Ian Gonsher, Adriana Salazar, Shrey Mehta, Samantha Shulman, Nicholas Gaitanis, Arshiya Khosla, Denise Danielle Tamesis, Jillian Sun
Integrating sensors and screen interfaces directly into mobility devices offers individuals living with mobility issues, and medical providers, the opportunity to monitor health data and offer patient-specific therapeutic feedback in real time. This paper presents a series of prototypes that were developed in order to assess how these features can be optimally integrated into common mobility devices such as the walking cane. The early prototypes explored strategies for mounting a smartphone to a cane, as a low-cost strategy for improving mobility and reducing isolation by making use of smartphone apps for wayfinding, gait tracking, and video-conferencing. The later prototypes focused on the non-invasive integration of physiological sensors, in particular a pulse oximeter, to provide instantaneous physiological data to both the user and healthcare providers. Through a process of prototyping and critique, and integrating feedback from users, we developed an iterative series of designs that explore new strategies for affordable and easily accessible assistive technology. We conclude with a discussion of how these design strategies might be further developed and combined in order to provide more opportunities for seniors living with mobility issues to age in place.
{"title":"The Smart Cane Project: Integrating Screen Interfaces and Physiological Sensors into Mobility Devices","authors":"Ian Gonsher, Adriana Salazar, Shrey Mehta, Samantha Shulman, Nicholas Gaitanis, Arshiya Khosla, Denise Danielle Tamesis, Jillian Sun","doi":"10.54941/ahfe1004383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004383","url":null,"abstract":"Integrating sensors and screen interfaces directly into mobility devices offers individuals living with mobility issues, and medical providers, the opportunity to monitor health data and offer patient-specific therapeutic feedback in real time. This paper presents a series of prototypes that were developed in order to assess how these features can be optimally integrated into common mobility devices such as the walking cane. The early prototypes explored strategies for mounting a smartphone to a cane, as a low-cost strategy for improving mobility and reducing isolation by making use of smartphone apps for wayfinding, gait tracking, and video-conferencing. The later prototypes focused on the non-invasive integration of physiological sensors, in particular a pulse oximeter, to provide instantaneous physiological data to both the user and healthcare providers. Through a process of prototyping and critique, and integrating feedback from users, we developed an iterative series of designs that explore new strategies for affordable and easily accessible assistive technology. We conclude with a discussion of how these design strategies might be further developed and combined in order to provide more opportunities for seniors living with mobility issues to age in place.","PeriodicalId":470195,"journal":{"name":"AHFE international","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135263417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David Wallstén, Gregory Axton, Anna Bakidou, Eunji Lee, Bengt Arne Sjöqvist, Stefan Candefjord
Demographic changes in the West with an increasingly elderly population puts stress on current healthcare systems. New technologies are necessary to secure patient safety. AI development shows great promise in improving care, but the question of how necessary it is to be able to explain AI results and how to do it remains to be evaluated in future research. This study designed a prototype of eXplainable AI (XAI) in a prehospital IT system, based on an AI model for risk prediction of severe trauma to be used by Emergency Medical Services (EMS) clinicians. The design was then evaluated on seven EMS clinicians to gather information about usability and AI interaction.Through ethnography, expert interviews and literature review, knowledge was gathered for the design. Then several ideas developed through stages of prototyping were verified by experts in prehospital healthcare. Finally, a high-fidelity prototype was evaluated by the EMS clinicians. The primary design was based around a tablet, the most common hardware for ambulances. Two input pages were included, with the AI interface working as both an indicator at the top of the interface and a more detailed overlay. The overlay could be accessed at any time while interacting with the system. It included the current risk prediction, based on the colour codes of the South African Triage Scale (SATS), as well as a recommendation based on guidelines. That was followed by two rows of predictors, for or against a serious condition. These were ordered from left to right, depending on importance. Beneath this, the most important missing variables were accessible, allowing for quick input.The EMS clinicians thought that XAI was necessary for them to trust the prediction. They make the final decision, and if they can’t base it on specific parameters, they feel they can’t make a proper judgement. In addition, both rows of predictors and missing variables served as reminders of what they might have missed in patient assessment, as stated by the EMS clinicians to be a common issue. If given a prediction from the AI that was different from their own, it might cause them to think more about their decision, moving it away from the normally relatively automatic process and likely reducing the risk of bias.While focused on trauma, the overall design was created to be able to include other AI models as well. Current models for risk prediction in ambulances have so far not seen a big benefit of using artificial neural networks (ANN) compared to more transparent models. This study can help guide the future development of AI for prehospital healthcare and give insights into the potential benefits and implications of its implementation.
{"title":"'Design for integrating explainable AI for dynamic risk prediction in prehospital IT systems","authors":"David Wallstén, Gregory Axton, Anna Bakidou, Eunji Lee, Bengt Arne Sjöqvist, Stefan Candefjord","doi":"10.54941/ahfe1004199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004199","url":null,"abstract":"Demographic changes in the West with an increasingly elderly population puts stress on current healthcare systems. New technologies are necessary to secure patient safety. AI development shows great promise in improving care, but the question of how necessary it is to be able to explain AI results and how to do it remains to be evaluated in future research. This study designed a prototype of eXplainable AI (XAI) in a prehospital IT system, based on an AI model for risk prediction of severe trauma to be used by Emergency Medical Services (EMS) clinicians. The design was then evaluated on seven EMS clinicians to gather information about usability and AI interaction.Through ethnography, expert interviews and literature review, knowledge was gathered for the design. Then several ideas developed through stages of prototyping were verified by experts in prehospital healthcare. Finally, a high-fidelity prototype was evaluated by the EMS clinicians. The primary design was based around a tablet, the most common hardware for ambulances. Two input pages were included, with the AI interface working as both an indicator at the top of the interface and a more detailed overlay. The overlay could be accessed at any time while interacting with the system. It included the current risk prediction, based on the colour codes of the South African Triage Scale (SATS), as well as a recommendation based on guidelines. That was followed by two rows of predictors, for or against a serious condition. These were ordered from left to right, depending on importance. Beneath this, the most important missing variables were accessible, allowing for quick input.The EMS clinicians thought that XAI was necessary for them to trust the prediction. They make the final decision, and if they can’t base it on specific parameters, they feel they can’t make a proper judgement. In addition, both rows of predictors and missing variables served as reminders of what they might have missed in patient assessment, as stated by the EMS clinicians to be a common issue. If given a prediction from the AI that was different from their own, it might cause them to think more about their decision, moving it away from the normally relatively automatic process and likely reducing the risk of bias.While focused on trauma, the overall design was created to be able to include other AI models as well. Current models for risk prediction in ambulances have so far not seen a big benefit of using artificial neural networks (ANN) compared to more transparent models. This study can help guide the future development of AI for prehospital healthcare and give insights into the potential benefits and implications of its implementation.","PeriodicalId":470195,"journal":{"name":"AHFE international","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135263618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a study on the implementation of a damper mechanism in the shoulder straps of children's school bags, which is known in Japan as Randsel. The increasing size of textbooks and the need to carry tablet computers further emphasized the necessity for such improvements, particularly for younger elementary school children. To evaluate the effectiveness of the damper strap, a computer vision tracking method was employed. Six schoolchildren were selected as participants and instructed to engage in jogging and walking in place while carrying the Randsel on their shoulders. Three markers were placed on the participants' shoulder and at the top and bottom of the Randsel to facilitate tracking. Results indicated that conventional Randsel designs exhibited delayed up-and-down movements in response to the participants' body motions during jogging on the spot. This resulted in a downward pull on the shoulder when the body was in an upward motion and an upward pull when the body descended to the ground, thereby disrupting the jogging walk. In contrast, the newly invented damper shoulder strap synchronized the timing of the up-and down movements with the body's motion. The delay time of Randsel’s movement from body motion was significantly reduced.
{"title":"Improving Comfort of Shoulder and Back Health in Children's School Bags: Examining Damper Shoulder Straps and Ergonomic Factors","authors":"Shigekazu Ishihara, Shuichi Konno","doi":"10.54941/ahfe1004357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004357","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a study on the implementation of a damper mechanism in the shoulder straps of children's school bags, which is known in Japan as Randsel. The increasing size of textbooks and the need to carry tablet computers further emphasized the necessity for such improvements, particularly for younger elementary school children. To evaluate the effectiveness of the damper strap, a computer vision tracking method was employed. Six schoolchildren were selected as participants and instructed to engage in jogging and walking in place while carrying the Randsel on their shoulders. Three markers were placed on the participants' shoulder and at the top and bottom of the Randsel to facilitate tracking. Results indicated that conventional Randsel designs exhibited delayed up-and-down movements in response to the participants' body motions during jogging on the spot. This resulted in a downward pull on the shoulder when the body was in an upward motion and an upward pull when the body descended to the ground, thereby disrupting the jogging walk. In contrast, the newly invented damper shoulder strap synchronized the timing of the up-and down movements with the body's motion. The delay time of Randsel’s movement from body motion was significantly reduced.","PeriodicalId":470195,"journal":{"name":"AHFE international","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135263842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Benjamin Schwarz, Mourad Zoubir, Jan Heidinger, Marthe Gruner, Hans-christian Jetter, Thomas Franke
To increase energy-efficiency and reduce CO2e emissions in maritime shipping, Decision-Support Systems (DSS) can be leveraged. Specifically, in regard to reducing the greatest contributor to consumption, propulsion (IMO, 2021), by assisting seafarers in route planning, and timely and efficient re-planning, as well as general monitoring of ship’s energy dynamics. However, the successful integration and acceptance of these systems into the seafarer’s workflow pose significant challenges, such as goal conflicts, e.g. with safety or with the financial interests of different stakeholders, which require a deep understanding of interactions onboard and onshore.This paper reflects on our implementation of a transdisciplinary design research approach for developing novel, human-centered AI-based tools for energy-efficient ship operations. Of our concurrent studies, we describe selected forms of inquiry that together resulted in a holistic understanding of the application domain, target audience, and typical tasks as well as an interactive prototype of a decision support system for energy-efficient ship navigation.The research activities reported are based on human factors research concerning energy-efficient ship operations and focus on research through design in the sense of Jonas (2015) in the field of DSS for CO2e emission mitigation in navigation and ship operation, and the formative evaluation of a DSS prototype in a ship simulator environment (N = 22). By viewing these research activities through the lens of design research, more specifically the theoretical foundation of MAPS (Jonas et al., 2010), we systematically describe and discuss their individual contributions. MAPS specifically operationalized design research as “Matching Analysis, Projection and Synthesis”, enabling integrative, systematic research processes across boundaries of disciplinary bodies of knowledge, domains and actors.As a primary contribution, we reflect on our lessons learned to identify generalizable challenges for similar future projects of the maritime ergonomics community. These include (1) context-sensitive integration of navigational and operational data; (2) calibration of users’ expectations of the system’s capabilities; and related to this (3) increasing transparency of how the DSS retrieves and processes data, and of how confident it is in its suggestions. By considering key human factors, such as workload, autonomy and biases (e.g., automation bias) on the basis of our system, we demonstrate how these challenges can be addressed. As a secondary contribution, we also share our resulting designs as examples of how AI-based decision support for optimizing energy efficiency can be visually and functionally integrated into onboard ship operation and navigation.REFERENCESIMO, 2021. Fourth IMO GHG Study 2020. International Maritime Organization, London, UK.Jonas, W., 2015. Research through design is more than just a new form of disseminating design outcomes. Constructivis
{"title":"Investigating Challenges in Decision Support Systems for Energy-Efficient Ship Operation: A Transdisciplinary Design Research Approach","authors":"Benjamin Schwarz, Mourad Zoubir, Jan Heidinger, Marthe Gruner, Hans-christian Jetter, Thomas Franke","doi":"10.54941/ahfe1004281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004281","url":null,"abstract":"To increase energy-efficiency and reduce CO2e emissions in maritime shipping, Decision-Support Systems (DSS) can be leveraged. Specifically, in regard to reducing the greatest contributor to consumption, propulsion (IMO, 2021), by assisting seafarers in route planning, and timely and efficient re-planning, as well as general monitoring of ship’s energy dynamics. However, the successful integration and acceptance of these systems into the seafarer’s workflow pose significant challenges, such as goal conflicts, e.g. with safety or with the financial interests of different stakeholders, which require a deep understanding of interactions onboard and onshore.This paper reflects on our implementation of a transdisciplinary design research approach for developing novel, human-centered AI-based tools for energy-efficient ship operations. Of our concurrent studies, we describe selected forms of inquiry that together resulted in a holistic understanding of the application domain, target audience, and typical tasks as well as an interactive prototype of a decision support system for energy-efficient ship navigation.The research activities reported are based on human factors research concerning energy-efficient ship operations and focus on research through design in the sense of Jonas (2015) in the field of DSS for CO2e emission mitigation in navigation and ship operation, and the formative evaluation of a DSS prototype in a ship simulator environment (N = 22). By viewing these research activities through the lens of design research, more specifically the theoretical foundation of MAPS (Jonas et al., 2010), we systematically describe and discuss their individual contributions. MAPS specifically operationalized design research as “Matching Analysis, Projection and Synthesis”, enabling integrative, systematic research processes across boundaries of disciplinary bodies of knowledge, domains and actors.As a primary contribution, we reflect on our lessons learned to identify generalizable challenges for similar future projects of the maritime ergonomics community. These include (1) context-sensitive integration of navigational and operational data; (2) calibration of users’ expectations of the system’s capabilities; and related to this (3) increasing transparency of how the DSS retrieves and processes data, and of how confident it is in its suggestions. By considering key human factors, such as workload, autonomy and biases (e.g., automation bias) on the basis of our system, we demonstrate how these challenges can be addressed. As a secondary contribution, we also share our resulting designs as examples of how AI-based decision support for optimizing energy efficiency can be visually and functionally integrated into onboard ship operation and navigation.REFERENCESIMO, 2021. Fourth IMO GHG Study 2020. International Maritime Organization, London, UK.Jonas, W., 2015. Research through design is more than just a new form of disseminating design outcomes. Constructivis","PeriodicalId":470195,"journal":{"name":"AHFE international","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135263861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human-computer interface (HCI) design is an essential aspect of modern technology development, which involves the interaction between humans and computers. HCI design can pose legal risks that may result in significant legal liabilities and consequences for any organization adopting the designs. From the standpoint of an HCI designer as opposed to a legal researcher, this article analyzes the legal risks underlying HCI design and the related regulatory framework in the small jurisdiction Macao in comparison with those in some major jurisdictions, including the United States, the European Union (EU), and mainland China. Relevant statutes, acts, and academic literature are drawn on to support the analysis. Categories of the aforesaid risks are primarily identified as intellectual property, privacy and personal data protection, accessibility, liability for harm, and cybersecurity breaches, only the first two of which are to be elucidated in this article due to its length limitation. The following findings are highlighted: Macao’s IP regime does not include provisions very specific to HCI designs, unlike the United States, the EU, and mainland China. Macao’s privacy and personal data protection framework is less comprehensive than the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the EU and mainland China’s Cybersecurity Law, Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL), and Data Security Law (DSL). In particular, the GDPR additionally mandates “data protection by design and default,” and mainland China’s Cybersecurity Law, PIPL, and DSL are well integrated with cyberspace sovereignty, national security, social and public interests, national sovereignty, and development interests of the state. In summary, in principle, the legal framework in the small jurisdiction Macao governing the legal risks associated with HCI is by and large in line with those in major and substantially larger jurisdictions. Notwithstanding, the former is in general a general miniature of the latter and comparatively devoid of express provisions very specific to and comprehensively covering HCI design. Subject to further research’s confirmation, this phenomenon of generalization and miniaturization may be true of many other small jurisdictions worldwide as reasoned in this article.
{"title":"Legal Risks Underlying Human-Computer interface (HCI) Design: A Comparative Study on Macao vs. Major Jurisdictions","authors":"Victor K Y Chan","doi":"10.54941/ahfe1004239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004239","url":null,"abstract":"Human-computer interface (HCI) design is an essential aspect of modern technology development, which involves the interaction between humans and computers. HCI design can pose legal risks that may result in significant legal liabilities and consequences for any organization adopting the designs. From the standpoint of an HCI designer as opposed to a legal researcher, this article analyzes the legal risks underlying HCI design and the related regulatory framework in the small jurisdiction Macao in comparison with those in some major jurisdictions, including the United States, the European Union (EU), and mainland China. Relevant statutes, acts, and academic literature are drawn on to support the analysis. Categories of the aforesaid risks are primarily identified as intellectual property, privacy and personal data protection, accessibility, liability for harm, and cybersecurity breaches, only the first two of which are to be elucidated in this article due to its length limitation. The following findings are highlighted: Macao’s IP regime does not include provisions very specific to HCI designs, unlike the United States, the EU, and mainland China. Macao’s privacy and personal data protection framework is less comprehensive than the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the EU and mainland China’s Cybersecurity Law, Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL), and Data Security Law (DSL). In particular, the GDPR additionally mandates “data protection by design and default,” and mainland China’s Cybersecurity Law, PIPL, and DSL are well integrated with cyberspace sovereignty, national security, social and public interests, national sovereignty, and development interests of the state. In summary, in principle, the legal framework in the small jurisdiction Macao governing the legal risks associated with HCI is by and large in line with those in major and substantially larger jurisdictions. Notwithstanding, the former is in general a general miniature of the latter and comparatively devoid of express provisions very specific to and comprehensively covering HCI design. Subject to further research’s confirmation, this phenomenon of generalization and miniaturization may be true of many other small jurisdictions worldwide as reasoned in this article.","PeriodicalId":470195,"journal":{"name":"AHFE international","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135311155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adrian Flowers, Arthur Wollocko, Caroline Kingsley, Elizabeth Thiry, Michael Jenkins
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate degradation in human color perception that can occur when using augmented reality displays.Background: Stereoscopic augmented reality displays are known to degrade a user’s ability to interpret projected color information. However, a quantitative breakdown of this degradation does not exist for contemporary augmented reality displays that use waveguide optical combiners.Method: Participants performed the Ishihara color test and an augmented reality-focused variant of the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 test on color perception using a set of commercially available augmented reality displays (Microsoft HoloLens, Magic Leap One, and DAQRI Smart Glasses).Results: From our analysis of participant performance, we generated specifications to maximize color discrimination and highlighted common areas of difficulty for each headset.Conclusions: We defined a novel aware modification to a gold-standard test of color discrimination that accounts for spatial color distortion along the lens an AR display. The optimal color usage across displays will vary based on the design of the optical combiner, which necessitates a re-usable color test to characterize color degradation on each headset design.Applications: The design guidelines specified in this article will minimize the degradation in color perception when using augmented reality displays, allowing them to be used in domains that require fine color discrimination.
{"title":"Degradation in Dynamic Color Discrimination with Waveguide-Based Augmented Reality Displays","authors":"Adrian Flowers, Arthur Wollocko, Caroline Kingsley, Elizabeth Thiry, Michael Jenkins","doi":"10.54941/ahfe1004451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004451","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate degradation in human color perception that can occur when using augmented reality displays.Background: Stereoscopic augmented reality displays are known to degrade a user’s ability to interpret projected color information. However, a quantitative breakdown of this degradation does not exist for contemporary augmented reality displays that use waveguide optical combiners.Method: Participants performed the Ishihara color test and an augmented reality-focused variant of the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 test on color perception using a set of commercially available augmented reality displays (Microsoft HoloLens, Magic Leap One, and DAQRI Smart Glasses).Results: From our analysis of participant performance, we generated specifications to maximize color discrimination and highlighted common areas of difficulty for each headset.Conclusions: We defined a novel aware modification to a gold-standard test of color discrimination that accounts for spatial color distortion along the lens an AR display. The optimal color usage across displays will vary based on the design of the optical combiner, which necessitates a re-usable color test to characterize color degradation on each headset design.Applications: The design guidelines specified in this article will minimize the degradation in color perception when using augmented reality displays, allowing them to be used in domains that require fine color discrimination.","PeriodicalId":470195,"journal":{"name":"AHFE international","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135312893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hector Rafael Morano-okuno, Rafael Caltenco Castillo, Guillermo Sandoval
In the 2000s, the application of collaborative robots began to be heard more frequently in various sectors, such as the Manufacturing industry and Healthcare. One of its main advantages is the way of interacting with the user; since it allows to share workspaces more closely without any fatal collisions. Currently, the price of these robots varies with the task type; the more transport load they support and the greater precision in their movements, the more expensive they will be. Nowadays, several works mention the use of collaborative robots to assist in the rehabilitation process of patients. These procedures are expensive since, initially, the purchase of the robot is required, and later the application software to generate the patient's rehabilitation movements. This article presents a methodology to generate the trajectory of the rehabilitation movements of patients with limitations in the upper joints. Engineering application software is used for the academic community (Professors and students). The licenses for operating this software application are free for the academy. In university courses, inverse kinematics projects of collaborative robots can be proposed to generate the rehabilitation trajectories of the patients mentioned above. With this methodology, only the collaborative robot would be required, reducing the initial investment of this type of treatment. When using student software applications, it would be possible to use the other tools that this type of computational tool has, such as 3D printing of parts, some ergonomic analysis of components, or the design of parts or fasteners through the finite element method. To test the methodology developed, a case study was used. It was a final project in the Automation of Manufacturing Systems course of the Tecnologico de Monterrey for students of the Mechatronics Engineering career. In this case study, the generated trajectories stimulate patients' motor skills to draw 2D contours. However, an advantage of the described methodology is that it can be used to generate any 2D or 3D trajectory as required by the patient. The methodology consists of the following stages, 1) 3D modeling of the parts of the collaborative robot that intervenes to generate trajectories, 2) consultation of the reference system of the axes of the collaborative robot, 3) definition of the appropriate movements for the rehabilitation of the patient and 4) programming of the robot. At the beginning of the article, different configurations and applications of collaborative robots are mentioned. Subsequently, the characteristics of the collaborative robot used for this work are described. Next, the methodology implemented for generating trajectories for rehabilitating patients with limitations of the movements of the upper limbs is detailed. Then, the developed methodology is implemented through a case study. Finally, the results, conclusions, and future work are presented.
{"title":"Use of collaborative robots to generate movement trajectories for rehabilitating patients with joint mobility limitations of the upper extremities.","authors":"Hector Rafael Morano-okuno, Rafael Caltenco Castillo, Guillermo Sandoval","doi":"10.54941/ahfe1004413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004413","url":null,"abstract":"In the 2000s, the application of collaborative robots began to be heard more frequently in various sectors, such as the Manufacturing industry and Healthcare. One of its main advantages is the way of interacting with the user; since it allows to share workspaces more closely without any fatal collisions. Currently, the price of these robots varies with the task type; the more transport load they support and the greater precision in their movements, the more expensive they will be. Nowadays, several works mention the use of collaborative robots to assist in the rehabilitation process of patients. These procedures are expensive since, initially, the purchase of the robot is required, and later the application software to generate the patient's rehabilitation movements. This article presents a methodology to generate the trajectory of the rehabilitation movements of patients with limitations in the upper joints. Engineering application software is used for the academic community (Professors and students). The licenses for operating this software application are free for the academy. In university courses, inverse kinematics projects of collaborative robots can be proposed to generate the rehabilitation trajectories of the patients mentioned above. With this methodology, only the collaborative robot would be required, reducing the initial investment of this type of treatment. When using student software applications, it would be possible to use the other tools that this type of computational tool has, such as 3D printing of parts, some ergonomic analysis of components, or the design of parts or fasteners through the finite element method. To test the methodology developed, a case study was used. It was a final project in the Automation of Manufacturing Systems course of the Tecnologico de Monterrey for students of the Mechatronics Engineering career. In this case study, the generated trajectories stimulate patients' motor skills to draw 2D contours. However, an advantage of the described methodology is that it can be used to generate any 2D or 3D trajectory as required by the patient. The methodology consists of the following stages, 1) 3D modeling of the parts of the collaborative robot that intervenes to generate trajectories, 2) consultation of the reference system of the axes of the collaborative robot, 3) definition of the appropriate movements for the rehabilitation of the patient and 4) programming of the robot. At the beginning of the article, different configurations and applications of collaborative robots are mentioned. Subsequently, the characteristics of the collaborative robot used for this work are described. Next, the methodology implemented for generating trajectories for rehabilitating patients with limitations of the movements of the upper limbs is detailed. Then, the developed methodology is implemented through a case study. Finally, the results, conclusions, and future work are presented.","PeriodicalId":470195,"journal":{"name":"AHFE international","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135313181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article attempts to study the consistency, among other auxiliary comparisons, between popular generative artificial intelligence (AI) robots in the evaluation of various perceived user experience dimensions of mobile device operating system versions or, more specifically, iOS and Android versions. A handful of robots were experimented with, ending up with Dragonfly and GPT-4 being the only two eligible for in-depth investigation where the duo was individually requested to accord rating scores to the six major dimensions, namely (1) efficiency, (2) effectiveness, (3) learnability, (4) satisfaction, (5) accessibility, and (6) security, of the operating system versions. It is noteworthy that these dimensions are from the perceived user experience’s point of view instead of any “physical” technology’s standpoint. For each of the two robots, the minimum, the maximum, the range, and the standard deviation of the rating scores for each of the six dimensions were computed across all the versions. The rating score difference for each of the six dimensions between the two robots was calculated for each version. The mean of the absolute value, the minimum, the maximum, the range, and the standard deviation of the differences for each dimension between the two robots were calculated across all versions. A paired sample t-test was then applied to each dimension for the rating score differences between the two robots over all the versions. Finally, a correlation coefficient of the rating scores was computed for each dimension between the two robots across all the versions. These computational outcomes were to confirm whether the two robots awarded discrimination in evaluating each dimension across the versions, whether any of the two robots systematically underrated or overrated any dimension vis-à-vis the other robot, and whether there was consistency between the two robots in evaluating each dimension across the versions. It was found that discrimination was apparent in the evaluation of all dimensions, GPT-4 systematically underrated the dimensions satisfaction (p = 0.002 < 0.05) and security (p = 0.008 < 0.05) compared with Dragonfly, and the evaluation by the two robots was almost impeccably consistent for the six dimensions with the correlation coefficients ranging from 0.679 to 0.892 (p from 0.000 to 0.003 < 0.05). Consistency implies at least the partial trustworthiness of the evaluation of these mobile device operating system versions by either of these two popular generative AI robots based on the analogous concept of convergent validity.
{"title":"The Consistency between Popular Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) Robots in Evaluating the User Experience of Mobile Device Operating Systems","authors":"Victor K Y Chan","doi":"10.54941/ahfe1004193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004193","url":null,"abstract":"This article attempts to study the consistency, among other auxiliary comparisons, between popular generative artificial intelligence (AI) robots in the evaluation of various perceived user experience dimensions of mobile device operating system versions or, more specifically, iOS and Android versions. A handful of robots were experimented with, ending up with Dragonfly and GPT-4 being the only two eligible for in-depth investigation where the duo was individually requested to accord rating scores to the six major dimensions, namely (1) efficiency, (2) effectiveness, (3) learnability, (4) satisfaction, (5) accessibility, and (6) security, of the operating system versions. It is noteworthy that these dimensions are from the perceived user experience’s point of view instead of any “physical” technology’s standpoint. For each of the two robots, the minimum, the maximum, the range, and the standard deviation of the rating scores for each of the six dimensions were computed across all the versions. The rating score difference for each of the six dimensions between the two robots was calculated for each version. The mean of the absolute value, the minimum, the maximum, the range, and the standard deviation of the differences for each dimension between the two robots were calculated across all versions. A paired sample t-test was then applied to each dimension for the rating score differences between the two robots over all the versions. Finally, a correlation coefficient of the rating scores was computed for each dimension between the two robots across all the versions. These computational outcomes were to confirm whether the two robots awarded discrimination in evaluating each dimension across the versions, whether any of the two robots systematically underrated or overrated any dimension vis-à-vis the other robot, and whether there was consistency between the two robots in evaluating each dimension across the versions. It was found that discrimination was apparent in the evaluation of all dimensions, GPT-4 systematically underrated the dimensions satisfaction (p = 0.002 < 0.05) and security (p = 0.008 < 0.05) compared with Dragonfly, and the evaluation by the two robots was almost impeccably consistent for the six dimensions with the correlation coefficients ranging from 0.679 to 0.892 (p from 0.000 to 0.003 < 0.05). Consistency implies at least the partial trustworthiness of the evaluation of these mobile device operating system versions by either of these two popular generative AI robots based on the analogous concept of convergent validity.","PeriodicalId":470195,"journal":{"name":"AHFE international","volume":"121 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135314216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The meaning of visual imagery encapsulates the essence of the era's aspirations. This meaning can vary across different cultures, and metaphorical expressions can also differ significantly. Throughout history, the evolution of images has experienced diverse transformations. In the present day, these images continue to undergo digitization, evolving their meanings through various markets and novel formats. As an illustration, the convergence of art, photography, and the implementation of smart contracts in the form of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) has gained momentum alongside virtual currencies like Bitcoin, serving as a digital means of value exchange.Personal experiences contribute to elevating the value of images, and the subjective nature of value assessment criteria has spurred considerable discourse on valuation methods and problem-solving approaches. In a reality lacking precise standards, both significant and minor societal side effects arise. Moreover, challenges to sustainability and environmental threats have also emerged. In the realm of design, endeavors such as design thinking, speculative design envisioning future scenarios, and design futuring have been employed as alternative approaches to address these issues. These novel design attempts have garnered attention as methods for embracing uncertainties about the future and the consequent problem-solving efforts.Against this backdrop, this study aims to pose the question of how metaphoric images, particularly NFTs, will evolve in the future. As a means of seeking answers, the research intends to explore the value inherent in images by investigating prior studies on their meanings across the past, present, and future. Additionally, the metaphorical expressions embedded in these images will be examined for the implied significations they carry. Furthermore, the trajectory of these images from their origins to their current state will be traced, delving into the frequency of use across cultural and societal strata, as well as the utilization of digital imagery following its establishment in the digital realm.This research will not merely focus on the transformation of artists' and designers' creations into NFTs but will also scrutinize how digital images in the new era acquire value and meaning. Ultimately, it aims to comprehensively explore the implications of future metaphoric images, particularly in the context of NFTs and their connection to human culture. Additionally, the study will examine instances where societal institutions impact NFTs' digital images and reciprocally, where these images influence societal norms. This exploration will encompass the analysis of different nations, epochs, and the digital convergence era. In summation, the synthesized findings will categorize the meanings associated with these images and investigate how they can genuinely add value via historical research, or case studies.
{"title":"Future Image making in the era of Metaverse: Focus on Non-Fungible Tokens and the Future of Art","authors":"Young Jun Han","doi":"10.54941/ahfe1004456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004456","url":null,"abstract":"The meaning of visual imagery encapsulates the essence of the era's aspirations. This meaning can vary across different cultures, and metaphorical expressions can also differ significantly. Throughout history, the evolution of images has experienced diverse transformations. In the present day, these images continue to undergo digitization, evolving their meanings through various markets and novel formats. As an illustration, the convergence of art, photography, and the implementation of smart contracts in the form of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) has gained momentum alongside virtual currencies like Bitcoin, serving as a digital means of value exchange.Personal experiences contribute to elevating the value of images, and the subjective nature of value assessment criteria has spurred considerable discourse on valuation methods and problem-solving approaches. In a reality lacking precise standards, both significant and minor societal side effects arise. Moreover, challenges to sustainability and environmental threats have also emerged. In the realm of design, endeavors such as design thinking, speculative design envisioning future scenarios, and design futuring have been employed as alternative approaches to address these issues. These novel design attempts have garnered attention as methods for embracing uncertainties about the future and the consequent problem-solving efforts.Against this backdrop, this study aims to pose the question of how metaphoric images, particularly NFTs, will evolve in the future. As a means of seeking answers, the research intends to explore the value inherent in images by investigating prior studies on their meanings across the past, present, and future. Additionally, the metaphorical expressions embedded in these images will be examined for the implied significations they carry. Furthermore, the trajectory of these images from their origins to their current state will be traced, delving into the frequency of use across cultural and societal strata, as well as the utilization of digital imagery following its establishment in the digital realm.This research will not merely focus on the transformation of artists' and designers' creations into NFTs but will also scrutinize how digital images in the new era acquire value and meaning. Ultimately, it aims to comprehensively explore the implications of future metaphoric images, particularly in the context of NFTs and their connection to human culture. Additionally, the study will examine instances where societal institutions impact NFTs' digital images and reciprocally, where these images influence societal norms. This exploration will encompass the analysis of different nations, epochs, and the digital convergence era. In summation, the synthesized findings will categorize the meanings associated with these images and investigate how they can genuinely add value via historical research, or case studies.","PeriodicalId":470195,"journal":{"name":"AHFE international","volume":"121 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135316640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ramona Schmid, Sophia Maria Saat, Knut Möller, Verena Wagner-Hartl
Recognizing emotions is an essential ability in our daily social interactions. However, there are individuals who have difficulties interpreting emotions, such as patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In order to cope better with everyday life, emotion training can be a supporting factor for them. However, studies show that emotion training is not only helpful for patients with ASD, but also in the working environment, for example in trainings for managers or teams. In recent research, there are already approaches to use new technologies such as virtual reality to train emotional and social skills. For the evaluation of these new concepts, it is important to make the emotional state of a person measurable. Therefore, a measurement environment has already been developed at Furtwangen University. This is based on a multidimensional approach combining subjective and objective psychophysiological measures. Moreover, the development of facial emotion recognition (FER) systems based on machine learning techniques are also increasing for measuring a person's emotional state. Often, they focus on the recognition of Ekman’s basic emotions. To train and evaluate such FER systems, these basic emotions have to be induced in an individual. Therefore, a number of methods for emotion induction can be found in research, e.g. visual stimuli or mental methods. However, in most studies, only a few selected emotions, such as anger and happiness, were induced. Thus, there is a lack of studies that examined the induction of all six basic emotions.For that reason, the aim of the presented experimental study was to investigate two different methods of emotion induction for the six basic emotions anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise, and a neutral category. Overall, 14 women and 10 men (N = 24) aged between 19 and 59 years (M = 29.25, SD = 11.46) participated in the study. For the first induction method, affective visual stimuli from common emotional picture databases (EmoPicS, OASIS and IAPS) were used. For the second induction method, emotions were induced by a so-called autobiographical recall. Therefore, the participants had to imagine autobiographical situations that evoked the required emotion in them in the past. After each different induction of one of the six emotions or the neutral category, the participants’ emotional state was assessed using the two dimensions valence and arousal of the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM). Furthermore, cardiovascular (ECG) and electrodermal (EDA) activity were recorded. The results show a significant interaction induction method x emotional category for both subjective assessments valence and arousal. Furthermore, based on the results of the psychophysiological responses of the participants (ECG and EDA), it is shown that the second method to induce emotions (autobiographical recall) was significantly more arousing than the first induction method using visual stimuli. To sum it up, the results of the experime
{"title":"Induction method influence on emotion recognition based on psychophysiological parameters","authors":"Ramona Schmid, Sophia Maria Saat, Knut Möller, Verena Wagner-Hartl","doi":"10.54941/ahfe1002851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002851","url":null,"abstract":"Recognizing emotions is an essential ability in our daily social interactions. However, there are individuals who have difficulties interpreting emotions, such as patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In order to cope better with everyday life, emotion training can be a supporting factor for them. However, studies show that emotion training is not only helpful for patients with ASD, but also in the working environment, for example in trainings for managers or teams. In recent research, there are already approaches to use new technologies such as virtual reality to train emotional and social skills. For the evaluation of these new concepts, it is important to make the emotional state of a person measurable. Therefore, a measurement environment has already been developed at Furtwangen University. This is based on a multidimensional approach combining subjective and objective psychophysiological measures. Moreover, the development of facial emotion recognition (FER) systems based on machine learning techniques are also increasing for measuring a person's emotional state. Often, they focus on the recognition of Ekman’s basic emotions. To train and evaluate such FER systems, these basic emotions have to be induced in an individual. Therefore, a number of methods for emotion induction can be found in research, e.g. visual stimuli or mental methods. However, in most studies, only a few selected emotions, such as anger and happiness, were induced. Thus, there is a lack of studies that examined the induction of all six basic emotions.For that reason, the aim of the presented experimental study was to investigate two different methods of emotion induction for the six basic emotions anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise, and a neutral category. Overall, 14 women and 10 men (N = 24) aged between 19 and 59 years (M = 29.25, SD = 11.46) participated in the study. For the first induction method, affective visual stimuli from common emotional picture databases (EmoPicS, OASIS and IAPS) were used. For the second induction method, emotions were induced by a so-called autobiographical recall. Therefore, the participants had to imagine autobiographical situations that evoked the required emotion in them in the past. After each different induction of one of the six emotions or the neutral category, the participants’ emotional state was assessed using the two dimensions valence and arousal of the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM). Furthermore, cardiovascular (ECG) and electrodermal (EDA) activity were recorded. The results show a significant interaction induction method x emotional category for both subjective assessments valence and arousal. Furthermore, based on the results of the psychophysiological responses of the participants (ECG and EDA), it is shown that the second method to induce emotions (autobiographical recall) was significantly more arousing than the first induction method using visual stimuli. To sum it up, the results of the experime","PeriodicalId":470195,"journal":{"name":"AHFE international","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135470408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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