This is the second of two articles that examine the psychometric properties and treatment outcomes associated with two measures of the therapeutic alliance in naturalistic routine settings.
Methods
Data were taken from the ACORN database for youth, and, where available, parent/carer, attending for psychotherapy treatment in naturalistic settings (N = 12,573). The sample, the largest to date, included only those completing both an alliance measure and an outcome measure at every session. Two sets of three different alliance items are used across the two populations in routine practice.
Results
Analyses revealed that the alliance explained no more than 3% of the variance in outcomes. Alliance measures exhibit ceiling effects, and as such, drawing conclusions about correlations with outcomes can be difficult. Any drop in alliance score as rated by both youth and parent/carer is predictive of outcomes, with parent/carer ratings being marginally more predictive. Where the alliance is rated as better by youth or parent/carer in comparison with ratings as worse, effect sizes are up to 50% better for the youth.
Conclusion
The therapeutic alliance remains an important non-specific treatment component; however, measures of the alliance have ceiling effects. Both youth and their parent/carer can provide important feedback to the therapist, and any drop in alliance is predictive of clinically meaningful change. As such, therapists should monitor the alliance with both youth and parent/carer. Implications for practice, training and research are considered.
{"title":"The psychometric properties and treatment outcomes associated with two measures of youth therapeutic alliance using naturalistic data","authors":"Daryl Mahon, Takuya Minami, (G. S.) Jeb Brown","doi":"10.1002/capr.12738","DOIUrl":"10.1002/capr.12738","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This is the second of two articles that examine the psychometric properties and treatment outcomes associated with two measures of the therapeutic alliance in naturalistic routine settings.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data were taken from the ACORN database for youth, and, where available, parent/carer, attending for psychotherapy treatment in naturalistic settings (<i>N</i> = 12,573). The sample, the largest to date, included only those completing both an alliance measure and an outcome measure at every session. Two sets of three different alliance items are used across the two populations in routine practice.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Analyses revealed that the alliance explained no more than 3% of the variance in outcomes. Alliance measures exhibit ceiling effects, and as such, drawing conclusions about correlations with outcomes can be difficult. Any drop in alliance score as rated by both youth and parent/carer is predictive of outcomes, with parent/carer ratings being marginally more predictive. Where the alliance is rated as better by youth or parent/carer in comparison with ratings as worse, effect sizes are up to 50% better for the youth.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The therapeutic alliance remains an important non-specific treatment component; however, measures of the alliance have ceiling effects. Both youth and their parent/carer can provide important feedback to the therapist, and any drop in alliance is predictive of clinically meaningful change. As such, therapists should monitor the alliance with both youth and parent/carer. Implications for practice, training and research are considered.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":46997,"journal":{"name":"Counselling & Psychotherapy Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139390410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although there is a small area of research exploring how mental health practitioners can support young people with the impacts of social media (SM) on their mental health, no study has researched into practitioners’ own relationship with SM. This study aimed to explore counsellor's own relationship with SM, and how such insights contributed into their support to their clients who may be impacted by their engagement with SM.
Methods
Counsellors who worked with young people aged 16–25 were recruited and interviewed. A reflexive thematic analysis of the interviews identified three main themes.
Findings
The first theme “It’s Not Based on Reality” related to counsellors comparing themselves to the unrealistic highlight reel depicted on SM in the same way as the young people they supported. The second theme “All Of a Sudden I’m on Facebook” explored the counsellor’s obsessive use of SM yet they believed they were better able than their young clients to recognise when SM impacted their mood and to instigate boundaries by coming offline. The third theme “It’s All About Trying to Be Relatable” highlighted counsellors’ evaluation of efficacy of their own SM use to their therapeutic practice.
Conclusion
Despite the noted parallels in SM use between counsellors and the young people they supported, counsellors believed their experiences of SM differed from their clients. This study provides implications for counsellor training when working with young people and the importance of counsellors’ self-care when using SM.
尽管有一小部分研究探讨了心理健康从业者如何为年轻人提供支持，帮助他们应对社交媒体（SM）对其心理健康的影响，但还没有研究探讨过从业者自身与社交媒体的关系。本研究旨在探讨辅导员自身与社交媒体的关系，以及这些见解如何有助于他们为可能因接触社交媒体而受到影响的客户提供支持。第一个主题 "这并非基于现实 "涉及辅导员将自己与他们所支持的年轻人一样，与 SM 上描述的不切实际的高光卷轴进行比较。第二个主题 "突然间我就上了 Facebook "探讨了辅导员对 SM 的痴迷使用，但他们认为自己比年轻客户更有能力识别 SM 何时会影响他们的情绪，并通过下线来激发界限。第三个主题 "都是为了让自己变得亲切 "强调了辅导员对自己使用 SM 对其治疗实践的有效性的评估。尽管辅导员和他们所支持的年轻人在使用 SM 方面有相似之处，但辅导员认为他们在 SM 方面的体验与他们的客户不同。这项研究为辅导员在与年轻人合作时的培训以及辅导员在使用 SM 时的自我保健的重要性提供了启示。
{"title":"‘It's All About Trying to Be Relatable’: Counsellor relatability and personal experiences of social media when supporting young people","authors":"Ella White, Chao-Hwa (Josephine) Chen-Wilson","doi":"10.1002/capr.12732","DOIUrl":"10.1002/capr.12732","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although there is a small area of research exploring how mental health practitioners can support young people with the impacts of social media (SM) on their mental health, no study has researched into practitioners’ own relationship with SM. This study aimed to explore counsellor's own relationship with SM, and how such insights contributed into their support to their clients who may be impacted by their engagement with SM.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Counsellors who worked with young people aged 16–25 were recruited and interviewed. A reflexive thematic analysis of the interviews identified three main themes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Findings</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The first theme “It’s Not Based on Reality” related to counsellors comparing themselves to the unrealistic highlight reel depicted on SM in the same way as the young people they supported. The second theme “All Of a Sudden I’m on Facebook” explored the counsellor’s obsessive use of SM yet they believed they were better able than their young clients to recognise when SM impacted their mood and to instigate boundaries by coming offline. The third theme “It’s All About Trying to Be Relatable” highlighted counsellors’ evaluation of efficacy of their own SM use to their therapeutic practice.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Despite the noted parallels in SM use between counsellors and the young people they supported, counsellors believed their experiences of SM differed from their clients. This study provides implications for counsellor training when working with young people and the importance of counsellors’ self-care when using SM.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":46997,"journal":{"name":"Counselling & Psychotherapy Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/capr.12732","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139149362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Grasiele Cristina Lucietto da Silva, Debora Cristina dos Santos Pereira, Dália Passos Sousa, Deise Coelho de Souza, Marta Regina Gonçalves Correia-Zanini, Fabio Scorsolini-Comin
Objective
This study aimed to understand the perceptions of university students regarding participation in an online psychoeducation group to promote mental health.
Method
This was a qualitative study that followed two groups over 8 weeks, carried out with 20 nursing students from a Brazilian public university during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Results
The online psychoeducation group was considered an efficient strategy for mental health promotion and an important resource for the provision of assistance to this population, especially in the pandemic scenario. The remote environment was considered welcoming and comfortable to share personal issues, and dispensing with commutes eased participation. On the contrary, some participants mentioned a lack of physical contact and difficulties with adherence/attendance, as well as the need for more meetings.
Final considerations
For this population, highly impacted by the pandemic, the online psychoeducation group was configured as a space for sharing life experiences, self-knowledge and was designed to offer a welcoming environment, contributing to the construction of support networks in a social isolation scenario. It is recommended that these online group interventions continue to be investigated after the pandemic, especially by communicating about strengthening the welcoming actions in higher education.
{"title":"Online psychoeducation groups for mental health promotion: Perceptions of Brazilian university students","authors":"Grasiele Cristina Lucietto da Silva, Debora Cristina dos Santos Pereira, Dália Passos Sousa, Deise Coelho de Souza, Marta Regina Gonçalves Correia-Zanini, Fabio Scorsolini-Comin","doi":"10.1002/capr.12736","DOIUrl":"10.1002/capr.12736","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study aimed to understand the perceptions of university students regarding participation in an online psychoeducation group to promote mental health.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This was a qualitative study that followed two groups over 8 weeks, carried out with 20 nursing students from a Brazilian public university during the COVID-19 pandemic.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The online psychoeducation group was considered an efficient strategy for mental health promotion and an important resource for the provision of assistance to this population, especially in the pandemic scenario. The remote environment was considered welcoming and comfortable to share personal issues, and dispensing with commutes eased participation. On the contrary, some participants mentioned a lack of physical contact and difficulties with adherence/attendance, as well as the need for more meetings.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Final considerations</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>For this population, highly impacted by the pandemic, the online psychoeducation group was configured as a space for sharing life experiences, self-knowledge and was designed to offer a welcoming environment, contributing to the construction of support networks in a social isolation scenario. It is recommended that these online group interventions continue to be investigated after the pandemic, especially by communicating about strengthening the welcoming actions in higher education.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":46997,"journal":{"name":"Counselling & Psychotherapy Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139165259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mindfulness, self-compassion and compassion for others are often studied among clients seeking psychotherapy. Psychotherapists are also at risk of developing psychological difficulties given that the profession is demanding and can put psychological and emotional pressures on therapists. The aim of this study was to examine (a) the relationship between mindfulness, self-compassion and compassion for others and (b) whether self-compassion will mediate the effects of mindfulness on compassion for others.
Method
This was a cross-sectional study conducted among a sample of 152 psychotherapists registered with the Irish Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy in Ireland.
Results
Our analysis found a significant relationship between mindfulness, self-compassion and compassion for others. Mediation analysis showed that the indirect effects of mindfulness on compassion for others was through self-compassion. We entered age and gender into our model, but they had no impact on the mediated relationship.
Conclusion
Findings from this study provide preliminary support for a proposed sequential model, suggesting that mindfulness enhances self-compassion, which, in turn, can improve compassion for others. Psychotherapists and psychotherapy bodies are recommended to utilise strategies that can improve psychotherapists' mindfulness skills, such as the mindfulness self-compassion programme and compassion-focussed therapy, and their capacity for self-compassion, which can contribute to their ability to develop compassion for the client. Given the limitations of the design of the study, future longitudinal research will enable us to document the directionality of the effects.
{"title":"An examination of the association between mindfulness and compassion for others in psychotherapists: A mediating role of self-compassion","authors":"John Lalor, Ali Khoshfetrat","doi":"10.1002/capr.12735","DOIUrl":"10.1002/capr.12735","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Mindfulness, self-compassion and compassion for others are often studied among clients seeking psychotherapy. Psychotherapists are also at risk of developing psychological difficulties given that the profession is demanding and can put psychological and emotional pressures on therapists. The aim of this study was to examine (a) the relationship between mindfulness, self-compassion and compassion for others and (b) whether self-compassion will mediate the effects of mindfulness on compassion for others.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This was a cross-sectional study conducted among a sample of 152 psychotherapists registered with the Irish Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy in Ireland.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our analysis found a significant relationship between mindfulness, self-compassion and compassion for others. Mediation analysis showed that the indirect effects of mindfulness on compassion for others was through self-compassion. We entered age and gender into our model, but they had no impact on the mediated relationship.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Findings from this study provide preliminary support for a proposed sequential model, suggesting that mindfulness enhances self-compassion, which, in turn, can improve compassion for others. Psychotherapists and psychotherapy bodies are recommended to utilise strategies that can improve psychotherapists' mindfulness skills, such as the mindfulness self-compassion programme and compassion-focussed therapy, and their capacity for self-compassion, which can contribute to their ability to develop compassion for the client. Given the limitations of the design of the study, future longitudinal research will enable us to document the directionality of the effects.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":46997,"journal":{"name":"Counselling & Psychotherapy Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139168261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<div> <section> <h3> Purpose</h3> <p>This is the first of two articles that examine the psychometric properties and treatment outcomes associated with measures of the therapeutic alliance collected in naturalistic settings rather than clinical trials. These articles break new ground in understanding the relationship between measures of alliance and treatment outcome by performing detailed item analyses in order to assess the psychometric properties of each individual item, its propensity to change from session to session and its utility in predicting change in the outcome measure.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Methods</h3> <p>Data were taken from the ACORN database for adults attending for psychotherapy treatment in naturalistic settings (<i>N</i> = 147,399). The sample, the largest to date, included only those completing both an alliance measure and an outcome measure at every session. Two sets of three different alliance items are used across three different treatment populations: general outpatient, substance use, and severe and persistent mental health difficulties. To investigate this possibility, the psychometric properties of each item were evaluated, including factor analysis, likelihood of change over time in treatment and correlations between changes in alliance and magnitude of client-reported improvement in therapy. The predictive validity of each individual item is compared with the predictive validity of their respective three-item measures. The problem of alliance scores being heavily skewed in a positive direction and the resulting lack of variability from session to session is addressed by categorising change in alliance as same, better or worse, regardless of the magnitude of change.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Results</h3> <p>Findings tended to differ from those in clinical trials, with the last alliance score being most predictive of outcome. In this data set, the alliance accounted for, at most, 2% of the variance in outcomes. Measures of the therapeutic alliance demonstrate ceiling effects, and the alliance–outcome correlation is far from linear. Change in alliance score, rather than a single assessment, is more predictive of outcome, regardless of the magnitude of change in the alliance measure, with effect sizes of up to 50% more for those who rated the alliance as worse than for those rating it as no change or better.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Conclusion</h3> <p>Therapists using therapeutic alliance questionnaires will benefit from being aware of how the psychometric properties of alliance measures impact outcomes. Even the smallest drop in alliance is predictive of significant clinically meaningful
{"title":"The psychometric properties and treatment outcomes associated with two measures of the adult therapeutic alliance using naturalistic data","authors":"Daryl Mahon, Takuya Minami, (G. S.) Jeb Brown","doi":"10.1002/capr.12734","DOIUrl":"10.1002/capr.12734","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This is the first of two articles that examine the psychometric properties and treatment outcomes associated with measures of the therapeutic alliance collected in naturalistic settings rather than clinical trials. These articles break new ground in understanding the relationship between measures of alliance and treatment outcome by performing detailed item analyses in order to assess the psychometric properties of each individual item, its propensity to change from session to session and its utility in predicting change in the outcome measure.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data were taken from the ACORN database for adults attending for psychotherapy treatment in naturalistic settings (<i>N</i> = 147,399). The sample, the largest to date, included only those completing both an alliance measure and an outcome measure at every session. Two sets of three different alliance items are used across three different treatment populations: general outpatient, substance use, and severe and persistent mental health difficulties. To investigate this possibility, the psychometric properties of each item were evaluated, including factor analysis, likelihood of change over time in treatment and correlations between changes in alliance and magnitude of client-reported improvement in therapy. The predictive validity of each individual item is compared with the predictive validity of their respective three-item measures. The problem of alliance scores being heavily skewed in a positive direction and the resulting lack of variability from session to session is addressed by categorising change in alliance as same, better or worse, regardless of the magnitude of change.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Findings tended to differ from those in clinical trials, with the last alliance score being most predictive of outcome. In this data set, the alliance accounted for, at most, 2% of the variance in outcomes. Measures of the therapeutic alliance demonstrate ceiling effects, and the alliance–outcome correlation is far from linear. Change in alliance score, rather than a single assessment, is more predictive of outcome, regardless of the magnitude of change in the alliance measure, with effect sizes of up to 50% more for those who rated the alliance as worse than for those rating it as no change or better.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Therapists using therapeutic alliance questionnaires will benefit from being aware of how the psychometric properties of alliance measures impact outcomes. Even the smallest drop in alliance is predictive of significant clinically meaningful ","PeriodicalId":46997,"journal":{"name":"Counselling & Psychotherapy Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139171151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jochem Willemsen, Hubert de Condé, Greta Kaluzeviciute-Moreton, Greta Guogaite, Niccolò Fiorentino Polipo, Emmanuelle Zech
Objective
This study explored how personal therapy (PT) is experienced by psychotherapists, focussing on its positive and negative impact on clinical work as well as personal and professional development (PPD). The current meta-analysis considered qualitative research studies focussing on therapists' experiences of the impact of their PT on their clinical activities and development.
Method
A systematic review of the literature led to the identification of 21 published qualitative research studies. The findings from individual studies were subjected to grounded theory meta-analysis.
Results
Five clusters were identified: (1) PT helps to increase self-awareness in general and within the therapeutic relations; (2) PT helps therapists to adopt a therapeutic approach by observing and experiencing the impact of therapeutic interventions; (3) PT helps to support patients in the therapeutic process on the basis of one's own experience of going through a therapeutic process; (4) PT helps therapists to become more confident and authentic because it fosters self-acceptance; and (5) PT hinders clinical work and PPD through exposure to inadequate interventions and by stirring up personal issues. The four helpful clusters can be linked to the processes of personal growth, learning through observation and experience, experiential learning, and professional identity development, respectively.
Conclusion
The findings of this study indicate that PT can have a helpful impact on clinical work and PPD through four processes that strengthen effective therapist skills, attitudes and ways of being. However, several studies demonstrate that the influence of PT on clinical work and PPD can also be experienced as complex, ambiguous and even harmful.
{"title":"A qualitative meta-analysis examining the impact of personal therapy on clinical work and personal and professional development","authors":"Jochem Willemsen, Hubert de Condé, Greta Kaluzeviciute-Moreton, Greta Guogaite, Niccolò Fiorentino Polipo, Emmanuelle Zech","doi":"10.1002/capr.12733","DOIUrl":"10.1002/capr.12733","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study explored how personal therapy (PT) is experienced by psychotherapists, focussing on its positive and negative impact on clinical work as well as personal and professional development (PPD). The current meta-analysis considered qualitative research studies focussing on therapists' experiences of the impact of their PT on their clinical activities and development.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A systematic review of the literature led to the identification of 21 published qualitative research studies. The findings from individual studies were subjected to grounded theory meta-analysis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Five clusters were identified: (1) PT helps to increase self-awareness in general and within the therapeutic relations; (2) PT helps therapists to adopt a therapeutic approach by observing and experiencing the impact of therapeutic interventions; (3) PT helps to support patients in the therapeutic process on the basis of one's own experience of going through a therapeutic process; (4) PT helps therapists to become more confident and authentic because it fosters self-acceptance; and (5) PT hinders clinical work and PPD through exposure to inadequate interventions and by stirring up personal issues. The four helpful clusters can be linked to the processes of personal growth, learning through observation and experience, experiential learning, and professional identity development, respectively.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The findings of this study indicate that PT can have a helpful impact on clinical work and PPD through four processes that strengthen effective therapist skills, attitudes and ways of being. However, several studies demonstrate that the influence of PT on clinical work and PPD can also be experienced as complex, ambiguous and even harmful.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":46997,"journal":{"name":"Counselling & Psychotherapy Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139177673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rachel Louise Crone, Richard James Brown, Tobyn Bell
Objective
A core component of compassion-focussed therapy (CFT) is imagery. This study aimed to explore the experiences of ‘compassionate other’ imagery practice in individuals with social anxiety.
Method
Eight individuals were interviewed about their experiences of the imagery practice as part of CFT in NHS primary care services, and interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to analyse the data.
Results
Three group experiential themes were identified as follows: uncovering obstacles and resistances, revealing compassionate other qualities and imagery as a vehicle to self-discovery.
Conclusions
The results highlighted not only the challenges in developing and utilising an imaginal caring figure but also the benefits of self-discovery, specifically in terms of identifying unmet emotional needs. Links between the themes and processes underpinning the results are explored in relation to the existing theories and literature. Clinical implications and suggestions for further research are also discussed.
{"title":"‘Like I'd been listened to without actually saying words’: Picturing the nurturer in compassion-focused therapy","authors":"Rachel Louise Crone, Richard James Brown, Tobyn Bell","doi":"10.1002/capr.12730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/capr.12730","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A core component of compassion-focussed therapy (CFT) is imagery. This study aimed to explore the experiences of ‘compassionate other’ imagery practice in individuals with social anxiety.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Eight individuals were interviewed about their experiences of the imagery practice as part of CFT in NHS primary care services, and interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to analyse the data.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Three group experiential themes were identified as follows: uncovering obstacles and resistances, revealing compassionate other qualities and imagery as a vehicle to self-discovery.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The results highlighted not only the challenges in developing and utilising an imaginal caring figure but also the benefits of self-discovery, specifically in terms of identifying unmet emotional needs. Links between the themes and processes underpinning the results are explored in relation to the existing theories and literature. Clinical implications and suggestions for further research are also discussed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":46997,"journal":{"name":"Counselling & Psychotherapy Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/capr.12730","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141536996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) is used to explore how people make sense of their personal and social world, although a search of recent literature suggests that it has not been applied to better understand self-injury (SI). The goal of this paper was to employ an IPA methodology to gain a deeper understanding of the impact witnessing the physical manifestations of SI has on therapists.
Method
The study recruited a purposive sample of nine English-speaking psychotherapists. Questions designed to relate to the participant's experience of witnessing the physical manifestations of SI were piloted with non-participating psychotherapists whose experience matched those of the sample. Individual interviews were conducted by the primary researcher.
Data Analysis
Analysis involved the hermeneutic circle, moving between the part and the whole to capture and record the unique experience of the individual participants. This entailed the following: reading and re-reading the transcripts; initial noting; developing emergent themes; connecting emergent themes; and pattern identification across cases.
Results
Two superordinate themes were identified that encapsulated how participants experienced, perceived and understood their own reactions to clients’ SI presentation. The first, Shock, included the subordinate themes of Controlling reactions, Managing physical revulsion, Therapeutic holding and Revisiting and ruminating. The second, Responsibility, included the subordinate themes of Client responsibility, Professional responsibility, Personal responsibility and Responsibility for hope.
Implications
Implications relate to core training for psychotherapists, the focus on continuing professional development, and the policies and procedures needed to support psychotherapists.
简介：解释现象学分析（IPA）用于探索人们如何理解其个人和社会世界，但对近期文献的检索表明，该方法尚未被用于更好地理解自我伤害（SI）。本文旨在运用 IPA 方法深入了解目睹 SI 的身体表现对治疗师的影响。 研究方法 本研究招募了九名讲英语的心理治疗师作为目的性样本。研究人员向未参与研究的心理治疗师试探性地提出了一些问题，这些问题的设计与参与者目睹 SI 身体表现的经历有关，而这些心理治疗师的经历与样本中的心理治疗师相吻合。个人访谈由主要研究人员进行。 数据分析 分析涉及诠释学循环，在部分和整体之间游走，以捕捉和记录个别参与者的独特体验。这包括以下内容：阅读和重读记录稿；初步记录；发展新出现的主题；将新出现的主题联系起来；以及识别不同案例的模式。 结果 确定了两个上位主题，概括了参与者如何体验、感知和理解自己对客户 SI 表现的反应。第一个主题是 "震惊"，包括 "控制反应"、"控制生理反感"、"治疗性保持 "和 "回顾与反思 "等从属主题。第二个主题 "责任 "包括 "客户责任"、"专业责任"、"个人责任 "和 "对希望的责任"。 影响 影响涉及心理治疗师的核心培训、对持续专业发展的关注以及支持心理治疗师所需的政策和程序。
{"title":"How self-injury affects psychotherapists: A qualitative study","authors":"Cindy O'Connor, Paul Surgenor","doi":"10.1002/capr.12731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/capr.12731","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) is used to explore how people make sense of their personal and social world, although a search of recent literature suggests that it has not been applied to better understand self-injury (SI). The goal of this paper was to employ an IPA methodology to gain a deeper understanding of the impact witnessing the physical manifestations of SI has on therapists.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study recruited a purposive sample of nine English-speaking psychotherapists. Questions designed to relate to the participant's experience of witnessing the physical manifestations of SI were piloted with non-participating psychotherapists whose experience matched those of the sample. Individual interviews were conducted by the primary researcher.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Data Analysis</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Analysis involved the hermeneutic circle, moving between the part and the whole to capture and record the unique experience of the individual participants. This entailed the following: reading and re-reading the transcripts; initial noting; developing emergent themes; connecting emergent themes; and pattern identification across cases.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Two superordinate themes were identified that encapsulated how participants experienced, perceived and understood their own reactions to clients’ SI presentation. The first, Shock, included the subordinate themes of Controlling reactions, Managing physical revulsion, Therapeutic holding and Revisiting and ruminating. The second, Responsibility, included the subordinate themes of Client responsibility, Professional responsibility, Personal responsibility and Responsibility for hope.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Implications relate to core training for psychotherapists, the focus on continuing professional development, and the policies and procedures needed to support psychotherapists.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":46997,"journal":{"name":"Counselling & Psychotherapy Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142447660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Proctor Model describes three core functions of clinical supervision: formative, restorative and normative. While having high face validity as a tool for measuring supervision preferences that can facilitate the formulation of the supervision contract, its construct validity is unclear, and the literature suggests a more all-encompassing model by including a reflective component.
Objective
The aim of this study was to assess the construct validity of the Proctor Model and use these results to develop a short instrument that can facilitate the formulation of the supervision contract.
Method
Through a literature review and expert discussions, a 28-item inventory was created. After pilot-testing and revisions, the inventory was administered to 204 psychotherapists. These data were analysed with factor analysis, leading to a revised version that was enrolled in a second sample of 125 psychotherapists.
Results
Factor analysis of the first sample suggested a five-factor solution as the formative function consisted of two separate constructs: conceptual (receiving role of the therapist and theoretical focus) and experiential (active role of the therapist, skill-based and feedback-oriented). The restorative function composed of sharing thoughts and feelings and being validated and recognised. Pre-theorised restorative items describe an active handling of distressing feelings loaded on the reflective function. Analysis of the second sample confirmed the suggested five-factor structure and gave support for overall replicated psychometric properties. Regression and correlation analyses showed preliminary evidence for convergent and divergent validity.
Conclusion
The results provide a more nuanced understanding of the Proctor Model and provide the field with a psychometrically sound instrument for the formulation of the supervision contract.
{"title":"The development of the Psychotherapists' Supervision Preferences Questionnaire—Derived from the Proctor Model","authors":"Simon Fagernäs, Åsa Spännargård, Sven Alfonsson","doi":"10.1002/capr.12726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/capr.12726","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Proctor Model describes three core functions of clinical supervision: formative, restorative and normative. While having high face validity as a tool for measuring supervision preferences that can facilitate the formulation of the supervision contract, its construct validity is unclear, and the literature suggests a more all-encompassing model by including a reflective component.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The aim of this study was to assess the construct validity of the Proctor Model and use these results to develop a short instrument that can facilitate the formulation of the supervision contract.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Through a literature review and expert discussions, a 28-item inventory was created. After pilot-testing and revisions, the inventory was administered to 204 psychotherapists. These data were analysed with factor analysis, leading to a revised version that was enrolled in a second sample of 125 psychotherapists.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Factor analysis of the first sample suggested a five-factor solution as the formative function consisted of two separate constructs: conceptual (receiving role of the therapist and theoretical focus) and experiential (active role of the therapist, skill-based and feedback-oriented). The restorative function composed of sharing thoughts and feelings and being validated and recognised. Pre-theorised restorative items describe an active handling of distressing feelings loaded on the reflective function. Analysis of the second sample confirmed the suggested five-factor structure and gave support for overall replicated psychometric properties. Regression and correlation analyses showed preliminary evidence for convergent and divergent validity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The results provide a more nuanced understanding of the Proctor Model and provide the field with a psychometrically sound instrument for the formulation of the supervision contract.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":46997,"journal":{"name":"Counselling & Psychotherapy Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/capr.12726","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142447529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Written emotional disclosure (WED) is a creative writing intervention that allows a person to confront emotions and traumatic experiences, which has been shown to produce well-being benefits and could be used to support healthcare workers (HCWs). Written emotional disclosure is usually delivered as a written intervention, and despite some research exploring the effects of other forms of typing interventions using emotional expression, expressive writing and structured writing, the efficacy of WED as a typing-based intervention is yet to be examined.
Aim
The aim of this mixed method feasibility study was to address whether a writing or typing WED intervention would reduce HCW's mental health symptoms. Additionally, to address whether the WED intervention groups were acceptable to HCW as a supportive intervention.
Findings
Fifty-five participants (seven males) aged between 22 and 60 took part in this study. The results demonstrate that both the writing and typing WED intervention groups significantly reduce mental health symptoms. Most participants (96.4%) deemed both the WED intervention groups acceptable.
Conclusion
Therefore, WED interventions could potentially be integrated into existing counselling and therapeutic interventions to support HCW and could be implemented within the existing debrief and clinical supervision frameworks.
{"title":"Exploring the effects of written emotional disclosures (WED) on healthcare workers' (HCWs) mental health symptoms in the UK: A feasibility study","authors":"Amy Kilvington, Sarah Allen, Alex Kyriakopoulos","doi":"10.1002/capr.12719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/capr.12719","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Written emotional disclosure (WED) is a creative writing intervention that allows a person to confront emotions and traumatic experiences, which has been shown to produce well-being benefits and could be used to support healthcare workers (HCWs). Written emotional disclosure is usually delivered as a written intervention, and despite some research exploring the effects of other forms of typing interventions using emotional expression, expressive writing and structured writing, the efficacy of WED as a typing-based intervention is yet to be examined.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The aim of this mixed method feasibility study was to address whether a writing or typing WED intervention would reduce HCW's mental health symptoms. Additionally, to address whether the WED intervention groups were acceptable to HCW as a supportive intervention.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Findings</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fifty-five participants (seven males) aged between 22 and 60 took part in this study. The results demonstrate that both the writing and typing WED intervention groups significantly reduce mental health symptoms. Most participants (96.4%) deemed both the WED intervention groups acceptable.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Therefore, WED interventions could potentially be integrated into existing counselling and therapeutic interventions to support HCW and could be implemented within the existing debrief and clinical supervision frameworks.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":46997,"journal":{"name":"Counselling & Psychotherapy Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/capr.12719","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140550125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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