Critique of Anthropology最新文献

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Current demands in the Nepali electricity sector: For a social reproduction theory of infrastructure 尼泊尔电力部门的当前需求：基础设施的社会再生产理论

IF 1.2 3区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Critique of Anthropology

Pub Date : 2022-02-10 DOI: 10.1177/0308275X221074830

Mikkel Vindegg

This article uses work and state relations at a Nepali electricity office as a staging ground for bringing the labour of repair squarely into focus in the ethnography of infrastructure. A trio of electricians at the office had a torrid time trying to address an ever-increasing number of complaints. Customers were under the impression that the electricians were both lazy and slow, despite even compromising safety regulations to get more work done. Although the electricians’ jobs may be comparatively stable and privileged, they put their bodies on the line to service an often-unappreciative public. This shows that infrastructures are made of people, not simply constructed by them. This is often skirted over in the anthropology of infrastructure, which frames repair through its absence and insufficiency, in rare ethnographic engagements with those who do repair work. A suggested response to this deficiency is found in a social reproduction theory of infrastructure.

本文以尼泊尔电力公司的工作和国家关系为基础，将维修劳动直接纳入基础设施民族学的焦点。三个电工在办公室里度过了一段艰难的时光，他们试图解决越来越多的投诉。在顾客的印象中，电工们又懒又慢，尽管为了完成更多的工作，他们甚至不惜牺牲安全法规。尽管电工的工作可能相对稳定，享有特权，但他们将自己的身体置于危险之中，为往往不受欢迎的公众服务。这表明基础设施是由人组成的，而不仅仅是由人建造的。这在基础设施人类学中经常被回避，在与从事维修工作的人进行的罕见的民族志接触中，基础设施人类学通过其缺失和不足来构建维修。在基础设施的社会再生产理论中可以找到对这一缺陷的建议回应。

引用次数: 0

Audit as confession: The instrumentalisation of ethics for management control 作为忏悔的审计:管理控制的道德工具化

IF 1.2 3区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Critique of Anthropology

Pub Date : 2022-02-07 DOI: 10.1177/0308275X221074834

Caitlin Scott

Techniques of audit are a prominent feature of contemporary publicly funded institutions. While such accountability systems are often understood as broadly ethical, critical perspectives note their coercive nature, seeing audit regimes as instruments of governmentality for disciplining and creating self-regulating subjects, diminishing autonomy and premised on an absence of trust. In this article, I seek to extend this critical perspective to the ethics of audit. In so doing I reveal how the roots of apparently modern, scientific systems for eliciting truth are to be found in the Christian rite of confession, audit being one of a number of quasi-scientific disciplines to draw on confession’s mechanisms. The article then explores the parallels and implications for aid workers as moral agents and subjects in audit systems. Research with those involved in planning, monitoring and evaluation processes suggests how reporting and audit mechanisms both constrain the everyday work of development as well as reach into the future, delimiting what can be done. Respondents narratives’ emphasise their experiences of constraint and frustration as they try to negotiate audit’s more distorting effects. These narratives suggest how, in its focus on accountability upwards, audit has more to do with power and control that it does with ethics; and to achieve its purposes, it relies on processes of subjection rooted in confession.

审计技术是当代公共资助机构的一个突出特点。虽然这种问责制度通常被理解为具有广泛的道德性，但批判性观点注意到了其强制性，将审计制度视为约束和创建自我监管主体的治理工具，削弱了自主权，并以缺乏信任为前提。在这篇文章中，我试图将这一批判性观点扩展到审计伦理。在这样做的过程中，我揭示了在基督教的忏悔仪式中，如何找到明显现代的、科学的、启发真理的系统的根源，审计是利用忏悔机制的许多准科学学科之一。然后，文章探讨了援助工作者作为审计系统中的道德代理人和主体的相似之处和含义。对参与规划、监测和评价进程的人员进行的研究表明，报告和审计机制如何既限制了发展的日常工作，又影响了未来，界定了可以做什么。受访者的叙述强调了他们在试图协商审计更扭曲的影响时的约束和沮丧经历。这些叙述表明，在向上关注问责制的过程中，审计更多地与权力和控制有关，而不是与道德有关；为了实现其目的，它依赖于植根于忏悔的服从过程。

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引用次数: 0

The politics of dispossession and compensation in the eastern Indian coal belt 印度东部煤带的剥夺与补偿政治

IF 1.2 3区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Critique of Anthropology

Pub Date : 2022-02-07 DOI: 10.1177/0308275X221074831

I. Noy

Ethnographic studies in sites of land dispossession for large capital projects have revealed the diversity of local political responses to this process, from fierce resistance to compliance. The theoretical challenge, in this context, is to trace the particular factors that affect this politics, and the conditions under which different reactions to dispossession unfold. Drawing on fieldwork in an Adivasi (tribal) village adjacent to an opencast coal mine in Jharkhand, India, this article seeks to contribute to this inquiry. It illustrates how, in a predominantly precarious labour environment, the possibility of formal employment as compensation for expropriated land, and the ways in which such employment enables class mobility, can play a salient role in shaping local political dynamics around dispossession. The analysis shows how, in the community studied, compensatory jobs for dispossession gave rise to new class differentiation and shifts in political relations that have acted to curb potentialities of resistance – precisely in a context in which opposition to dispossession could have otherwise been considered likelier to emerge.

对大型资本项目土地征用现场的民族志研究揭示了当地对这一过程的政治反应的多样性，从激烈的抵制到遵守。在这种背景下，理论上的挑战是追踪影响这种政治的特定因素，以及对剥夺权利的不同反应发生的条件。本文通过在印度贾坎德邦一个露天煤矿附近的Adivasi（部落）村庄的实地调查，试图为这项调查做出贡献。它说明了在一个主要不稳定的劳动环境中，正式就业作为被征用土地的补偿的可能性，以及这种就业促进阶级流动的方式，如何在围绕剥夺土地塑造当地政治动态方面发挥重要作用。分析表明，在所研究的社区中，因剥夺权利而获得的补偿性工作如何导致新的阶级分化和政治关系的转变，从而遏制了抵抗的潜力——正是在这种情况下，反对剥夺权利的声音本可以被认为更有可能出现。

引用次数: 4

Frontiers of cosmopolitanism: Educational enclaves and the extractive roots of international schools. 世界主义的前沿:教育飞地与国际学校的萃取根源。

IF 1.2 3区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Critique of Anthropology

Pub Date : 2021-12-01 Epub Date: 2021-11-11 DOI: 10.1177/0308275X211059655

Matthieu Bolay, Jeanne Rey

This article situates international expatriate schools in their cultural and political economy by drawing attention to the tensions between a cosmopolitan educational ethos and processes of social, economic and legal enclavement. Based on extensive multi-sited ethnographic research in the international school sector, we show how cosmopolitan claims of openness mirror a relative closure and 'offshore-like' enclavement. To do so, we build upon the notions of modularity and extractivism, which we use as heuristics to analyse social and spatial practices of defining boundaries. Gazing beyond the main foundational myth of international schools, we first outline their concomitant extractive roots. Second, we shed light on the conditions of international teachers' circulation worldwide. Third, we examine the territorial entanglements and disentanglements that characterise international schools. Finally, we investigate the tensions induced by a cosmopolitan educational ethos whose discourse of inclusion is inevitably paired with practices of exclusion.

本文通过提请注意世界性教育精神与社会、经济和法律包围过程之间的紧张关系，将国际外籍学校置于其文化和政治经济中。基于国际学校领域广泛的多地点人种学研究，我们展示了开放的世界性主张如何反映了相对封闭和“离岸”式的包围。为此，我们以模块化和提取主义的概念为基础，将其作为启发式方法来分析定义边界的社会和空间实践。在国际学校的主要基础神话之外，我们首先概述了它们共同的萃取根源。第二，揭示了国际教师在世界范围内的流动状况。第三，我们考察了国际学校特有的领土纠葛和解除纠葛。最后，我们探讨了世界主义教育思潮所引发的紧张关系，这种思潮的包容话语不可避免地与排斥实践相结合。

引用次数: 0

Cosmopolitan enclaves: An introduction. 大都会飞地:介绍。

IF 1.2 3区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Critique of Anthropology

Pub Date : 2021-12-01 Epub Date: 2021-11-06 DOI: 10.1177/0308275X211059659

Jeanne Rey, Matthieu Bolay, Yonatan N Gez

Cosmopolitan enclaves emerge at the intersection of global dynamics and local contexts as spaces where the cultivation of a cosmopolitan ethos encounters processes of socio-spatial boundary work and segregation. In the introduction to this special issue, we discuss under which circumstances the intention to cultivate open-mindedness goes hand in hand with keeping the local environment at bay. We argue that ethnographic attention to cosmopolitan enclaves may help bridge macro-level observations regarding globalization and its graduated sovereignties with the micro-level understanding of actual day-to-day interactions and boundary work within concrete spaces. We thus address the paradox of the omnipresence of enclaves in a global world and analyse the ambiguous aspirations and expectations derived from cosmopolitan ideals and how they relate to (under)privilege. While cosmopolitan aspirations exist alongside reproductions of postcolonial representations and hierarchies, they may also express the will to resist the politics of exclusion by demarcating an alternative safe haven.

世界主义飞地出现在全球动态和地方背景的交叉点，作为世界主义精神的培养遇到社会空间边界工作和隔离过程的空间。在本期特刊的导言中，我们讨论了在何种情况下，培养开放思想的意图与保护本地环境同时进行。我们认为，民族志对世界性飞地的关注可能有助于将宏观层面上关于全球化及其主权等级的观察与微观层面上对具体空间内实际日常互动和边界工作的理解联系起来。因此，我们解决了飞地在全球化世界中无处不在的悖论，并分析了来自世界主义理想的模糊愿望和期望，以及它们与特权的关系。虽然世界主义的愿望与后殖民表征和等级制度的再现并存，但它们也可能通过划定另一个避风港来表达抵制排斥政治的意愿。

引用次数: 5

Making others (un)equal: The social ethics of Scandinavian enclaving in Maputo, Mozambique 使他人（不）平等：莫桑比克马普托斯堪的纳维亚奴役的社会伦理

IF 1.2 3区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Critique of Anthropology

Pub Date : 2021-11-17 DOI: 10.1177/0308275X211059663

Flora Botelho

This article explores practices and ideologies of equality as the central mechanisms through which cosmopolitan Scandinavians in the capital of Mozambique simultaneously build themselves as a community and sever relationships with locals, thereby constructing a socioeconomic, cultural and moral enclave within the city. Scandinavian sociality is predicated upon the absence of overt signs of social differentiation and these practices are reproduced in their interactions in Maputo. Egalitarian values, paradoxically, allow Scandinavians to mask the structures of inequality inherent to local society and engage in structurally unequal relations in which they act as if all interactions were between autonomous equals, possessed of equivalent social and economic capital. Specifically, the article explores the ways through which Scandinavian expatriates justify the use of domestic labour while refusing to recognise the implication of this structurally unequal employment in the local context. By insisting on equality and autonomy as the basis for social interactions, Scandinavians reject local forms of constructing relationships that are predicated upon the recognition of unequal positions and an obligation of responsibility towards dependents. They thereby refuse to engage with local expectations and understandings of labour relations and fail to recognise the implications of their position within the Mozambican social hierarchy.

本文探讨了平等的实践和意识形态，这些实践和意识形态是莫桑比克首都斯堪的纳维亚人建立社区和切断与当地人关系的核心机制，从而在城市中构建社会经济、文化和道德飞地。斯堪的纳维亚的社会性是建立在没有明显的社会分化迹象的基础上的，这些做法在马普托的互动中得到了再现。矛盾的是，平等价值观允许斯堪的纳维亚人掩盖当地社会固有的不平等结构，并参与结构上的不平等关系，在这种关系中，他们表现得好像所有的互动都是在拥有同等社会和经济资本的自主平等者之间进行的。具体而言，这篇文章探讨了斯堪的纳维亚外籍人士在拒绝承认这种结构性不平等就业在当地背景下的含义的同时，为使用国内劳动力辩护的方式。斯堪的纳维亚人坚持将平等和自治作为社会交往的基础，拒绝以承认不平等地位和对受抚养人承担责任为基础的当地形式的构建关系。因此，他们拒绝参与当地对劳动关系的期望和理解，也没有认识到他们在莫桑比克社会等级制度中的地位所带来的影响。

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引用次数: 1

‘You’ll be very far from this place’: Temporal and spatial aspirations at Bridge International Academies in Kenya “你会离这个地方很远”：肯尼亚布里奇国际学院的时间和空间愿望

IF 1.2 3区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Critique of Anthropology

Pub Date : 2021-11-12 DOI: 10.1177/0308275X211059661

M. Kagan, Y. Gez

The association between aspirations and education across the African continent is widely recognized. However, it is only in recent years that scholars began observing this connection in the context of the booming low-fee private schools (LFPS) sector. In this article, we consider the case of one of Kenya’s most prominent LFPS actors, a chain of primary schools called Bridge International Academies (BIA). Despite catering for a lower-class clientele, BIA bears ostensible markers of privilege, in the form of a veneer of internationality and intensive application of technology. Indeed, while BIA’s main promise relates to performance on the critical Kenyan Certificate Primary Education exam as a gateway to a better future, such promises are profoundly infused with ideas that appear disconnected from the harsh material conditions of the schools’ clients and staff. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in BIA schools in Nairobi focused on teachers and staff, we show the appeal of the language of internationalism to socio-economically marginalized Kenyans and consider its multiple interpretations within local imaginations.

在整个非洲大陆，抱负与教育之间的联系得到了广泛认可。然而，直到最近几年，学者们才开始在蓬勃发展的低收费私立学校(LFPS)行业的背景下观察到这种联系。在本文中，我们考虑肯尼亚最著名的LFPS参与者之一的案例，这是一家名为Bridge International Academies (BIA)的连锁小学。尽管BIA的服务对象是下层阶级的客户，但它以国际化和技术密集应用的形式，表现出了表面上的特权标志。事实上，虽然BIA的主要承诺与在关键的肯尼亚初级教育证书考试中的表现有关，作为通往更美好未来的门户，但这些承诺深刻地融入了与学校客户和员工的恶劣物质条件脱节的想法。通过对内罗毕BIA学校的教师和工作人员的民族志实地考察，我们展示了国际主义语言对社会经济边缘化的肯尼亚人的吸引力，并考虑了其在当地想象力中的多种解释。

引用次数: 1

A cosmopolitan bubble? Constructions of locality at an international school in China 世界性的泡沫?中国一所国际学校的地方建设

IF 1.2 3区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Critique of Anthropology

Pub Date : 2021-11-09 DOI: 10.1177/0308275X211059656

Michal Assa-Inbar

The notion of cosmopolitanism captures the duality of the global world. On one hand, it represents an inclusive orientation towards the cultural Other, while on the other, it has become a form of cultural capital that is owned by the global elite and frequently used to demarcate social distinctions. This article, based on ethnographic research in an international school in China, introduces the concretization of this paradox. The article shows how teachers and students in a gated school – in which local students, by Chinese law, were not permitted to study – used different practices to signify invented Chineseness as legitimate and non-legitimate. This process is explored by deciphering practices of boundary-making that produced a unique bubble. Based on three mechanisms of boundary-making and groupness, I show how a cultural process of identification and differentiation challenges previous empirical assumptions of selective boundaries in reference to the locale. Instead, the presence of ambiguous perceptions of Chinese locality in school suggest the existence of elastic, continuous and unfixed boundaries.

世界主义的概念抓住了全球世界的两重性。一方面，它代表了对文化他者的包容性取向，另一方面，它已成为一种为全球精英所拥有的文化资本形式，经常被用来划定社会差异。本文以中国一所国际学校的民族志研究为基础，具体介绍了这一悖论。这篇文章展示了在一所封闭的学校里，老师和学生是如何用不同的做法来表明“虚构的中国”是合法的和不合法的。根据中国的法律，当地学生是不允许在这里学习的。这个过程是通过解读产生独特气泡的边界制作实践来探索的。基于边界形成和群体的三种机制，我展示了识别和分化的文化过程如何挑战先前关于区域选择边界的经验假设。相反，学校中对中国地域的模糊认知表明了弹性、连续和不固定边界的存在。

引用次数: 1

Looking for the authentic other: Cosmopolitan ethos and orientalism in French migrants’ experiences in Abu Dhabi 寻找真正的他者:阿布扎比法国移民经历中的世界主义精神与东方主义

IF 1.2 3区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Critique of Anthropology

Pub Date : 2021-11-06 DOI: 10.1177/0308275X211059658

Claire Cosquer

French migrants in Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates – UAE) are often portrayed as money-driven and greedy, notably by their compatriots. Common representations of the Gulf area as extraordinarily affluent reinforce these suspicions and prompt migrants to justify their expatriation. This moral effort takes on the form of a cosmopolitan ethos. French residents in Abu Dhabi generally express a strong desire to get out of the ‘expatriate bubble’, to meet the ‘locals’, and to experience ‘difference’ and ‘diversity’. They perform migration as an opportunity for cultural enrichment and continuously search for otherness. Abu Dhabi’s unusual demographics and singular coloniality generate complex tensions around these cosmopolitan desires. French delineations of (valuable) otherness conflate ‘local’ and ‘national’, largely replicating orientalist structures of perception. These perceptive schemes homogenize the UAE and erase its ‘diversity’ within the cosmopolitan rationale. French delineations of localness also draw on national narratives constructing the country as ‘Arab’, while casting the foreign resident population (89% of the total UAE population) as non-local and temporary. Drawing on ethnographic field research, the article analyses expatriate cosmopolitan desires for difference as the encounter of Western orientalism and Emirati national narratives of Arabness.

在阿布扎比（阿拉伯联合酋长国-阿联酋）的法国移民经常被描绘成金钱驱动和贪婪的人，尤其是他们的同胞。海湾地区异常富裕的共同表现强化了这些怀疑，并促使移民为他们的移居国外辩护。这种道德努力呈现出一种世界主义精神的形式。阿布扎比的法国居民普遍表示，他们强烈希望走出“外籍人士泡沫”，与“当地人”见面，体验“差异”和“多样性”。他们将移民视为文化丰富和不断寻找另类的机会。阿布扎比不同寻常的人口结构和独特的殖民主义围绕着这些国际化的欲望产生了复杂的紧张关系。法国人对（有价值的）另类的描述将“地方”和“国家”混为一谈，在很大程度上复制了东方主义的感知结构。这些富有洞察力的方案使阿联酋变得同质化，并抹去了其国际化理念中的“多样性”。法国人对地方性的描述也借鉴了将国家构建为“阿拉伯”的国家叙事，同时将外国居民人口（占阿联酋总人口的89%）塑造为非本地和临时的。本文在民族志田野调查的基础上，分析了作为西方东方主义与阿拉伯民族叙事相遇的外籍世界主义对差异的渴望。

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引用次数: 3

When diversity becomes a resource: Managing alterity and everyday cosmopolitanisms in Carlo Pisacane, a primary school in Rome 当多样性成为一种资源时：在罗马的一所小学Carlo Piscane管理互变和日常世界主义

IF 1.2 3区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Critique of Anthropology

Pub Date : 2021-11-05 DOI: 10.1177/0308275X211059654

C. Cacciotti

The paper addresses the ways in which the negative social connotation associated with a majority of foreigners in an Italian primary school (Carlo Pisacane, Rome) was first ‘ethnicized’ in numerical terms, and subsequently politically transformed into an issue of national identity. The purpose of this paper is then to show Pisacane’s attempts to transform itself from a school of immigrants into a cosmopolitan space and, to some extent, how it is unintentionally transforming itself into a cosmopolitan enclave. The proposal is therefore to rethink to Pisacane as a cosmopolitan enclave within which different forms of everyday cosmopolitanisms have the opportunity to grow and develop, together with some paradoxes and unintentional practices of exclusion. In the attempt to eradicate the opposition between being cosmopolitan and being parochial, the suggestion is to rethink to cosmopolitanism no longer as a typical phenomenon of Western “rootless” elites but rather as situated.

本文探讨了意大利小学（罗马，Carlo Piscane）中与大多数外国人相关的负面社会内涵如何首先在数字上被“种族化”，随后在政治上转变为民族认同问题。本文的目的是展示比萨卡内试图将自己从一所移民学校转变为一个国际化的空间，以及在某种程度上，它是如何无意中将自己转变为一块国际化的飞地的。因此，我们的建议是重新思考比萨卡纳作为一个国际化的飞地，在这里，不同形式的日常世界主义有机会成长和发展，同时也有一些悖论和无意的排斥做法。为了消除世界主义和狭隘主义之间的对立，建议重新思考世界主义不再是西方“无根”精英的典型现象，而是其所处的位置。

引用次数: 0

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