Pub Date : 2024-12-14DOI: 10.1016/j.jort.2024.100851
Julius Arnegger , Bernd Eisenstein , Hubert Job , Manuel Woltering
We assess the brand strength of the main large-scale protected area (PA) categories in Germany based on the marketing funnel logic. It has long been argued in the literature that PAs, in general, can be strong regional brands in tourism, but that different PA categories may have a stronger or weaker brand identity. For example, it is often claimed that the national park label is the most well-known worldwide, and hence the most attractive as a tourist brand. However, the difference in brand strength has so far not been systematically assessed with nationally representative studies. Our research note addresses this gap, relying on a representative panel survey (N = 3,192) for Germany. We find that national parks are indeed the strongest brand, and that nature parks, despite being often described as a rather weak protection category, come second. On the other hand, biosphere reserves, although characterized as the most modern approach to area conservation, have a much more diffuse image. Implications point to the need for a stronger focus on differences between PA categories in communication and marketing.
{"title":"Research note: Protected area labels as brands in tourism","authors":"Julius Arnegger , Bernd Eisenstein , Hubert Job , Manuel Woltering","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100851","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100851","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We assess the brand strength of the main large-scale protected area (PA) categories in Germany based on the marketing funnel logic. It has long been argued in the literature that PAs, in general, can be strong regional brands in tourism, but that different PA categories may have a stronger or weaker brand identity. For example, it is often claimed that the national park label is the most well-known worldwide, and hence the most attractive as a tourist brand. However, the difference in brand strength has so far not been systematically assessed with nationally representative studies. Our research note addresses this gap, relying on a representative panel survey (N = 3,192) for Germany. We find that national parks are indeed the strongest brand, and that nature parks, despite being often described as a rather weak protection category, come second. On the other hand, biosphere reserves, although characterized as the most modern approach to area conservation, have a much more diffuse image. Implications point to the need for a stronger focus on differences between PA categories in communication and marketing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100851"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143098159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-11DOI: 10.1016/j.jort.2024.100848
Boyu Lin , Yunxuan Carrie Zhang , Woojin Lee
Since COVID-19, proximity tourism has gained popularity as the natural environment plays a critical role in mitigating psychological issues via restorative effects. Grounded in restorative environment theory, this study examines tourists' perceptions of proximal nature-based tourism by integrating sentiment analysis with fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). Study 1 explored tourists’ attitudes toward the values of a nearby natural park, Saguaro National Park, through 14,906 Instagram posts. Among aesthetic, recreational, emotional, social, and educational values, the sentiment analysis revealed that emotional value scored the highest in visiting satisfaction. Study 2 (N = 357) utilized fsQCA to identify four valuation configurations that affect subjective well-being, consistently highlighting emotional value as a critical factor. These findings underscore the significant role of emotional value in proximity tourism. This study is among the first to integrate sentiment analysis with fsQCA in tourism literature, emphasizing methodological innovation. The results also suggest actionable strategies for multiple tourism stakeholders to enhance natural area management and promote proximity tourism.
Management implications
This study identified emotional value receives the highest score for visiting satisfaction and is a necessary condition in all valuation configurations for bolstering well-being. Thus, DMOs should highlight the distinctive values of proximal natural areas and effectively showcase the emotional appeal of nearby destinations to unlock the full potential of proximity tourism as a valuable and resilient facet of the broader tourism sector. DMOs also need to foster collaboration and partnerships with local businesses, attraction management teams, and community organizations to protect the environmental elements and facilities in proximal destinations to enrich the overall tourism experience within proximity to residences. Local government agencies as a crucial role in managing and protecting these areas should make regulatory frameworks, enforce environmental laws, and invest in infrastructure for conservation purposes.
{"title":"Tourists’ perceptions of proximity tourism: Insights from sentiment analysis and fsQCA","authors":"Boyu Lin , Yunxuan Carrie Zhang , Woojin Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100848","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100848","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since COVID-19, proximity tourism has gained popularity as the natural environment plays a critical role in mitigating psychological issues via restorative effects. Grounded in restorative environment theory, this study examines tourists' perceptions of proximal nature-based tourism by integrating sentiment analysis with fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). Study 1 explored tourists’ attitudes toward the values of a nearby natural park, Saguaro National Park, through 14,906 Instagram posts. Among aesthetic, recreational, emotional, social, and educational values, the sentiment analysis revealed that emotional value scored the highest in visiting satisfaction. Study 2 (N = 357) utilized fsQCA to identify four valuation configurations that affect subjective well-being, consistently highlighting emotional value as a critical factor. These findings underscore the significant role of emotional value in proximity tourism. This study is among the first to integrate sentiment analysis with fsQCA in tourism literature, emphasizing methodological innovation. The results also suggest actionable strategies for multiple tourism stakeholders to enhance natural area management and promote proximity tourism.</div></div><div><h3>Management implications</h3><div>This study identified emotional value receives the highest score for visiting satisfaction and is a necessary condition in all valuation configurations for bolstering well-being. Thus, DMOs should highlight the distinctive values of proximal natural areas and effectively showcase the emotional appeal of nearby destinations to unlock the full potential of proximity tourism as a valuable and resilient facet of the broader tourism sector. DMOs also need to foster collaboration and partnerships with local businesses, attraction management teams, and community organizations to protect the environmental elements and facilities in proximal destinations to enrich the overall tourism experience within proximity to residences. Local government agencies as a crucial role in managing and protecting these areas should make regulatory frameworks, enforce environmental laws, and invest in infrastructure for conservation purposes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100848"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143098280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-06DOI: 10.1016/j.jort.2024.100840
Maxim Vlasov
In this article, I examine the relevance of outdoor adventures in the troubled times of climate catastrophe, mass extinction, and ecological breakdown by attending to human relationship with fire. Informed by post-anthropocentric perspectives found in feminist new materialism and indigenous wisdom, the article reveals how more-than-human agency, care, and reciprocity are manifested in the ancestral skill of making fire by friction. Three relational stories are crafted from my personal experiences with learning the bow drill method of friction fire during a year-long course on ancestral skills. These stories of making fire-with trees, plants, tools, weather, and other human and non-human bodies connect situated experiences from the forest with broader contemporary concerns related to outdoor ethics, technological dependencies of modern outdoor practice, and the conflicting meanings of survival and good life in the Anthropocene. The article contributes with a unique situated account of more-than-human entanglements involved in fire making, along with the ontological and ethico-political possibilities that learning this ancestral skill may present for imagining deep ecological transformations through outdoor adventures. Instead of an archaic reminder of human mastery over nature or an outdated guilty pleasure, fire emerges as a non-human teacher, companion, and a caring host who provides spaces to come together and experiment with more relational ways of living as well as possible in multispecies worlds.
{"title":"The art of making fire-with","authors":"Maxim Vlasov","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100840","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100840","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this article, I examine the relevance of outdoor adventures in the troubled times of climate catastrophe, mass extinction, and ecological breakdown by attending to human relationship with fire. Informed by post-anthropocentric perspectives found in feminist new materialism and indigenous wisdom, the article reveals how more-than-human agency, care, and reciprocity are manifested in the ancestral skill of making fire by friction. Three relational stories are crafted from my personal experiences with learning the bow drill method of friction fire during a year-long course on ancestral skills. These stories of making fire-with trees, plants, tools, weather, and other human and non-human bodies connect situated experiences from the forest with broader contemporary concerns related to outdoor ethics, technological dependencies of modern outdoor practice, and the conflicting meanings of survival and good life in the Anthropocene. The article contributes with a unique situated account of more-than-human entanglements involved in fire making, along with the ontological and ethico-political possibilities that learning this ancestral skill may present for imagining deep ecological transformations through outdoor adventures. Instead of an archaic reminder of human mastery over nature or an outdated guilty pleasure, fire emerges as a non-human teacher, companion, and a caring host who provides spaces to come together and experiment with more relational ways of living as well as possible in multispecies worlds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100840"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143150185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-30DOI: 10.1016/j.jort.2024.100838
B. Junker-Köhler , V. Gundersen , K.M. Bærum , D.N. Barton
The attractiveness of urban forests for people is complex, influenced by culture, social norms, and individual characteristics. The main factors include the occurrence and nature of accessibility (far-near), the availability of facilities (less-more), and the level of naturalness (less-more) in the landscapes. Urban areas most used for recreation, as streets and parks, are often those areas that are most developed by infrastructure and constructions. There seems to be a gap between stated preference, intentions and actual behaviour for recreation in an urban setting. In this study we aim to investigate the motivations for and actual use of six defined green space classes along the urban-peri-urban continuum, and how socio-demographic factors varied along this spectrum. We tested this by means of representative web-survey of the city of Oslo population (N = 1003), Norway. Recreational use frequency was highest in the inner-city built zone. The results confirm earlier research that socio-demographic variables vary along the urban-peri-urban continuum. That variation does not stop at the city's edge but extends into a gradient within the built zone. Our results show that many of the same motivations for visiting the inner-city are very similar to those desired by visitors to remote peri-urban natural areas. People's demand for peace and quiet, and escape from everyday routines, work, and stress are important motivations in the inner-city built zone. Our study results support research showing that parks, backcountry and wilderness are relative concepts defining inhabitants' recreational ‘home range’ as a function of their experiences and understanding of these spaces as nature. The findings have implications for recreation valuation and accounting.
{"title":"Recreation ‘home range’: Motivations and use of green spaces along an urban—peri-urban continuum","authors":"B. Junker-Köhler , V. Gundersen , K.M. Bærum , D.N. Barton","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100838","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100838","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The attractiveness of urban forests for people is complex, influenced by culture, social norms, and individual characteristics. The main factors include the occurrence and nature of accessibility (far-near), the availability of facilities (less-more), and the level of naturalness (less-more) in the landscapes. Urban areas most used for recreation, as streets and parks, are often those areas that are most developed by infrastructure and constructions. There seems to be a gap between stated preference, intentions and actual behaviour for recreation in an urban setting. In this study we aim to investigate the motivations for and actual use of six defined green space classes along the urban-peri-urban continuum, and how socio-demographic factors varied along this spectrum. We tested this by means of representative web-survey of the city of Oslo population (N = 1003), Norway. Recreational use frequency was highest in the inner-city built zone. The results confirm earlier research that socio-demographic variables vary along the urban-peri-urban continuum. That variation does not stop at the city's edge but extends into a gradient within the built zone. Our results show that many of the same motivations for visiting the inner-city are very similar to those desired by visitors to remote peri-urban natural areas. People's demand for peace and quiet, and escape from everyday routines, work, and stress are important motivations in the inner-city built zone. Our study results support research showing that parks, backcountry and wilderness are relative concepts defining inhabitants' recreational ‘home range’ as a function of their experiences and understanding of these spaces as nature. The findings have implications for recreation valuation and accounting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100838"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142747885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.jort.2024.100839
Qiucheng Li , Yaxin Wang , Wenjun Shan , Jingjing Guan
The sustainable development of tourism is closely tied to the protection and preservation of natural environments, particularly in nature-based destinations where the appeal and competitiveness depend heavily on the quality of environmental resources. Among the various strategies to enhance environmental sustainability, a strong emphasis has been placed on encouraging tourists to engage in spontaneous on-site pro-environmental behavior (PEB). However, tourists' participation in PEB at travel destinations often presents a scenario of social dilemma, where individual interests conflict with collective benefits. This conflict often makes individuals less willing to engage in PEB in the tourism context than they would in their everyday environments. To address this issue, the study advances the norm-activation theory (NAT), a well-established framework in PEB studies, by incorporating trust and emotion—two critical factors in resolving social dilemmas. An integrated model was proposed to better understand and predict the formation of tourists' on-site PEB and was empirically tested on a sample of 544 visitors from three natural parks in Hangzhou, China. The results reveal that (1) the two dimensions of trust—interpersonal trust and outcome trust—have significant effects on the key cognitive variables in NAT, namely ascription of responsibility and awareness of consequence, and (2) the emotional bond developed between tourists and the destination significantly enhances the link between ascription of responsibility and tourists' PEB intentions through the mediation of personal norm. These findings suggest that innovative interactive-based approaches can be implemented to more effectively promote tourists’ on-site PEB, thereby fostering sustainability in nature-based destinations.
{"title":"Dual trust, emotional bond, and tourists’ on-site pro-environmental behavior at nature-based destinations: Extending norm-activation theory from the perspective of social dilemma","authors":"Qiucheng Li , Yaxin Wang , Wenjun Shan , Jingjing Guan","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100839","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100839","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The sustainable development of tourism is closely tied to the protection and preservation of natural environments, particularly in nature-based destinations where the appeal and competitiveness depend heavily on the quality of environmental resources. Among the various strategies to enhance environmental sustainability, a strong emphasis has been placed on encouraging tourists to engage in spontaneous on-site pro-environmental behavior (PEB). However, tourists' participation in PEB at travel destinations often presents a scenario of social dilemma, where individual interests conflict with collective benefits. This conflict often makes individuals less willing to engage in PEB in the tourism context than they would in their everyday environments. To address this issue, the study advances the norm-activation theory (NAT), a well-established framework in PEB studies, by incorporating trust and emotion—two critical factors in resolving social dilemmas. An integrated model was proposed to better understand and predict the formation of tourists' on-site PEB and was empirically tested on a sample of 544 visitors from three natural parks in Hangzhou, China. The results reveal that (1) the two dimensions of trust—interpersonal trust and outcome trust—have significant effects on the key cognitive variables in NAT, namely ascription of responsibility and awareness of consequence, and (2) the emotional bond developed between tourists and the destination significantly enhances the link between ascription of responsibility and tourists' PEB intentions through the mediation of personal norm. These findings suggest that innovative interactive-based approaches can be implemented to more effectively promote tourists’ on-site PEB, thereby fostering sustainability in nature-based destinations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100839"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142703800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<div><div>The COVID-19 pandemic significantly affected human-environment systems, including human leisure behaviour and travel destinations choices. Multiple research studies reported remarkable anomalies in visitation volumes in outdoor recreation and tourism destinations, such as forests. Yet, the large majority of studies focused on the sole effect of the pandemic on visitation numbers, disregarding the dynamic nature of outdoor recreation and tourism, affected also by other determinants. Therefore, the aim of our study was to understand the influence of various environmental, social and public health factors on visits to forests during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results are based upon empirical data collected during long-term visitor monitoring in three forest destinations in Poland. Hourly visitor counts were registered via pyroelectric sensors (Eco-Counter) located along recreational trails between 2020 and 2022. Additionally, national public health and meteorological variables, along with selected indices of Google Mobility Reports were integrated into the final database. Boosted Regression Trees were applied to model forest visitation. The results show significant influence of multiple factors on the magnitude of forest visitation. There are large regional differences in the weight of specific determinants.</div><div>Both seasonal tourism and the seasons had a significant impact on the frequency of public visits to forest areas. As the number of restrictions related to COVID-19 increased, the number of people visiting the forests decreased. Factors such as free time, day length, temperature, stringency index (this index records the strictness of government policies against COVID-19), number of COVID-19 new cases and people mobility in different places influenced forest visitation.</div><div>The outcomes of this study substantially contribute to the ongoing international debate concerning effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on outdoor tourism and recreation. It highlights the necessity of integrating social and environmental determinants, next to the indices describing the COVID-19 pandemic, to better understand the complex nature of forest use to be able to take evidence-based decisions related to public health preparedness planning and forest management in future.</div></div><div><h3>Management implications</h3><div><ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>Information on the mobility of society in forest areas from long-term monitoring can support forest management and adapt it to the needs of society.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>An increase in the number of people using forest areas can increase society's expectations for the development of forest areas, including the combination of different forest functions.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>In addition to the indices describing the COVID-19 pandemic, social and environmental factors must also be included to better understand the complex nature of forest use in orde
{"title":"Navigating complexities in forest visitation modelling: Intersecting environmental, social, and public health factors during the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"Mariusz Ciesielski , Agnieszka Kamińska , Natalia Korcz , Fruzsina Stefán , Zsuzsa Koos , Karolina Taczanowska","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100834","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100834","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The COVID-19 pandemic significantly affected human-environment systems, including human leisure behaviour and travel destinations choices. Multiple research studies reported remarkable anomalies in visitation volumes in outdoor recreation and tourism destinations, such as forests. Yet, the large majority of studies focused on the sole effect of the pandemic on visitation numbers, disregarding the dynamic nature of outdoor recreation and tourism, affected also by other determinants. Therefore, the aim of our study was to understand the influence of various environmental, social and public health factors on visits to forests during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results are based upon empirical data collected during long-term visitor monitoring in three forest destinations in Poland. Hourly visitor counts were registered via pyroelectric sensors (Eco-Counter) located along recreational trails between 2020 and 2022. Additionally, national public health and meteorological variables, along with selected indices of Google Mobility Reports were integrated into the final database. Boosted Regression Trees were applied to model forest visitation. The results show significant influence of multiple factors on the magnitude of forest visitation. There are large regional differences in the weight of specific determinants.</div><div>Both seasonal tourism and the seasons had a significant impact on the frequency of public visits to forest areas. As the number of restrictions related to COVID-19 increased, the number of people visiting the forests decreased. Factors such as free time, day length, temperature, stringency index (this index records the strictness of government policies against COVID-19), number of COVID-19 new cases and people mobility in different places influenced forest visitation.</div><div>The outcomes of this study substantially contribute to the ongoing international debate concerning effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on outdoor tourism and recreation. It highlights the necessity of integrating social and environmental determinants, next to the indices describing the COVID-19 pandemic, to better understand the complex nature of forest use to be able to take evidence-based decisions related to public health preparedness planning and forest management in future.</div></div><div><h3>Management implications</h3><div><ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>Information on the mobility of society in forest areas from long-term monitoring can support forest management and adapt it to the needs of society.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>An increase in the number of people using forest areas can increase society's expectations for the development of forest areas, including the combination of different forest functions.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>In addition to the indices describing the COVID-19 pandemic, social and environmental factors must also be included to better understand the complex nature of forest use in orde","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100834"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142703799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-05DOI: 10.1016/j.jort.2024.100837
Alice Wanner , Nina Mostegl , Ulrike Pröbstl-Haider
Summer destinations and local attractions in Western European countries are increasingly affected by climate change, predominantly high temperatures and impacts by thunderstorms. In order to assist practitioners, this study investigates the trade-offs visitors make under different expected weather conditions and develops recommendations for adaptation strategies. A survey containing a discrete choice experiment including different types of attractions, accessibility and weather conditions, was conducted (N = 5544). The results show that the impacts of heavy rainfall, thunderstorms and heat as a result of climate change cannot be assessed in a blanket manner. Visitors are less sensitive to high temperatures than to the probability of thunderstorms and cooler temperatures are preferred, especially for outdoor activities. Furthermore, the survey revealed that the majority of respondents would rather travel further (spatial substitution) than change the desired activity (activity substitution).
We expected that steering instruments such as higher parking fees or the enhanced accessibility by public transportation are able to change mobility patterns and enhance mitigation strategies. However. parking fees, meant to influence behavior and enhance the shift from private car to public transportation, showed limited effects. Finally, the results underline that the perceived utility of sustainability certifications remains low, and that certification has a very limited influence on the decision-making process.
{"title":"Walking on sunshine: Application of a choice experiment to understand impacts of climate change on tourism attractions","authors":"Alice Wanner , Nina Mostegl , Ulrike Pröbstl-Haider","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100837","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100837","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Summer destinations and local attractions in Western European countries are increasingly affected by climate change, predominantly high temperatures and impacts by thunderstorms. In order to assist practitioners, this study investigates the trade-offs visitors make under different expected weather conditions and develops recommendations for adaptation strategies. A survey containing a discrete choice experiment including different types of attractions, accessibility and weather conditions, was conducted (N = 5544). The results show that the impacts of heavy rainfall, thunderstorms and heat as a result of climate change cannot be assessed in a blanket manner. Visitors are less sensitive to high temperatures than to the probability of thunderstorms and cooler temperatures are preferred, especially for outdoor activities. Furthermore, the survey revealed that the majority of respondents would rather travel further (spatial substitution) than change the desired activity (activity substitution).</div><div>We expected that steering instruments such as higher parking fees or the enhanced accessibility by public transportation are able to change mobility patterns and enhance mitigation strategies. However. parking fees, meant to influence behavior and enhance the shift from private car to public transportation, showed limited effects. Finally, the results underline that the perceived utility of sustainability certifications remains low, and that certification has a very limited influence on the decision-making process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 100837"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142586355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jort.2024.100835
Julia Zink , Max Mangold , Florian Porst , Manuel Steinbauer , Marco Heurich
Protected areas aim to preserve nature and biodiversity while also providing space for outdoor activities and recreation. Visitor management, ideally based on visitor monitoring data, is crucial to balance conservation goals with the requirements of recreationists. Regulations such as prohibiting off-trail movements and temporal restrictions on the access to certain trails or areas are among the most common measures used to minimize the negative impacts of recreation on conservation goods in protected areas. In recent years, online platforms and outdoor apps have become an increasingly popular data source for visitor monitoring, but few studies have made use of their data to detect rule violations in protected areas. In this study, track data obtained from the online platforms Outdooractive and Bikemap were used to analyze the spatial distribution of hikers and bikers in the Bavarian Forest National Park, Germany, and thus to identify and localize rule violations. The analysis showed that the most frequently used trails followed the designated trail network. However, 15% of the hiking tracks and 31% of the bike tracks did not comply with national park rules and instead followed informal trails, were off-trail or disregarded temporal restrictions. Popular places for hikers were identified as well including mountain peaks, raised bogs, mountain pastures, lakes and streams, mainly in areas at higher elevations. Cyclists clustered in areas of lower elevation and on the outskirts of the national park. Knowledge derived from online tracks is helpful in developing management strategies for better visitor steering. Such measures can take place in the field as well as online to influence content on outdoor platforms and proactively communicate protected area information to visitors.
{"title":"Towards a digital ranger: Using data from outdoor platforms to detect rule violations in protected areas and improve visitor management","authors":"Julia Zink , Max Mangold , Florian Porst , Manuel Steinbauer , Marco Heurich","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100835","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100835","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Protected areas aim to preserve nature and biodiversity while also providing space for outdoor activities and recreation. Visitor management, ideally based on visitor monitoring data, is crucial to balance conservation goals with the requirements of recreationists. Regulations such as prohibiting off-trail movements and temporal restrictions on the access to certain trails or areas are among the most common measures used to minimize the negative impacts of recreation on conservation goods in protected areas. In recent years, online platforms and outdoor apps have become an increasingly popular data source for visitor monitoring, but few studies have made use of their data to detect rule violations in protected areas. In this study, track data obtained from the online platforms Outdooractive and Bikemap were used to analyze the spatial distribution of hikers and bikers in the Bavarian Forest National Park, Germany, and thus to identify and localize rule violations. The analysis showed that the most frequently used trails followed the designated trail network. However, 15% of the hiking tracks and 31% of the bike tracks did not comply with national park rules and instead followed informal trails, were off-trail or disregarded temporal restrictions. Popular places for hikers were identified as well including mountain peaks, raised bogs, mountain pastures, lakes and streams, mainly in areas at higher elevations. Cyclists clustered in areas of lower elevation and on the outskirts of the national park. Knowledge derived from online tracks is helpful in developing management strategies for better visitor steering. Such measures can take place in the field as well as online to influence content on outdoor platforms and proactively communicate protected area information to visitors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 100835"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142573299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.jort.2024.100836
Ren-Fang Chao , Leiming Zhang
<div><div>The call for pro-environmental behaviors (PEBs) is increasing amid the growing negative impact of human activity on the environment. Most studies in this domain have focused on the environmental impact of specific human behaviors, overlooking how these behaviors evolve over time. The purpose of this study is to elucidate how trekkers maintain and practice environmentally friendly behaviors in daily life. To achieve this goal, this study examined the influence of subjective norms and personal norms on daily PEBs and adopted environmental awareness as a mediating variable. This study recruited trekkers in Taiwan (n = 528) as the research subjects and employed structural equation modeling to test the proposed hypotheses. The results showed that subjective norms, personal norms, and their interaction effects all indirectly influenced PEBs through environmental awareness. In particular, the influence of subjective norms was much greater than that of personal norms, indicating that people's behaviors are more significantly impacted by others' expectations than by their own personal beliefs. These findings not only highlighted the importance of subjective and personal norms in shaping PEBs but also revealed that the PEBs cultivated during trekking activities may extend to behaviors in daily life.</div></div><div><h3>Management implications</h3><div>This study offers practical implications for management teams and practitioners at trekking destinations: they should promote daily PEBs and effective communication with trekkers. Since 2020, the number of trekkers in Taiwan has surged by 57%, resulting in significant environmental degradation. This increase can largely be attributed to insufficient staffing, as the overwhelming number of trekkers places additional burdens and stress on existing personnel. Therefore, it is essential to implement measures to regulate the number of trekkers in sensitive areas. Furthermore, the government should enhance recruitment efforts for mountain rangers to ensure adequate oversight and support.</div><div>Trekking activities often take place in remote and sparsely populated mountainous areas, where the natural environment is relatively undisturbed. As a result, environmental management faces greater challenges in these regions. In this context, local governments should consider adopting nature-oriented recreation and tourism activation strategies through direct and indirect experiences. These could include formal and informal educational programs and services, mass media, internet resources, and interpretive programs. Such initiatives aim to enhance human understanding, knowledge, and appreciation of nature, thereby shaping personal norms and subjective norms while fostering environmental awareness.</div><div>In terms of durable outcomes, it is recommended that destination management agencies and environmental protection organizations invite trekkers to participate in destination environmental management and prov
{"title":"The influence of trekkers’ personal and subjective norms on their pro-environmental behaviors","authors":"Ren-Fang Chao , Leiming Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100836","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100836","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The call for pro-environmental behaviors (PEBs) is increasing amid the growing negative impact of human activity on the environment. Most studies in this domain have focused on the environmental impact of specific human behaviors, overlooking how these behaviors evolve over time. The purpose of this study is to elucidate how trekkers maintain and practice environmentally friendly behaviors in daily life. To achieve this goal, this study examined the influence of subjective norms and personal norms on daily PEBs and adopted environmental awareness as a mediating variable. This study recruited trekkers in Taiwan (n = 528) as the research subjects and employed structural equation modeling to test the proposed hypotheses. The results showed that subjective norms, personal norms, and their interaction effects all indirectly influenced PEBs through environmental awareness. In particular, the influence of subjective norms was much greater than that of personal norms, indicating that people's behaviors are more significantly impacted by others' expectations than by their own personal beliefs. These findings not only highlighted the importance of subjective and personal norms in shaping PEBs but also revealed that the PEBs cultivated during trekking activities may extend to behaviors in daily life.</div></div><div><h3>Management implications</h3><div>This study offers practical implications for management teams and practitioners at trekking destinations: they should promote daily PEBs and effective communication with trekkers. Since 2020, the number of trekkers in Taiwan has surged by 57%, resulting in significant environmental degradation. This increase can largely be attributed to insufficient staffing, as the overwhelming number of trekkers places additional burdens and stress on existing personnel. Therefore, it is essential to implement measures to regulate the number of trekkers in sensitive areas. Furthermore, the government should enhance recruitment efforts for mountain rangers to ensure adequate oversight and support.</div><div>Trekking activities often take place in remote and sparsely populated mountainous areas, where the natural environment is relatively undisturbed. As a result, environmental management faces greater challenges in these regions. In this context, local governments should consider adopting nature-oriented recreation and tourism activation strategies through direct and indirect experiences. These could include formal and informal educational programs and services, mass media, internet resources, and interpretive programs. Such initiatives aim to enhance human understanding, knowledge, and appreciation of nature, thereby shaping personal norms and subjective norms while fostering environmental awareness.</div><div>In terms of durable outcomes, it is recommended that destination management agencies and environmental protection organizations invite trekkers to participate in destination environmental management and prov","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 100836"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142553407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-26DOI: 10.1016/j.jort.2024.100833
Justin M. Beall , Lincoln R. Larson , M. Nils Peterson , Erin Seekamp , Charlynne Smith
Parks and protected areas offer a variety of ecosystem services and promote opportunities that enhance human health and well-being. However, these benefits may be jeopardized when overcrowding degrades environmental and social conditions in parks. The COVID-19 pandemic is assumed to have been associated with substantial increases in visitation to parks and protected areas, but patterns in use and degradation varied by site type (e.g., state versus local parks; urban versus rural). In this study, we aimed to understand how changing recreational use patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic impacted parks, and how those changes differed between state and local parks across urban-rural gradients. We distributed a survey asking state park superintendents (n = 36) and local park managers (n = 84) in the state of North Carolina to estimate the extent of environmental and social impacts in their parks both before and during the pandemic. We discovered that, based on managers’ responses, state parks were approximately 12 times more likely to experience heightened environmental impacts and 23 times more likely to experience heightened social impacts than local parks during the pandemic, even when controlling for impact levels prior to the pandemic. We found no significant differences between urban and rural parks. These findings suggest regional parks may be the most vulnerable to environmental and social disturbances during times of heightened visitation, and thus highlight a need for both more resources and more attention to governance issues for these parks.
Management implications
This study found that state parks in North Carolina experienced more frequent social and environmental impacts, both before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, compared to local parks. This highlights the need to explore measures that can maintain state parks as sources of resilience and recovery during future crises while mitigating park impacts. Proposed strategies include:
•
Directing park usage to more resilient areas.
•
Establishing strategic partnerships between parks to enhance capacity.
•
Education and outreach to minimize visitor impacts.
•
Establishing emergency funds for parks most likely to be impacted during times of heightened visitation.
•
Expanding accessible greenspace in anticipation of increased visitation.
{"title":"Environmental and social impacts of shifting park-use patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic: Insights from state and local park managers","authors":"Justin M. Beall , Lincoln R. Larson , M. Nils Peterson , Erin Seekamp , Charlynne Smith","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100833","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100833","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Parks and protected areas offer a variety of ecosystem services and promote opportunities that enhance human health and well-being. However, these benefits may be jeopardized when overcrowding degrades environmental and social conditions in parks. The COVID-19 pandemic is assumed to have been associated with substantial increases in visitation to parks and protected areas, but patterns in use and degradation varied by site type (e.g., state versus local parks; urban versus rural). In this study, we aimed to understand how changing recreational use patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic impacted parks, and how those changes differed between state and local parks across urban-rural gradients. We distributed a survey asking state park superintendents (n = 36) and local park managers (n = 84) in the state of North Carolina to estimate the extent of environmental and social impacts in their parks both before and during the pandemic. We discovered that, based on managers’ responses, state parks were approximately 12 times more likely to experience heightened environmental impacts and 23 times more likely to experience heightened social impacts than local parks during the pandemic, even when controlling for impact levels prior to the pandemic. We found no significant differences between urban and rural parks. These findings suggest regional parks may be the most vulnerable to environmental and social disturbances during times of heightened visitation, and thus highlight a need for both more resources and more attention to governance issues for these parks.</div></div><div><h3>Management implications</h3><div>This study found that state parks in North Carolina experienced more frequent social and environmental impacts, both before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, compared to local parks. This highlights the need to explore measures that can maintain state parks as sources of resilience and recovery during future crises while mitigating park impacts. Proposed strategies include:<ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>Directing park usage to more resilient areas.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Establishing strategic partnerships between parks to enhance capacity.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Education and outreach to minimize visitor impacts.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Establishing emergency funds for parks most likely to be impacted during times of heightened visitation.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Expanding accessible greenspace in anticipation of increased visitation.</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 100833"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142534468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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