Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management最新文献

{"title":"Mountain bike trails in urban forests: Meeting recreation demands in Vienna and Zurich","authors":"Ludvig Alice ,&nbsp;Zivojinovic Ivana ,&nbsp;Wilkes-Allemann Jerylee","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100861","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100861","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The forests around urban centers are vulnerable to deforestation due to climate change and high societal pressure for recreation. Vienna and Zurich, with populations of approximately two million and 500,000, respectively, exemplify these issues. Both cities are growing, tourism is increasing and forest managers have struggled over recreational infrastructures. Higher urbanization has led to overcrowded urban forest areas and conflicts between the ecosystem services they provide. Mountain biking has developed rapidly in recent years, and the related urban pressure is high.</div><div>While some solutions have been found, the question remains as to how sustainable these solutions are in terms of stability and resistance to future challenges. This study investigates the struggles related to the recreational use of urban forests, focusing on illegal mountain bike trails and the response to emerging societal demands from both stakeholders and decision-makers. Using Vienna and Zurich's forests as examples, the research first traces the struggles and related negotiations for the legalization of bike trails back to their origins. Second, it explores the solutions found, and third, it assesses the changes and resulting future demands. Data sources include documents and semi-structured interviews with key actors involved, including bikers and forest managers. Our consideration of bikers and forest managers shows differences and commonalities in actor compositions, planning strategies and outcomes. The most decisive factor for infrastructure installments is organization of pressure from interest groups to influence change. However, the financial solutions require better alignment. It appears questionable whether the trails in their current state can respond to and fulfill growing demands and adapt to current technical innovation in the sports sector. The results provide insights for future efforts on how to govern and manage increasing pressure from urban populations on sports activities within nearby forest areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100861"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143421110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A method for overtourism optimisation for protected areas","authors":"Mateusz Rogowski","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100859","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100859","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing popularity of protected areas in recent years can be attributed to the reopening of tourism after the Covid-19 pandemic and the growing demand for outdoor activities in such areas. However, many protected areas are facing issues of overtourism, which negatively impacts nature, residents, the regional economy, and visitors alike. This study aims to address overtourism within protected areas through the development and validation of a new and original method known as the Method of Overtourism Optimization. The method involves the spatio-temporal diagnosis of overtourism and the implementation of actions to manage it effectively. The research utilized hourly visitor data spanning from 2017 to 2023, along with questionnaire survey data to diagnose overtourism by both visitors and residents. Actions to manage overtourism were developed through a participatory decision-making process involving protected areas managers, scientists, external experts, and public input. The research was conducted in the Stołowe Mountains National Park in Poland. Implementing the method resulted in a dispersion of visitor flow, reducing both average and peak visitor numbers around noon while increasing visitors during morning, late afternoon, and evening hours. These measures were well-received socially through participatory decision-making processes. Visitor and resident feedback played a crucial role in the social participation aspect of overtourism management, emphasizing the importance of these stakeholders in decision-making processes. The versatility of the method's application depends on its ability to implement various actions tailored to the specific landscape, access rules, and tourist trail network of each protected areas.</div></div><div><h3>Management implications</h3><div>The Method of Overtourism Optimizing represents a new approach to overtourism analysis that protected area managers can use to create tailored strategies for optimizing overtourism in their area.</div><div>When diagnosing overtourism, protected area managers form a team of stakeholders to gain the perspectives of each group. Any change should be made with this comprehensive understanding.</div><div>Protected area managers can actively involve all stakeholders, including the local community, in the decision-making process, thereby gaining public acceptance for the implemented overtourism optimization measures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100859"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143421170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Healing ourselves, healing nature”: Holistic thermalism in Spain as a mutually enriching practice?","authors":"Aida Pinos-Navarrete,&nbsp;Francisco Javier Toro-Sánchez","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100860","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100860","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Under more sustainable alternatives of tourism, a variety of proposals are encompassed, revolving around resilient and immersive leisure practices in nature. In this context, holistic thermalism stands out as a paradigmatic case of \"being-well in nature,\" relying on the on-site utilization of mineral medicinal waters to achieve an experience that transcends mere recreation, evolving into spiritual and tentacular motivations intertwined with the web of life. Indeed, this is the most significant of its defining qualities, linking thermalism to its most original and ancestral conception. The user must necessarily journey to the location where the health-giving waters reside, engage with their cyclical and ecosystemic components, and their sojourn requires a certain degree of sociability and tranquility, as sensory factors and the environment contribute to creating a therapeutic and healing landscape crucial to thermalism. Simultaneously, the setting where the thermal cure takes place must meet a series of logistical and technical requirements to ensure the success of the treatment, such as providing complementary accommodation, dining services, and other infrastructure dedicated to this slow tourism: paths and trails for strolling through environments of great aesthetic and environmental appeal. In Spain, and given the aforementioned requisites, thermal tourism is typically carried out in areas of high ecological value, within rural areas exposed to depopulation issues and the abandonment of resilient agricultural and livestock practices with the environment. In this sense, the main aim of the research is to reflect on how the use of mineral-medicinal water in thermal places in Spain is linked to the space, natural resources, heritage, population, and landscape, forming a prominent part of the concept of thermalism. At the same time, this represents an opportunity for the conservation of areas of high ecological value.</div></div><div><h3>Management implications</h3><div><ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>The uniqueness of holistic tourism and the fact that it involves non-mass tourism will attract a more concerned user.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Modern thermal centres create artificial environments indoor with little direct contact with nature.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>The efficient management of the landscape and natural resources in thermal locations is necessary.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>The concept of holistic thermalism should be introduced in thermal centres to position themselves as a health brand.</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100860"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143421169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Searching for avalanche clues — An exploratory comparison of professional and recreational use of snow, terrain, and group factors","authors":"Lauri Ahonen ,&nbsp;Markus Landrø ,&nbsp;Guang Rong ,&nbsp;Gerit Pfuhl ,&nbsp;Andrea Mannberg ,&nbsp;Audun Hetland ,&nbsp;Benjamin Ultan Cowley","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100841","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100841","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fast-growing pastime of backcountry skiing in snowy mountain terrain has raised safety concerns, particularly in avalanche-prone areas. Key to mitigating such risks is the ability of recreational skiers to make informed decisions about avalanche dangers. While avalanche professionals have developed consistent approaches to assess avalanche problems, it is unclear how well recreational skiers’ decisions align with these approaches.</div><div>Here we report a survey study of recreational skiers who had embarked on self-selected backcountry trips in a popular backcountry skiing area, near Tromsø, Northern Norway The survey, adapted from Landrø et al. (2020a), was designed to examine decision-making processes in avalanche terrain, with a subset of participants also using GPS tracking devices to contrast their decisions with slope-specific assessments by a commissioned avalanche professional.</div><div>The study aimed to identify key decision-making factors utilized by non-professional skiers in avalanche terrain. We analyzed the influence of group coordination, planning strategies, and snowpack assessments on decision-making at the self-identified most critical decision point in the skiers’ trips. Participant responses were also compared against expert avalanche hazard assessments to evaluate the accuracy of their risk awareness.</div><div>Our findings, based on 193 survey responses, indicate that while participants engage in thorough planning and group management, their use of snowpack assessment factors (i.e. cues) does not vary significantly with different environments or conditions. The study offers valuable insights into the decision-making patterns of recreational skiers in avalanche terrain, highlighting areas for potential improvement in safety and risk assessment strategies.</div><div>Management Implications</div><div><ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>There’s a critical need for more focused education aiming to enhance recreational skiers’ ability to apply snowpack assessment cues effectively.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Development of safety measures need to align more closely with the needs and skills of recreational skiers, emphasizing real-world application of decision-making frameworks.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Identifying knowledge gaps can help in crafting targeted awareness campaigns.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Insights from the study can drive policy enhancements within the tourism sector to safeguard recreationists and improve safety standards in avalanche-prone areas.</div></span></li></ul></div><div>These targeted insights are aiming toward optimizing educational strategies to improve the preparation and safety of backcountry recreational skiers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100841"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143388245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geocaching and tourist activity in Slovenia: An exploration of travel patterns","authors":"Marko Poženel ,&nbsp;Aljaž Zrnec ,&nbsp;Dejan Lavbič","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100852","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100852","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding tourist flows is essential for tailoring offerings to meet visitor needs and maintain competitiveness in the global tourism market. Traditional methods of analysing these flows are increasingly being supplanted by data generated from online sources shared by tourists, enabling analyses based on both traveller demographics and regional attributes. Geocaching, a form of outdoor recreation that leverages GPS technology to locate hidden geocaches, offers one such data source. This study explores how geocaching activity patterns across Slovenian municipalities, covering all 212 municipalities, categorized into 6 municipality types, compare to typical tourist visitation trends. The primary objectives were to assess whether geocaching is a viable alternative data source for analysing tourism in Slovenia and whether it can stimulate tourism in less-visited regions. Results indicate that geocaching, with 5,724 geocaches found 879,860 times by 53,854 users from 2008 to 2020, is an emerging element of the Slovenian tourism landscape. By correlating geocaching data with official tourism statistics at the municipal level, we found a positive association between geocaching finds and tourist visits, particularly in areas of high tourist interest. Additionally, geocaching activity in non-traditional tourism destinations suggests its potential to attract visitors to underrepresented regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100852"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143377711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glamping: A review","authors":"Christopher A. Craig","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100858","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100858","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glamping has been a topic in the academic literature for over 10-years (2013–2024) after first appearing in the legacy news media in 2005. Despite multiple calls to consolidate the academic glamping literature, this is the first known review of peer-reviewed studies. Most authors define glamping with the terms “camping” and “glamorous,” or some form of the latter word (e.g., luxury). The general consensus is that glamping has special features (e.g., amenities, services) that are distinguishable from traditional camping, and demands premium pricing. Not all cultures agree about what entails a glamping accommodating structure, however. Given the wide disparity of glamping definitions and conceptualizations, I globally define glamping as <em>camping with glamorous or luxurious distinctions that are not typical or expected of traditional camping</em>. The study's overarching objectives were to synthesize the glamping literature into core themes, identify research gaps, and prescribe future research directions. Results of the review unveil four themes in the glamping literature, the two most salient glamping attributes and factors influencing planned glamping behaviours. The three research gaps future researchers should address are: (1) inconsistent operationalizations of glamping, (2) inequivalent exploratory methodologies not grounded in theory, and (3) inequivalent attention on glampers, not glamping operator performance. The global definition acknowledges cultural differences in glamping, thus it does not explicitly prescribe an accommodating structure. Future researchers should be sure to describe glamping accommodations within the context of their own culture. Practical and policy implications as well as study limitations are provided.</div></div><div><h3>Management implications</h3><div>The review uncovered three salient management implications. First are the attributes that glampers find most desirable: nature or outdoors, tangibles (e.g., amenities, décor), services (e.g., dining, housekeeping), recreational accesses (e.g., hiking, yoga), and COVID-19 avoidance. Second is that some travellers prefer space and privacy that emerged as essential glamping characteristics during the COVID-19 pandemic. Third is demographic characteristics of a glamper, including a younger, diverse, and employed audience that usually travels with a partner. Furthermore, three primary managerial topics from a recent glamping industry report are: (1) glamper profiles, (2) glamping structures, and (3) glamping amenities and services.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100858"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143150183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hiker's leisure involvement and mental health: Moderating role of self-efficacy and social support","authors":"Bin Zhou ,&nbsp;Yuchen Zhu ,&nbsp;Minchen Huang ,&nbsp;Guiqiang Qiao ,&nbsp;Chris Ryan ,&nbsp;Yuxin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100857","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100857","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is well accepted that active leisure activities can enhance participants' mental health, yet a research gap remains on how leisure involvement associates with mental health. This study is based on a self-administrated survey of 557 hikers who had hiked on the North Hills' Trail in Ningbo, China. The results indicated that hikers’ mental health is positively determined by attraction, centrality, and self-expression. Both self-efficacy and social support moderate the relationship between self-expression and mental health, and self-efficacy moderates the relationship between attraction and mental health. This study confirms the impacts of leisure involvement on mental health and provides evidence for considering both personal and social factors when designing leisure activities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100857"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143098281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combining camera traps and artificial intelligence for monitoring visitor frequencies in natural areas: Lessons from a case study in the Belgian Ardenne","authors":"Quentin Guidosse ,&nbsp;Johanna Breyne ,&nbsp;Anthony Cioppa ,&nbsp;Kevin Maréchal ,&nbsp;Ulysse Rubens ,&nbsp;Marc Van Droogenbroeck ,&nbsp;Marc Dufrêne","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100856","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100856","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Visitor monitoring is essential for ecosystem management and the evaluation of ecosystem services. However, in natural areas without entrance fees and with scattered entry and exit points, this task can be challenging, costly, and labor-intensive. Camera traps can provide both quantitative and qualitative data on visitor frequencies, profiles, and activities in these remote areas. Manual image analysis, however, is time-consuming when dealing with large datasets. In this study, we analyzed more than 700,000 images collected by nineteen cameras over a year on hiking trails in the Belgian Ardenne. Consistent with recent studies, our research demonstrates that the use of a convolutional neural network (CNN) can achieve accurate and promising results in detecting and classifying people and non-people (dogs, bicycles). Nevertheless, automatic processing entails the risk of multiple counts of the same individuals, depending on camera’s position, technical characteristics, and the time intervals between photos. This paper discusses the limitations and potential improvements of the monitoring methodology, from camera setup to data analysis. It concludes by the added value of this approach for the management of natural areas.</div></div><div><h3>Management implications</h3><div>The integration of AI with camera traps offers a practical and scalable solution for natural areas management by providing accurate data on visitor frequencies and behaviors. This approach can help site managers optimize visitor flows, reduce the impact of human activities on vulnerable ecosystems, and address user conflicts. It also supports sustainable tourism by informing decisions related to infrastructure, conservation priorities, and visitor access. Additionally, the flexibility of this method allows for site-specific adaptations, ensuring that monitoring efforts are aligned with management objectives while maintaining data transparency and privacy protection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100856"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143098855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intersectionality in facilitators of active outdoor recreation in parks and protected areas","authors":"Sammie L. Powers ,&nbsp;Julie S. Son ,&nbsp;Hung-Ling (Stella) Liu ,&nbsp;Nicole Webster","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100853","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2024.100853","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study applied an intersectionality framework to explore differences in facilitators of Active Recreation Outdoors (ARO) based on race/ethnicity and income, while controlling for age, education, and gender. Data were collected via a national Qualtrics online panel survey (<em>N</em> = 556) of U.S. adults in Fall 2022. Findings indicate that racial equity facilitators are related to age and vary based on race/ethnicity. Racial equity facilitators were generally most important to Black respondents, followed by Latino and Asian respondents, and were less important to White respondents. These results suggest that ARO managing agencies can encourage sustained, increased, or new participation in ARO by focusing on increasing diverse representation, supporting ARO role models in underrepresented racial or ethnic groups, enhancing outreach and communication efforts, and ensuring that parks are welcoming and contain facilities conducive to diverse uses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100853"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143098157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Change of urban park use before and during the COVID-19 pandemic determined by on-site observation: A comparative study in Zhengzhou, China","authors":"Yang Cao ,&nbsp;Bo Li ,&nbsp;Dan He,&nbsp;Zheyuan Wu,&nbsp;Zuxing Wang,&nbsp;Yakai Lei","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100855","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100855","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, urban residents have had additional public health-related needs for their living environments. In this context, urban parks are particularly crucial for the health of residents. However, there is a lack of in-depth assessment about how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected urban park use in terms of spatial preferences of visitors with different attributes (i.e., gender, age) and visitor behavior. This study conducted on-site observation in Zhengzhou, China, to explore the change in urban park space use and residents' environmental preferences by investigating the visitation and behavior of different visitor groups in five types of park spaces before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results highlighted that: (1) The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a decrease in the overall number of park visitors compared to the non-pandemic period. However, there was a notable increase in the number of teenagers and the proportion of senior adults visiting the parks. (2) There was a marked increase in visitors to the lawn spaces, while pavilions and corridors emerged as the most appealing park areas among all demographic groups. (3) The COVID-19 pandemic did not change the main types of behavior in the park, but the specific ways and environmental preferences of various types of behavior have undergone adaptive changes. Based on the changes, we put forward several insights on future park design and management, which might help combine scientific mechanism research and park planning policy to improve urban park quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100855"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143098158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}