Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management最新文献

{"title":"Study on the mental health of women practicing mountain sports and climbing: elite vs. non-elite","authors":"David Molero ,&nbsp;Vanesa España-Romero ,&nbsp;Germán Vicente-Rodríguez","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100961","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100961","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There's current social interest in participating in outdoor activities, which necessitates a deeper examination of the psychosocial factors surrounding these sports. This proposal is part of the project \"Evaluation of the physical and mental health of women practicing mountain and climbing sports\". Mental health and psychosocial variables are analyzed in women who participate in these sports. The purpose of the study is to investigate the psychosocial well-being of the participants and to analyze the effect of age and sporting level (elite vs. non-elite). A total of 91 women participated, divided into two groups: 20 athletes from the Spanish national teams (junior and senior) in climbing, ski mountaineering, and mountain running (elite group), and 71 non-elite women. The following scales were used: the Spanish Subjective Happiness Scale Satisfaction with Life Scale, Brief Resilient Coping Scale, DASS Scale (for depression and stress), and the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory. All scales employed are validated. Significant differences were found by age (under 35 years vs. over 35 years) in resilience [<em>Z</em> = 688, <em>p</em> = .007, Hedges' <em>g</em> = .702]; depression [<em>Z</em> = 780, <em>p</em> = .05, Hedges' <em>g</em> = .452]; stress [<em>Z</em> = 789, <em>p</em> = .05, Hedges' <em>g</em> = .442]; cognitive anxiety [<em>Z</em> = 560, <em>p</em> &lt; .001, Hedges' <em>g</em> = .863]; somatic anxiety [<em>Z</em> = 758, <em>p</em> = .03, Hedges' <em>g</em> = .453]; and self-confidence [<em>Z</em> = 688, <em>p</em> = .007, Hedges' <em>g</em> = .613]. By sporting level (elite vs. non-elite), elite athletes exhibited greater life satisfaction [<em>Z</em> = 482, <em>p</em> = .028, Hedges' <em>g</em> = .559] and lower cognitive anxiety [<em>Z</em> = 383, <em>p</em> = .002, Hedges' <em>g</em> = .841]. The linear regression analysis revealed that the two predictor variables accounted for 57.7 % of the variance in subjective happiness (<em>R</em> = .785, <em>R</em>² = .586, <em>R</em>² = .577, <em>F</em>(2–88) = 62.307, <em>p</em> &lt; .001, power <em>β</em>-1 = .97783). The variable with the greatest weight was life satisfaction (<em>Beta</em> = .582, <em>t</em> = 6.901, <em>p</em> &lt; .001), followed by resilience (<em>Beta</em> = .263, <em>t</em> = 3.118, <em>p</em> = .002). The discussion of the study's findings demonstrates that this research is consistent with other similar investigations. A potential limitation of the study is the relatively small sample size.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100961"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is winter coming? Outdoor recreation voluntary associations and fat biking in Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Minnesota","authors":"Kelsey M. Johansen ,&nbsp;Raynald Harvey Lemelin","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100914","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100914","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Outdoor recreation voluntary associations (ORVAs) such as mountain biking associations play vital roles in the creation, management, and upkeep of trail systems in North America. While research on ORVAs has expanded in the last decade, studies have not sufficiently examined the challenges presented by the impacts of climate disruption on ORVAs, including increased demands on volunteers and event cancellations, nor the potential long-term impacts on the viability of trail-based activities coordinated by ORVAs. Based on interviews and surveys conducted in Northwestern Ontario (NWO) and Northeastern Minnesota (NEM), this study aimed to 1) ascertain the extent of fat biking participation in NWO and NEM and the ridership profiles of those engaged in this recreational activity, 2) assess their levels of engagement as volunteers within local ORVAs, 3) assess their willingness to volunteer in the future, and 4) explore the challenges and opportunities associated with the inclusion of fat biking as a climate change adaptive strategy within regional recreation offerings. Findings revealed that while fat bikers appreciated the volunteer efforts of trail groomers and event/race coordinators more than forty percent were unlikely to volunteer with local ORVAs. Existing ORVA volunteers reported higher demands on their time during heavy snow seasons, as well as burnout associated with a lack of volunteer recruitment and retention strategies. With climate disruption trends expected to continue, Mountain Biking ORVAs (MB-ORVAs) must proactively manage associated and compounded challenges by developing seasonal trail grooming and volunteer recruitment, management, and retention strategies and should consider rotating co-hosting duties for collaborative fat bike events to ensure the provision of safe and well-groomed trails, and regularly occurring events, which support the continued development and growth of regional winter fat biking engagement.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Statement of management implications&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;By highlighting how fat biking is employed to provide year-round trail riding opportunities, this study expands on current understandings of Mountain Biking Outdoor Recreation Voluntary Associations (MB-ORVAs) in the U.S. and Canada. MB-ORVAs must proactively manage the challenges associated with climate disruptions and the increased demand placed on volunteer groomers and administrative capacities. MB-ORVAs should:&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;div&gt;Continually assess fat bikers' perceptions of natural resource conditions (e.g., snow volume, frequency and severity of snow fall, depth of snowpack, etc.) within provided recreation settings, and the individual adaptive strategies fat bikers and other outdoor recreationists employ when faced with suboptimal conditions;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;div&gt;Assess the impact of fat bikers' perceptions of natural resource conditions and the severity of climate disruptions on their willingness to vo","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100914"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recommender systems for hiking and mountaineering: A conceptual framework and evaluation of leading outdoor apps","authors":"Sara Hamza-Mayora ,&nbsp;Víctor Labrador-Roca ,&nbsp;Rocío Fernández-Piqueras","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100959","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100959","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The growing popularity of outdoor recreation, together with the expansion of mobile applications, is transforming the way people interact with natural environments. In this context, recommender systems (RS) play an increasingly significant role, not only in planning itineraries and supporting decision-making during recreational activities, but also by mediating the recreational experience itself. This study analyses how these systems operate in hiking and mountaineering applications. Its objective is to produce a conceptual framework that synthesises the key elements of personalisation and contrasts them with the declared functionalities of the main commercial platforms on the market. The investigation was developed in three stages: firstly, reviewing literature that categorises the different types of RS and the data they require; secondly, designing a structured model around four dimensions (user, content, context, and community); and finally, a documented analysis of five commonly used apps (&lt;em&gt;Komoot, Outdooractive, Strava, Wikiloc,&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;AllTrails&lt;/em&gt;) to compare them with the model. The results reveal notable differences between the platforms. &lt;em&gt;Strava&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;AllTrails&lt;/em&gt; are the only ones that integrated all the components of the model. The rest show gaps in incorporating user-specific information and their collective behavioural data. Furthermore, the tendency to prioritise popular content can limit diverse recommendations and lead to territorial impacts. These findings provide relevant evidence for the management of natural areas, showing how the design of these systems may influence visitor flows and the sustainability of outdoor recreational activities.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Implications for management&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;The results reveal key challenges and opportunities in integrating AI-based recommender systems into outdoor recreation applications, with direct implications for the management of protected areas.&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;div&gt;Digitisation of recreational experiences is transforming visitor behaviour and expectations; digital technologies should be recognised as strategic tools for environmental communication.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;div&gt;The aggregation of individual decisions and the use of automated recommendations can lead to visitor concentration in specific locations, increasing environmental pressure and compromising sustainable management goals.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;div&gt;These systems tend to reinforce dominant spatial representations, limiting both territorial and cultural diversity and potentially undermining conservation and heritage values.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;div&gt;Effective collaboration between protected area managers and app developers is essential to improve the quality, diversity, and sustainability of recommendations.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;div&gt;Empirical models that explain how these systems operate in prac","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100959"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"","authors":"Ulrike Pröbstl-Haider","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100957","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100957","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100957"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of cell phone users’ location data to visitor monitoring in natural parks: A case study of Mount Fuji","authors":"Masaya Fujino ,&nbsp;Yuya Miyazaki ,&nbsp;Takahiro Kubo ,&nbsp;Koichi Kuriyama","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100965","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100965","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study clarified the advantages and disadvantages of employing big data (cell phone users' location data), compared with data obtained using conventional collection methods, specifically within the context of visitor monitoring (e.g., trail-selection analysis including visitors to destinations in natural parks). This was accomplished based on a case study of Mount Fuji, using cell phone users' location data (CLD) generated automatically by NTT DoCoMo's mobile spatial statistics (MSS) service. The results indicated that, despite some limitations, MSS has the advantage of generating nationwide data 24 h a day, 365 days a year, unlike on-site questionnaire surveys, enabling the measurement of population dynamics during specific periods or times that are typically inaccessible through conventional survey methods. Analysis using the discrete-choice recreation demand model of the factors underlying the choice of mountain trails provided statistically significant results, while users' trail choice was found to be impacted by the number of cabins, the number of first-aid centers, and the trails' degree of congestion. Thus, it was concluded that CLD have significant potential for application to visitor monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100965"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inclusive pathways to understand differential forest recreation participation among ethnoracial minorities in the United States","authors":"Ian E. Munanura ,&nbsp;Jeffrey D. Kline","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100964","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100964","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Public forests offer a variety of outdoor recreation activities that enhance participants’ well-being, yet participation remains low among ethnic minorities in the United States. These groups face multiple barriers, including limited information, transportation and financial constraints, safety concerns, fear of discrimination, and wildlife-related anxieties, which are often shaped by broader structural and cultural contexts. While understanding of these barriers is improving, gaps persist in conceptualizing the cognitive, social, and structural factors that influence forest recreation behavior. This review synthesizes literature on outdoor recreation constraints, emphasizing barriers unique to ethnic minorities and overlooked social influences. Drawing from the Theory of Planned Behavior, Social Cognitive Theory, Cognitive Appraisal Theory, Theory of Outdoor Recreation Constraints, and Social Complexity Theory, we propose an inclusive, process-oriented conceptual model. The framework identifies socio-psychological factors shaping forest recreation behavior, providing a foundation for future empirical studies and informing equitable, diverse, and inclusive public forest recreation policies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100964"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The psychological drivers of pro-environmental behaviors on recreational trails in Canmore, Alberta","authors":"Michelle N. Murphy,&nbsp;Elizabeth A. Halpenny","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100955","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100955","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For effective human-wildlife coexistence, particularly in landscapes where human activity overlaps with large predator habitats, gaining insight into the determinants of recreational trail users’ pro-environmental behaviour (PEB) is essential. Human cognitions, like norms and attitudes, are often positively associated with PEBs (Cialdini et al., 2006; Pearce et al., 2022; van Riper &amp; Gerard, 2014). The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of three human cognitions on wildlife- and trail-specific PEBs. Three key psychological drivers were selected as independent variables based on a literature review: 1) personal norms; 2) social norms; and 3) place attachment. Additionally, the study examines the differences in wildlife- and trail-specific PEB levels between locals and visitors. Much of the existing research examines the predictive power of human cognitions on general PEBs – such as recycling, energy consumption, and littering. This study developed measures of wildlife- and trail-supportive PEBs in collaboration with park agency staff and from a literature review. With a focus on local predators (bears, wolves, cougars, etc.), a survey was distributed to users of recreational trails near Canmore, Alberta, Canada during the summer of 2023. The three aforementioned psychological variables and selected demographics were examined for their influence on wildlife- and trail-specific PEBs. Results found only personal norms to be significantly and positively associated with both wildlife- and trail-specific PEBs. Despite predictions, place attachment and social norms were not significantly associated with the PEBs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100955"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hiking-related degradation of alpine landscape in Low Tatras national park (Slovakia) during the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"Michaela Žoncová,&nbsp;Bohuslava Hrončeková Gregorová,&nbsp;Matej Masný","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100941","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100941","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fragile alpine landscape is highly susceptible to degradation due to extreme natural conditions. An increasing number of tourists may result in additional damage, but better tools are needed to track and report it. This article documents the tourist-driven degradation of the alpine mountain area of the Low Tatras National Park (Dumbierske Tatras) in Slovakia. Easy ridge hiking trails with beautiful views and easy access to the ridge by cable car are the main attraction for tourists in this location. The main objectives of the paper are (1) to demonstrate a novel method for trail damage identification and (2) to provide a case study for a high-alpine landscape. This article compares hiking degradation from before (2018) and during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021) using a Maximum Likelihood Classification GIS method. This workflow detected that new parallel trails, shortcuts, or trails to viewpoints are being created. Over two years, the trampled area increased by more than 30 % in most of study areas, leading to subsoil exposition and the loss of soil and vegetation cover. The research workflow can serve as input data for better management of the area and strategic planning of tourism development to reduce the impacts of hiking degradation on the landscape.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100941"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145106268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leveraging AI and social media for actionable insights for nature park management","authors":"Yaella Depietri ,&nbsp;Andrea Ghermandi ,&nbsp;Liat Hadar ,&nbsp;Daniel E. Orenstein","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100923","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100923","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural Park management can benefit from the vast number of visitors' posts on social media platforms. In this research, we collected posts related to the Ramat Hanadiv Nature Park in Israel from 13 social media platforms. We analyzed texts and photographs using artificial intelligence (AI)-based methods, including the OpenAI functions in Atlas.ti, ChatGPT, and Google Cloud Vision. Regarding texts, we investigated visitors’ positive and negative emotions based on Plutchik's wheel of emotions. For photographs, we investigated visitors’ interests according to different demographics such as provenance, language, and gender. Throughout the research, we worked collaboratively with the park management team in an iterative process. Most of the textural data reflected positive feedback about the park, althoughpractitioners found negative feedback and emotions and visitor' demographicsparticularly new and useful. Overall, the use of AI greatly increases the variety of themes, preferences, and emotions that can be investigated. Practitioners saw great potential in the approach to support Nature Park planning and management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100923"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145106267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Classifying climate change adaptation measures for ski areas and ski lifts – The case of Bavaria, Germany","authors":"Pauline Metzinger ,&nbsp;Jürgen Schmude ,&nbsp;Marius Mayer","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100939","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100939","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Ski tourism is facing increasing challenges due to climate change and adapting to these changes is particularly imperative for ski areas at lower altitudes. With snowmaking as the primary adaptation for ski areas, knowledge on alternative strategies and their effectiveness to address future climate risks is limited. Furthermore, it remains unclear to what extent, and by which types of ski areas, these alternatives are implemented, and what factors drive or hinder their adoption. To address these research gaps on transformational adaptation of ski areas, we employ a mixed-method approach, integrating quantitative survey data (n = 83) and qualitative interview insights (interviews with seven ski area operators) on the case of ski areas and ski lifts in Bavaria (southern Germany). We develop a framework to categorise adaptation measures according to their depth of intervention from inaction to transformation, assess their current implementation status, and group 240 Bavarian ski areas into five distinct clusters.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Our findings reveal differences among ski area clusters regarding implemented and planned adaptation measures. The clusters comprising smaller, snow-unreliable ski areas exhibit a significant proportion of ski areas with little to no adaptation measures. However, interview insights demonstrate that their unique organisational structures may protect them from severe climate-induced losses, which the literature identifies as an expected consequence of inaction in response to climate change. In contrast, for larger, more snow-reliable ski areas in Bavaria, we observed a relatively strong reliance on coping measures and, unlike findings from other studies, a moderate to strong implementation of transformative adaptations, such as product diversification and year-round operation. Our paper contributes to the literature by integrating the concept of transformation from climate change research to research on ski areas, thereby conceptualising climate change adaptation measures and their potential capacity to address future climate change risks.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Management implications&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Considering the urgent need for climate adaptation in Bavaria's low-altitude ski areas, this paper highlights the heterogeneity of the region's ski areas and ski lifts, underscoring significant variations in their size and climatic conditions. By introducing a framework for categorising adaptation measures, it demonstrates that adaptation measures for ski infrastructure vary in how much they modify existing systems.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The analysis of currently implemented or planned adaptation measures among Bavarian ski areas and ski lifts reveals significant differences between the surveyed clusters regarding the types and extent of adaptation efforts. Understanding the diversity of ski infrastructure in Bavaria, the varying levels of intervention associated with different adaptation options, as well as the empirical analysis of the status qu","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100939"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}