2021.1932558","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45034053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-11DOI: 10.1080/0735648X.2021.1918210
Stuti S. Kokkalera
ABSTRACT Courts and scholars have advocated for the right to legal representation in the parole process. The state examined in this study qualified that juvenile lifer parole candidates have the right to an attorney at their initial parole board hearing. Data drawn from written decisions issued by the state parole board were analyzed to determine the association between having an attorney and type of legal representation on two parole outcomes: (1) whether a candidate was granted or denied parole, and (2) length of interval terms, that is, number of years that a candidate waits for another hearing. While having an attorney at the hearing was not related to both outcomes, type of representation was associated with interval terms. Hearings with appointed (non-retained) attorneys were associated with reduced odds of a maximum interval term, while having retained attorneys was related to higher odds of a maximum interval term. Hence, state efforts to provide counsel are necessary since their presence is significantly associated with the ultimate time served by juvenile lifer candidates. Findings support the need for more comparative research across states as well as the inclusion of other parole-eligible populations.
{"title":"Representing juvenile lifers: do attorneys in parole hearings matter?","authors":"Stuti S. Kokkalera","doi":"10.1080/0735648X.2021.1918210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648X.2021.1918210","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Courts and scholars have advocated for the right to legal representation in the parole process. The state examined in this study qualified that juvenile lifer parole candidates have the right to an attorney at their initial parole board hearing. Data drawn from written decisions issued by the state parole board were analyzed to determine the association between having an attorney and type of legal representation on two parole outcomes: (1) whether a candidate was granted or denied parole, and (2) length of interval terms, that is, number of years that a candidate waits for another hearing. While having an attorney at the hearing was not related to both outcomes, type of representation was associated with interval terms. Hearings with appointed (non-retained) attorneys were associated with reduced odds of a maximum interval term, while having retained attorneys was related to higher odds of a maximum interval term. Hence, state efforts to provide counsel are necessary since their presence is significantly associated with the ultimate time served by juvenile lifer candidates. Findings support the need for more comparative research across states as well as the inclusion of other parole-eligible populations.","PeriodicalId":46770,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crime & Justice","volume":"45 1","pages":"189 - 206"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0735648X.2021.1918210","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48568234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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