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Actually existing post-socialism: Producing ideological others in eastern Germany 实际存在的后社会主义:在德国东部产生意识形态他者
IF 1.2 3区 社会学 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-04-20 DOI: 10.1177/0308275X221095932
Anselma Gallinat
In this article I will argue that we need to continue working with and through the notion of post-socialism as long as local populations are treated as transitional. That is, as long as policy-makers, politicians, managers and academics engage with local people in the belief that their dispositions, behaviours and personhoods in the democratic present are a result of their own or their predecessors’ life in socialism, and as long as they develop initiatives that aim to counter attitudes seen to result from the state-socialist past. Taking this concept seriously in the sense that powerholders believe in ‘actually existing post-socialism’ allows us to explore not only how such perceptions come about but also their lasting effects on local populations, which is relevant to our anthropological understanding of humanity more widely. The article shows how a perception of a transition to democracy that is yet to be concluded has become intertwined with the production of all-Germany as democratic, which therefore rests upon the continuous reproduction of eastern Germans as ideological, democratically deficient others.
在这篇文章中,我将认为,只要当地人口被视为过渡人口,我们就需要继续与后社会主义的概念合作,并通过后社会主义的理念。也就是说,只要决策者、政治家、管理者和学者与当地人接触,相信他们在民主时代的性格、行为和人格是他们自己或前任社会主义生活的结果,只要他们制定旨在对抗国家社会主义历史所产生的态度的举措。从权力持有者相信“实际存在的后社会主义”的意义上认真对待这一概念,不仅可以让我们探索这种观念是如何产生的,还可以探索它们对当地人口的持久影响,这与我们更广泛地理解人类的人类学有关。这篇文章展示了一种尚未结束的向民主过渡的看法是如何与整个德国的民主生产交织在一起的,因此,这取决于东德人作为意识形态上、民主上有缺陷的其他人的不断复制。
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引用次数: 0
Infrastructure, feral waters and power relations in rural Romania 罗马尼亚农村的基础设施、野生水域和电力关系
IF 1.2 3区 社会学 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-04-20 DOI: 10.1177/0308275X221095935
Stefan Dorondel, C. Posner
The material relics of socialism continue to affect present-day rural Romania. This article explores the nexus of socialist/post-socialist agricultural infrastructure, groundwater, soil transformations, the privatization process and the constitution of power relations along the Lower Danube rural areas. Positioning ourselves in the anthropology of infrastructure, we document both ethnographically and with Geographic Information Systems tools the social and political consequences of broken agricultural infrastructure in a village located on the banks of the Lower Danube, Romania. We show how the local political elite is able to exploit the surfacing of groundwater in their favour, resulting in economic loss only for small landholders and villagers without power. The interface of the multiple temporalities inherent in infrastructure with the various materialities of groundwater – its propensity to leak, infiltrate and surface – precipitated the emergence of a new ecological order. The new hybrid ecology is made up of pre-socialist feral groundwater, the socialist ‘hydraulic society’ that reclaimed agricultural land, and the post-socialist political economy. We engage a more-than-human perspective in order to offer a more sophisticated – and realistic – picture of post-socialist rural power relations.
社会主义的物质遗迹继续影响着今天的罗马尼亚农村。本文探讨了社会主义/后社会主义农业基础设施、地下水、土壤改造、私有化进程以及多瑙河下游农村地区权力关系的构成之间的关系。我们将自己定位于基础设施人类学,用人种学和地理信息系统工具记录了罗马尼亚多瑙河下游一个村庄农业基础设施受损的社会和政治后果。我们展示了当地政治精英如何能够开采有利于他们的地表地下水,只给小土地所有者和没有电力的村民带来经济损失。基础设施中固有的多种时间性与地下水的各种物质的界面——其渗漏、渗透和地表的倾向——促成了新生态秩序的出现。新的混合生态由前社会主义时期的野生地下水、开垦农业用地的社会主义“水利社会”和后社会主义时期的政治经济组成。我们采用了一种超越人类的视角,以提供一幅更复杂、更现实的后社会主义农村权力关系图。
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引用次数: 0
The anthropology of post-socialism: Theoretical legacies and conceptual futures – An introduction 后社会主义人类学:理论遗产与概念未来导论
IF 1.2 3区 社会学 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-04-18 DOI: 10.1177/0308275X221095943
Anselma Gallinat
An introduction to the special issue ‘The anthropology of postsocialism: Theoretical legacies and conceptual futures'.
特刊“后社会主义的人类学:理论遗产和概念未来”的导言。
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引用次数: 1
The time of post-socialism: On the future of an anthropological concept 后社会主义时代:论一个人类学概念的未来
IF 1.2 3区 社会学 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-04-18 DOI: 10.1177/0308275X221095930
F. Ringel
When accounting for changes in the post-socialist era, anthropologists were forced to carefully distinguish between what had remained the same, what had actually changed and what was emerging anew and on its own terms. As a sub-discipline, the anthropology of post-socialism has thereby contributed prominently to theories of time, change and temporal agency. It has also shown that the post-socialist present is, if at all, as determined by its socialist past as it is by its insecure futures. Based on a few ethnographic examples from a former socialist model city in East Germany, and my own experiences as both a post-socialist anthropologist and an anthropologist of post-socialism, I scrutinize the temporal logic of the sub-discipline’s defining concept. I do so by testing its applicability to three objects of anthropological inquiry, and by pondering upon its implications for a more sustained study of the future. The temporal multiplicity that this concept affords, I claim, is crucial for the discipline overall, but demands further scrutiny. Rather than abandoning it, as I and others have previously argued, it is time to rewrite the time of post-socialism with regards to the future.
在考虑后社会主义时代的变化时,人类学家被迫仔细区分哪些是保持不变的,哪些是实际发生了变化的,哪些是按照自己的条件新出现的。作为一个分支学科,后社会主义人类学因此对时间、变化和时间代理理论做出了突出贡献。它还表明,如果有的话,后社会主义时代的现在既是由社会主义的过去决定的,也是由不安全的未来决定的。基于来自前东德社会主义模范城市的几个民族志例子,以及我自己作为后社会主义人类学家和后社会主义人类学家的经历,我仔细研究了这一子学科定义概念的时间逻辑。为此,我测试了它在三个人类学调查对象上的适用性,并思考了它对未来更持久研究的影响。我认为,这个概念提供的时间多样性对整个学科来说是至关重要的,但需要进一步的审查。与其像我和其他人之前所说的那样放弃它,不如重写后社会主义时代的未来。
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引用次数: 3
Defying national homogeneity: Hidden acts of Zainichi Korean resistance in Japan 反抗民族同质性:在日朝鲜人在日抵抗的隐藏行为
IF 1.2 3区 社会学 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/0308275X221074828
C. Laurent, Xavier Robillard-Martel
This article draws attention to the shifting dialectical relationship that exists between everyday acts of resistance and the forms of domination they seek to subvert. Using ethnographic data collected in Osaka’s Koreatown, we analyze some of the ways in which young Zainichi Koreans, the descendants of colonial subjects who migrated to Japan, use daily acts of self-preservation to chip away at hegemonic notions of Japanese national homogeneity. Seemingly trivial choices to dissimulate one’s identity, transmit cultural practices, and maintain historical memory constitute neglected forms of opposition that illustrate the contextual nature of Zainichi Korean resistance against marginalization and forced assimilation. These strategies offer a reservoir of resources that can be tapped into for collective political action, keeping the embers of resistance alive in between periods of open protest.
本文将关注日常抵抗行为与他们试图颠覆的统治形式之间存在的不断变化的辩证关系。利用在大阪韩国城收集的人种学数据,我们分析了年轻的在日朝鲜人——移民到日本的殖民地臣民的后代——用日常的自我保护行为来削弱日本民族同质化的霸权观念的一些方式。看似微不足道的选择掩盖了一个人的身份,传播文化习俗,保持历史记忆,构成了被忽视的反对形式,说明了在日朝鲜人抵抗边缘化和强迫同化的语境本质。这些策略提供了一个资源库,可以用于集体政治行动,在公开抗议期间保持抵抗的余烬。
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引用次数: 3
Current demands in the Nepali electricity sector: For a social reproduction theory of infrastructure 尼泊尔电力部门的当前需求:基础设施的社会再生产理论
IF 1.2 3区 社会学 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-02-10 DOI: 10.1177/0308275X221074830
Mikkel Vindegg
This article uses work and state relations at a Nepali electricity office as a staging ground for bringing the labour of repair squarely into focus in the ethnography of infrastructure. A trio of electricians at the office had a torrid time trying to address an ever-increasing number of complaints. Customers were under the impression that the electricians were both lazy and slow, despite even compromising safety regulations to get more work done. Although the electricians’ jobs may be comparatively stable and privileged, they put their bodies on the line to service an often-unappreciative public. This shows that infrastructures are made of people, not simply constructed by them. This is often skirted over in the anthropology of infrastructure, which frames repair through its absence and insufficiency, in rare ethnographic engagements with those who do repair work. A suggested response to this deficiency is found in a social reproduction theory of infrastructure.
本文以尼泊尔电力公司的工作和国家关系为基础,将维修劳动直接纳入基础设施民族学的焦点。三个电工在办公室里度过了一段艰难的时光,他们试图解决越来越多的投诉。在顾客的印象中,电工们又懒又慢,尽管为了完成更多的工作,他们甚至不惜牺牲安全法规。尽管电工的工作可能相对稳定,享有特权,但他们将自己的身体置于危险之中,为往往不受欢迎的公众服务。这表明基础设施是由人组成的,而不仅仅是由人建造的。这在基础设施人类学中经常被回避,在与从事维修工作的人进行的罕见的民族志接触中,基础设施人类学通过其缺失和不足来构建维修。在基础设施的社会再生产理论中可以找到对这一缺陷的建议回应。
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引用次数: 0
Audit as confession: The instrumentalisation of ethics for management control 作为忏悔的审计:管理控制的道德工具化
IF 1.2 3区 社会学 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-02-07 DOI: 10.1177/0308275X221074834
Caitlin Scott
Techniques of audit are a prominent feature of contemporary publicly funded institutions. While such accountability systems are often understood as broadly ethical, critical perspectives note their coercive nature, seeing audit regimes as instruments of governmentality for disciplining and creating self-regulating subjects, diminishing autonomy and premised on an absence of trust. In this article, I seek to extend this critical perspective to the ethics of audit. In so doing I reveal how the roots of apparently modern, scientific systems for eliciting truth are to be found in the Christian rite of confession, audit being one of a number of quasi-scientific disciplines to draw on confession’s mechanisms. The article then explores the parallels and implications for aid workers as moral agents and subjects in audit systems. Research with those involved in planning, monitoring and evaluation processes suggests how reporting and audit mechanisms both constrain the everyday work of development as well as reach into the future, delimiting what can be done. Respondents narratives’ emphasise their experiences of constraint and frustration as they try to negotiate audit’s more distorting effects. These narratives suggest how, in its focus on accountability upwards, audit has more to do with power and control that it does with ethics; and to achieve its purposes, it relies on processes of subjection rooted in confession.
审计技术是当代公共资助机构的一个突出特点。虽然这种问责制度通常被理解为具有广泛的道德性,但批判性观点注意到了其强制性,将审计制度视为约束和创建自我监管主体的治理工具,削弱了自主权,并以缺乏信任为前提。在这篇文章中,我试图将这一批判性观点扩展到审计伦理。在这样做的过程中,我揭示了在基督教的忏悔仪式中,如何找到明显现代的、科学的、启发真理的系统的根源,审计是利用忏悔机制的许多准科学学科之一。然后,文章探讨了援助工作者作为审计系统中的道德代理人和主体的相似之处和含义。对参与规划、监测和评价进程的人员进行的研究表明,报告和审计机制如何既限制了发展的日常工作,又影响了未来,界定了可以做什么。受访者的叙述强调了他们在试图协商审计更扭曲的影响时的约束和沮丧经历。这些叙述表明,在向上关注问责制的过程中,审计更多地与权力和控制有关,而不是与道德有关;为了实现其目的,它依赖于植根于忏悔的服从过程。
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引用次数: 0
The politics of dispossession and compensation in the eastern Indian coal belt 印度东部煤带的剥夺与补偿政治
IF 1.2 3区 社会学 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-02-07 DOI: 10.1177/0308275X221074831
I. Noy
Ethnographic studies in sites of land dispossession for large capital projects have revealed the diversity of local political responses to this process, from fierce resistance to compliance. The theoretical challenge, in this context, is to trace the particular factors that affect this politics, and the conditions under which different reactions to dispossession unfold. Drawing on fieldwork in an Adivasi (tribal) village adjacent to an opencast coal mine in Jharkhand, India, this article seeks to contribute to this inquiry. It illustrates how, in a predominantly precarious labour environment, the possibility of formal employment as compensation for expropriated land, and the ways in which such employment enables class mobility, can play a salient role in shaping local political dynamics around dispossession. The analysis shows how, in the community studied, compensatory jobs for dispossession gave rise to new class differentiation and shifts in political relations that have acted to curb potentialities of resistance – precisely in a context in which opposition to dispossession could have otherwise been considered likelier to emerge.
对大型资本项目土地征用现场的民族志研究揭示了当地对这一过程的政治反应的多样性,从激烈的抵制到遵守。在这种背景下,理论上的挑战是追踪影响这种政治的特定因素,以及对剥夺权利的不同反应发生的条件。本文通过在印度贾坎德邦一个露天煤矿附近的Adivasi(部落)村庄的实地调查,试图为这项调查做出贡献。它说明了在一个主要不稳定的劳动环境中,正式就业作为被征用土地的补偿的可能性,以及这种就业促进阶级流动的方式,如何在围绕剥夺土地塑造当地政治动态方面发挥重要作用。分析表明,在所研究的社区中,因剥夺权利而获得的补偿性工作如何导致新的阶级分化和政治关系的转变,从而遏制了抵抗的潜力——正是在这种情况下,反对剥夺权利的声音本可以被认为更有可能出现。
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引用次数: 4
Frontiers of cosmopolitanism: Educational enclaves and the extractive roots of international schools. 世界主义的前沿:教育飞地与国际学校的萃取根源。
IF 1.2 3区 社会学 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-12-01 Epub Date: 2021-11-11 DOI: 10.1177/0308275X211059655
Matthieu Bolay, Jeanne Rey

This article situates international expatriate schools in their cultural and political economy by drawing attention to the tensions between a cosmopolitan educational ethos and processes of social, economic and legal enclavement. Based on extensive multi-sited ethnographic research in the international school sector, we show how cosmopolitan claims of openness mirror a relative closure and 'offshore-like' enclavement. To do so, we build upon the notions of modularity and extractivism, which we use as heuristics to analyse social and spatial practices of defining boundaries. Gazing beyond the main foundational myth of international schools, we first outline their concomitant extractive roots. Second, we shed light on the conditions of international teachers' circulation worldwide. Third, we examine the territorial entanglements and disentanglements that characterise international schools. Finally, we investigate the tensions induced by a cosmopolitan educational ethos whose discourse of inclusion is inevitably paired with practices of exclusion.

本文通过提请注意世界性教育精神与社会、经济和法律包围过程之间的紧张关系,将国际外籍学校置于其文化和政治经济中。基于国际学校领域广泛的多地点人种学研究,我们展示了开放的世界性主张如何反映了相对封闭和“离岸”式的包围。为此,我们以模块化和提取主义的概念为基础,将其作为启发式方法来分析定义边界的社会和空间实践。在国际学校的主要基础神话之外,我们首先概述了它们共同的萃取根源。第二,揭示了国际教师在世界范围内的流动状况。第三,我们考察了国际学校特有的领土纠葛和解除纠葛。最后,我们探讨了世界主义教育思潮所引发的紧张关系,这种思潮的包容话语不可避免地与排斥实践相结合。
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引用次数: 0
Cosmopolitan enclaves: An introduction. 大都会飞地:介绍。
IF 1.2 3区 社会学 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-12-01 Epub Date: 2021-11-06 DOI: 10.1177/0308275X211059659
Jeanne Rey, Matthieu Bolay, Yonatan N Gez

Cosmopolitan enclaves emerge at the intersection of global dynamics and local contexts as spaces where the cultivation of a cosmopolitan ethos encounters processes of socio-spatial boundary work and segregation. In the introduction to this special issue, we discuss under which circumstances the intention to cultivate open-mindedness goes hand in hand with keeping the local environment at bay. We argue that ethnographic attention to cosmopolitan enclaves may help bridge macro-level observations regarding globalization and its graduated sovereignties with the micro-level understanding of actual day-to-day interactions and boundary work within concrete spaces. We thus address the paradox of the omnipresence of enclaves in a global world and analyse the ambiguous aspirations and expectations derived from cosmopolitan ideals and how they relate to (under)privilege. While cosmopolitan aspirations exist alongside reproductions of postcolonial representations and hierarchies, they may also express the will to resist the politics of exclusion by demarcating an alternative safe haven.

世界主义飞地出现在全球动态和地方背景的交叉点,作为世界主义精神的培养遇到社会空间边界工作和隔离过程的空间。在本期特刊的导言中,我们讨论了在何种情况下,培养开放思想的意图与保护本地环境同时进行。我们认为,民族志对世界性飞地的关注可能有助于将宏观层面上关于全球化及其主权等级的观察与微观层面上对具体空间内实际日常互动和边界工作的理解联系起来。因此,我们解决了飞地在全球化世界中无处不在的悖论,并分析了来自世界主义理想的模糊愿望和期望,以及它们与特权的关系。虽然世界主义的愿望与后殖民表征和等级制度的再现并存,但它们也可能通过划定另一个避风港来表达抵制排斥政治的意愿。
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引用次数: 5
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Critique of Anthropology
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