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The influence of technological interactivity and media sociability on sport consumer value co-creation behaviors via collective efficacy and collective intelligence 基于集体效能和集体智慧的技术互动性和媒介社交性对体育消费者价值共创行为的影响
IF 2.2 4区 教育学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2021-03-22 DOI: 10.1108/IJSMS-04-2020-0058
Younghan Lee, Dae-eun Kim
PurposeThe current study aims to explain the influence of technological interactivity and media sociability on sport consumer value co-creation behavior via collective efficacy and collective intelligence.Design/methodology/approachSubjects were individuals who have a mobile smart device and experience of accessing sport-related community websites (n = 513). A face-to-face self-administered survey was employed based on the convenience sampling method. A structural equation modeling test was conducted to examine the relationships between the variables.FindingsTechnological interactivity and media sociability based on mobile smart devices improve sport consumers' collective efficacy, and media sociability positively affects collective intelligence. Also, perceived collective efficacy and collective intelligence in virtual communities induce consumers to engage in the value co-creation process more actively (i.e. consumer participation behavior and citizenship behavior). One of the key findings includes the significant role of media sociability in the process of value co-creation between consumers and sport organizations. Media sociability is more likely to contribute to improving sport consumers' collective efficacy and the development of intelligence than the properties of technological interactivity.Originality/valueResearch findings contribute to extending the body of knowledge in interactivity studies related to sport consumers' value co-creation behaviors in the virtual environment context.
目的本研究旨在通过集体效能和集体智力来解释技术互动性和媒体社交性对体育消费者价值共创行为的影响。设计/方法/方法受试者是拥有移动智能设备并有访问体育相关社区网站经验的个人(n=513)。采用方便抽样法进行面对面自我管理调查。进行了结构方程建模测试,以检验变量之间的关系。发现基于移动智能设备的技术互动性和媒体社交性提高了体育消费者的集体效能,而媒体社交性对集体智力有积极影响。此外,虚拟社区中感知到的集体效能和集体智慧促使消费者更积极地参与价值共创过程(即消费者参与行为和公民行为)。其中一个关键发现包括媒体社交性在消费者和体育组织共同创造价值过程中的重要作用。与技术互动的特性相比,媒体社交更有可能有助于提高体育消费者的集体效能和智力发展。原创性/价值研究结果有助于扩展与体育消费者在虚拟环境中的价值共创行为相关的互动研究中的知识体系。
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引用次数: 8
Collaborative consumption sport hosting: value and consumption constraints 协同消费体育主办:价值与消费约束
IF 2.2 4区 教育学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2021-03-12 DOI: 10.1108/IJSMS-10-2020-0183
Michael M. Goldman, Brandon Brown, E. Schwarz
2 Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to find evidence of the benefits and constraints of 3 collaborative consumption experiences by investigating the perceptions of hosts and visitors that 4 attended professional regular season basketball and baseball games in the USA. 5 Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected through four focus groups with 37 total 6 participants, and were analyzed through qualitative content analysis. 7 Findings – The results show that participants in a collaborative consumption experience perceive 8 four types of value: social interaction and belonging, new fandom, travel bucket list experiences, 9 and local and sport knowledge. In addition, the results provide evidence of five consumption 10 constraints related to collaborative consumption: expenses, average experiences, seat location, 11 interpersonal disconnects, and personal risk. 12 Practical implications – Practitioners can use this initial study to better understand the benefits 13 hosts and visitors perceive in the experience, and therefore the kind of experience design that 14 would encourage increased purchases and loyalty. 15 Originality/value – This paper provides qualitative insights into the benefits and detriments of a 16 collaborative consumption sport experience, based on participants’ involvement in an innovative 17 peer-to-peer platform. 18
2目的-本文的目的是通过调查在美国参加职业常规赛篮球和棒球比赛的东道主和访客的看法,找到3合作消费体验的好处和限制的证据。5设计/方法/方法-通过四个焦点小组收集数据,共37名参与者,并通过定性内容分析进行分析。调查结果-结果显示,参与协作消费体验的参与者感知到四种类型的价值:社会互动和归属感、新的粉丝圈、旅行遗愿清单体验、当地和体育知识。此外,研究结果还提供了与协同消费相关的五个消费限制因素的证据:费用、平均体验、座位位置、人际关系脱节和个人风险。实践意义——从业者可以利用这一初步研究来更好地理解主人和访客在体验中感受到的好处,从而了解哪种体验设计能够鼓励增加购买和忠诚度。原创性/价值——本文基于参与者参与创新的点对点平台,对协作消费体育体验的利与弊进行了定性分析。18
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引用次数: 2
Comparing young adult responses to rational and emotional sports product advertisements: the moderating role of product type and gender 比较年轻人对理性和情感体育产品广告的反应:产品类型和性别的调节作用
IF 2.2 4区 教育学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2021-03-09 DOI: 10.1108/IJSMS-04-2020-0045
Mojtaba Ghasemi Siani, S. Mohammadi, Mohammad Soltan Hosseini, G. Dickson
PurposeThe purpose of the study was to compare young adult responses to rational and emotional sports product advertisements. The moderating roles of product type and gender were also examined.Design/methodology/approachThe study utilized a 2 (advertising appeal: emotional vs rational) ×2 (gender: male vs female)×2 (sport product type: utilitarian vs hedonic) research design. Data were collected from 160 sport product users. The collected data were analyzed using three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).FindingsThe results indicated that emotional advertising has a greater impact on the attitude toward advertising and the intention to purchase sports products. The results also revealed that rational advertising appeals have more impact for utilitarian sports products and that emotional advertising appeals are more effective for hedonic sports products. However, there were no significant effects for gender as a moderating variable.Originality/valueThis is the first study to examine responses to rational and emotional appeals in sports product advertisements.
目的本研究的目的是比较年轻人对理性和情感运动产品广告的反应。还考察了产品类型和性别的调节作用。设计/方法论/方法本研究采用了2(广告吸引力:情感与理性)×2(性别:男性与女性)×2的(体育产品类型:功利与享乐)研究设计。数据收集自160名体育产品用户。结果表明,情感广告对广告态度和体育产品购买意愿的影响较大。结果还表明,理性广告诉求对功利性体育产品的影响更大,情感广告诉求对享乐性体育产品更有效。然而,性别作为调节变量没有显著影响。原创性/价值这是第一项研究体育产品广告对理性和情感诉求的反应。
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引用次数: 5
How is table tennis used to boost the development of Shanghai? Interviewing the executive director of Shanghai Table Tennis Association 如何利用乒乓球促进上海的发展?采访上海乒乓球协会执行理事
IF 2.2 4区 教育学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2021-02-16 DOI: 10.1108/IJSMS-04-2020-0049
Yi Zhang, Haodong Gu
PurposeScholars have examined the relationship between sports and urban development and proposed to use sport programs and events as a catalyst to revitalize communities, upgrade urban infrastructure, promote city image, shift economic structure, nurture an active lifestyle, and enhance societal harmony and solidarity. Yet, previous studies were usually focused on mega sport events and were typically conceptual, theoretical and lack of practical applications. This study was designed to attain in-depth understanding on how a specific sport, table tennis, can be systematically organized and utilized to influence urban development through a qualitative research injury.Design/methodology/approachThis investigation was carried by conducting in-depth interviews of the executive director of the Shanghai Table Tennis Association, on-site observations and comprehensive review of literature. Development of interview questions took into consideration the conceptual framework postulated by Preuss (2007) that contains six structures of urban development through sports. Triangulation analyses were conducted to cross validate the three information sources to generate themes and assertions.FindingsWhile the identified practices were consistent with Preuss' (2007) framework, specific management activities earnestly practiced in Shanghai are centered on utilizing cultural and historical heritage, star power, branding strategies, staging tournaments, hallmark events, technical innovation and government relations to achieve the objectives of table tennis as a sport and the objectives of urban development through table tennis.Originality/valueThe findings of this study help fill the void that a theory usually cannot specify, namely, detailed, unambiguous practices. While table tennis may be a viewed as a small sport in many parts of the world, it has a strong, unprecedented historical heritage in Shanghai. This city has made a prudent choice and investment in this sport, which has proved to be effective. Other cities in the world should look into their own social, cultural and historical heritage and develop sport strategies, operations and programs accordingly.
目的学者们研究了体育与城市发展之间的关系,并建议利用体育项目和活动作为催化剂,振兴社区,升级城市基础设施,提升城市形象,转变经济结构,培养积极的生活方式,增强社会和谐与团结。然而,以前的研究通常集中在大型体育赛事上,通常是概念性的、理论性的,缺乏实际应用。本研究旨在通过定性研究损伤,深入了解如何系统地组织和利用乒乓球这一特定运动来影响城市发展。设计/方法/方法本次调查通过对上海市乒乓球协会执行理事的深入访谈、现场观察和文献综述等方式进行。访谈问题的制定考虑了Preuss(2007)提出的概念框架,该框架包含通过体育进行城市发展的六个结构。进行了三角分析,以交叉验证三个信息来源,从而生成主题和断言。发现虽然确定的做法与Preuss(2007)的框架一致,但上海认真实践的具体管理活动集中在利用文化和历史遗产、明星力量、品牌战略、举办锦标赛、标志性活动,技术创新与政府关系,通过乒乓球运动实现乒乓球运动的目标和城市发展的目标。原创性/价值这项研究的发现有助于填补理论通常无法具体说明的空白,即详细、明确的实践。虽然乒乓球在世界许多地方可能被视为一项小运动,但它在上海有着强大的、前所未有的历史遗产。这座城市对这项运动做出了谨慎的选择和投资,事实证明这是有效的。世界上的其他城市应该研究自己的社会、文化和历史遗产,并相应地制定体育战略、运营和计划。
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引用次数: 0
Sport events as experiencescapes: the spectator's perspective 作为体验的体育赛事:观众的视角
IF 2.2 4区 教育学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1108/ijsms-04-2020-0056
Kirstin Hallmann, A. Zehrer, Julia Rietz
PurposeCombining sport event tourism and experience economy has led to an experience-based explanation of sport tourists' behavior and the creation of experiencescapes. This study aims to analyze the interdependence of perceived experiences and revisit intention across three events.Design/methodology/approachUsing a survey, data (n = 986) were collected from spectators at the ice hockey world championships, the table tennis world championships and motorsport events (e.g. German-touring car championship). Entertainment, esthetics, escapism and education served as dimensions defining the experience at sport events and their association with revisit intention. The models were tested using confirmatory factor analyses and structural equation modeling.FindingsThe four dimensions of experience were confirmed. Yet, they differ across the three sport events. For instance, whereas entertainment loaded highest on experience for all events, education had the second-highest factor loading for the table tennis event and esthetics for the ice hockey and motorsports events.Practical implicationsSport event marketers must understand spectators' experiences and the influence on post-consumption behavior. For motorsports, the promotional material should emphasize the esthetics of an experience, for ice hockey the entertainment, and for table tennis education is at the core of the experience.Originality/valueThis study employed the four realms of experience to a sport event setting, which is new. The results suggested that the three sport events provide distinct experiencescapes for the spectators.
目的将体育赛事旅游与体验经济相结合,以体验为基础解释体育游客的行为和体验胜地的创造。本研究旨在分析三种事件中感知经验的相互依存关系和重新审视意图。设计/方法/方法通过一项调查,从冰球世界锦标赛、乒乓球世界锦标赛和赛车赛事(如德国房车锦标赛)的观众中收集数据(n = 986)。娱乐、美学、逃避现实和教育是定义体育赛事体验的维度,以及它们与重温意图的联系。采用验证性因子分析和结构方程模型对模型进行检验。经验的四个维度得到了证实。然而,它们在三个体育项目中有所不同。例如,在所有赛事中,娱乐对体验的影响最大,而教育对乒乓球赛事的影响次之,对冰球和赛车赛事的影响则是美学。实践启示体育赛事营销人员必须了解观众的体验及其对消费后行为的影响。对于赛车运动来说,宣传材料应该强调体验的美感,对于冰球来说是娱乐,而对于乒乓球来说,教育是体验的核心。原创性/价值本研究将体验的四个领域应用于体育赛事设置,这是新的。结果表明,这三个体育项目为观众提供了不同的体验。
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引用次数: 4
The impact of ageing on aggression among sport fans: the mediating role of fan hatred 老龄化对体育迷攻击性的影响:球迷仇恨的中介作用
IF 2.2 4区 教育学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1108/ijsms-09-2020-0164
Tamar Icekson, Anat Alon, A. Shuv-Ami, Y. Sela
PurposeThe growing proportion of older fans and their potential economic value have increased the need for an improved understanding of age differences in fan behaviour. Building on socioemotional selectivity theory, the current study examines the impact of age differences on fan hatred as well as on the extent to which fans actually engage in aggressive activities and fans' perceptions of the levels of appropriateness of certain physical and verbal acts of aggression.Design/methodology/approachThe study used an online panel-based survey that offered access to a real-world population of sport fans. The participants were 742 fans of professional football (soccer).FindingsResults from structural equation modelling indicated that older fans reported lower levels of fan hatred, lower self-reported aggression and lower acceptance of physical and verbal aggression. Moreover, fan hatred partially mediated the relationship between age and levels of aggression and between age and acceptance of verbal aggression. In addition, fan hatred fully mediated the relationship between age and acceptance of physical aggression.Originality/valueThe current study makes two important contributions. First, it demonstrates that sport clubs may particularly benefit from understanding the potential but often neglected importance of older sport fans in relation to the problematic phenomenon of fan aggression. Second, it offers a thorough theoretical account of the manner in which fan hatred plays a significant role in the relationships between age and fan aggressiveness.
老年球迷比例的增长及其潜在的经济价值增加了对球迷行为的年龄差异的更好理解的需求。基于社会情感选择性理论,目前的研究考察了年龄差异对球迷仇恨的影响,以及球迷实际参与攻击性活动的程度,以及球迷对某些身体和语言攻击行为适当程度的看法。设计/方法/方法该研究采用了一项基于在线小组的调查,提供了对现实世界体育迷的访问。参与者是742名职业足球爱好者。结构方程模型的结果表明,年龄较大的球迷报告的球迷仇恨水平较低,自我报告的攻击性较低,对身体和语言攻击的接受程度也较低。此外,球迷仇恨在年龄与攻击水平、年龄与言语攻击接受程度之间存在部分中介关系。此外,球迷仇恨完全中介了年龄和接受身体攻击之间的关系。目前的研究有两个重要贡献。首先,它表明,体育俱乐部可能特别受益于了解潜在的,但往往被忽视的老年体育迷的重要性,与球迷侵略的问题现象有关。其次,它为球迷仇恨在年龄和球迷攻击性之间的关系中发挥重要作用的方式提供了彻底的理论解释。
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引用次数: 5
Identifying factors affecting the value of advertisements on football clubs' and players' social media: a discrete choice analysis 识别影响足球俱乐部和球员社交媒体广告价值的因素:离散选择分析
IF 2.2 4区 教育学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-12-07 DOI: 10.1108/ijsms-12-2019-0138
Matteo Balliauw, Evy Onghena, Simon Mulkens
PurposeAdvertisers frequently use social media for interactive and customer-oriented relationship marketing (RM) purposes. Moreover, sports clubs and players have been using their social media accounts to post content of their sponsors and other advertising companies. Such posts create visibility and have value for these advertising companies, something which has not been empirically quantified in the existing literature. Hence, this paper's purpose is to identify the factors or attributes that influence the value of such advertisement posts.Design/methodology/approachA discrete choice approach is used to empirically estimate the utility that sponsorship managers derive from a post advertising their company or product on football clubs' and players' social media.FindingsThe results indicate that more followers, better on-field performance and a lower price significantly increase the advertising company's utility. Moreover, the used social media channel has a significant influence too, since Facebook and Instagram are preferred over Twitter, due to the latter's limited degrees of freedom for advertisers.Research limitations/implicationsConsidering additional factors such as the image fit between sponsor and sponsee and presence on the Chinese social media market offers an interesting avenue for future research.Practical implicationsThe empirical estimates allow commercial managers of clubs and players to derive companies' relative willingness to pay (WTP) for changes in characteristics of advertisements on their social media from the calculated utilities. This information can be used in the pricing decision when social media posts are sold or included in sponsorship packages.Originality/valueThis is the first study applying discrete choice modelling to link social media marketing (SMM) and sports marketing.
目的广告商经常使用社交媒体进行互动和以客户为导向的关系营销(RM)。此外,体育俱乐部和球员一直在使用他们的社交媒体账户发布赞助商和其他广告公司的内容。这些帖子为这些广告公司创造了可见性和价值,这在现有文献中尚未得到实证量化。因此,本文的目的是确定影响此类广告帖子价值的因素或属性。设计/方法论/方法离散选择方法用于实证估计赞助经理从足球俱乐部和球员社交媒体上发布的公司或产品广告中获得的效用。结果表明,更多的追随者、更好的现场表现和更低的价格显著提高了广告公司的效用。此外,使用的社交媒体渠道也有很大的影响力,因为Facebook和Instagram比Twitter更受欢迎,因为后者对广告商的自由度有限。研究局限性/含义考虑赞助商和赞助商之间的形象匹配以及在中国社交媒体市场上的存在等其他因素,为未来的研究提供了一条有趣的途径。实际含义经验估计允许俱乐部和球员的商业经理从计算的效用中得出公司对其社交媒体上广告特征变化的相对支付意愿(WTP)。当社交媒体帖子被出售或包含在赞助包中时,这些信息可以用于定价决策。原创性/价值这是第一项应用离散选择模型将社交媒体营销(SMM)和体育营销联系起来的研究。
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引用次数: 2
Sports and urban development: an introduction 体育与城市发展:导论
IF 2.2 4区 教育学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-12-07 DOI: 10.1108/ijsms-11-2020-0194
G. Dickson, James J. Zhang
PurposeAlthough both sports and cities have transformed over the last century, research on the intersection of sports and urban development remains scarce. This special issue was designed to advance a research agenda in relation to sports and urban development. The sports and urban development special issue of International Journal of Sport Marketing and Sponsorship brings together a collection of conceptual, empirical and commentary papers from four continents. Themes explored in this special issue include legacy, governance, image, climate change and sustainability. We encourage collaborative approaches between sport researchers and those with a focus on urban development, urban design and urban governance. Understanding the role of sports in the development of smart cities is an excellent opportunity for these collaborations to occur.Design/methodology/approachA comprehensive review of literature was undertaken to assess the literature related to sports and urban development.FindingsIn addition to this introductory article, there are ten manuscripts selected for this special issue investigating sports and urban development.Originality/valueThis special issue seeks to promote more research on sports and urban development, ultimately ultimately advancing theories and providing solutions.
目的尽管体育和城市在上个世纪都发生了变化,但关于体育与城市发展交叉点的研究仍然很少。这期特刊旨在推进与体育和城市发展有关的研究议程。《国际体育营销与赞助杂志》的体育与城市发展特刊汇集了来自四大洲的概念、实证和评论论文。本期特刊探讨的主题包括遗产、治理、形象、气候变化和可持续性。我们鼓励体育研究人员与关注城市发展、城市设计和城市治理的研究人员之间的合作。了解体育在智能城市发展中的作用是开展这些合作的绝佳机会。设计/方法/方法对文献进行了全面审查,以评估与体育和城市发展相关的文献。发现除了这篇介绍性文章外,本期特刊还精选了十篇关于体育与城市发展的手稿。原创性/价值本期特刊旨在推动更多关于体育与城市发展的研究,最终提出理论并提供解决方案。
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引用次数: 1
Malmö – the skateboarding city: a multi-level approach for developing and marketing a city through user-driven partnerships Malmö -滑板城市:通过用户驱动的伙伴关系开发和营销城市的多层次方法
IF 2.2 4区 教育学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-11-13 DOI: 10.1108/ijsms-05-2020-0101
K. Book, Gustav Svanborg Edén
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine how skateboarding as a community, sport and cultural phenomenon can become integrated into and drive the development, branding and marketing of a city (Malmö).Design/methodology/approachThis paper is produced through a communicative co-constructed process of one scholar and one practitioner within the skateboarding field. Through the narrative told by the practitioner, and with basis in the established understanding and conceptualization of place marketing through sport, success factors of the skateboarding initiatives in Malmö are identified.FindingsThe skateboarding story of Malmö fits well into the established conceptualization of place branding and marketing, neoliberalism and urban entrepreneurialism. Also, it demonstrates the power of a unique user-driven partnerships between skaters, a non-profit organization and public institutions to create a skateboard-friendly city and as a consequence a strong internationally renowned skate-image. The multi-level, multi-content approach is founded in shared values and mutual benefits. Instead of fitting a phenomenon into an outward-oriented image-strategy, skateboarding as a sport and culture has been allowed to develop organically, creating a credible and unique image for Malmö.Originality/valueThis study adds to the literature on sport and city marketing/branding by developing a deeper, empirically founded, understanding of how to combine top-down and bottom-up approaches in urban development, marketing and branding. The results have scientific as well as practical value.
本文的目的是研究滑板作为一种社区、运动和文化现象如何融入并推动城市的发展、品牌和营销(Malmö)。设计/方法论/方法本论文是通过滑板领域的一位学者和一位实践者的交流共同构建过程产生的。通过实践者的叙述,并基于对通过体育进行场所营销的既定理解和概念化,确定了Malmö中滑板活动的成功因素。研究发现Malmö的滑板故事很好地符合地方品牌和营销、新自由主义和城市创业主义的既定概念。此外,它还展示了滑冰者、非营利组织和公共机构之间独特的用户驱动合作伙伴关系的力量,以创建一个滑板友好型城市,从而建立一个强大的国际知名滑板形象。多层次、多内容的方式是建立在共享价值和互惠互利的基础上的。滑板作为一种运动和文化,被允许有机地发展,为Malmö创造了可信和独特的形象,而不是将一种现象融入到外向的形象战略中。独创性/价值本研究通过对如何在城市发展、营销和品牌中结合自上而下和自下而上的方法进行更深入的、基于经验的理解,增加了关于体育和城市营销/品牌的文献。研究结果具有一定的科学价值和实用价值。
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引用次数: 2
The Rio's transport legacy: pre- and post-Games resident perceptions 奥运会的交通遗产:奥运会前后居民的看法
IF 2.2 4区 教育学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-11-10 DOI: 10.1108/ijsms-04-2020-0073
T. Ribeiro, Victor Almeida
PurposeThe Rio 2016 Olympic Games required a significant investment in the public transport systems, connecting four city's areas and providing different types of impacts and legacies for their hosts. The purpose of this paper is to examine resident perceptions of the public transportation issues in the Rio host city before and after the Games. Key factors underpinning transportation issue outcomes are identified.Design/methodology/approachData were collected among Rio local residents by using a pre-Games (n = 504) and post-Games design (n = 421). The cross-sectional and longitudinal data were assessed at both time periods. An exploratory factor analysis revealed five factors, and a confirmatory factor analysis analysed the psychometric properties of the constructs proposed. Subsequently, MANOVA and a series of ANOVA tests (one-way and paired samples) were performed to analyse the differences in perceptions before and after the Games.FindingsResults revealed a five-factor model of public transportation issues perceived: planning, infrastructure, insecurity, information and urban mobility. Resident perceptions for four factors (planning, infrastructure, insecurity, urban mobility) increased from pre- to post-Games, meaning that they have a more negative perspective about those issues. In contrast, the findings suggested an improvement in public transport information perceived between the period before and after the Games.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the academic literature related to discussing the Olympic legacy by providing evidence of how hosting the Olympics may lead to social exchange with negative outcomes on transport legacy. The findings of this study can be used as valuable information for future event organizers, local authorities and governments.
目的2016年里约奥运会需要对公共交通系统进行大量投资,连接四个城市的区域,并为东道主提供不同类型的影响和遗产。本文的目的是考察里约奥运会前后居民对公共交通问题的看法。确定了支撑运输问题结果的关键因素。设计/方法/方法通过赛前(n=504)和赛后设计(n=421)在里约当地居民中收集数据。对两个时间段的横断面和纵向数据进行了评估。探索性因素分析揭示了五个因素,验证性因素分析分析了所提出结构的心理测量特性。随后,进行了MANOVA和一系列ANOVA测试(单向和配对样本),以分析比赛前后感知的差异。结果揭示了感知公共交通问题的五因素模型:规划、基础设施、不安全、信息和城市流动性。从奥运会前到奥运会后,居民对四个因素(规划、基础设施、不安全、城市流动性)的看法有所增加,这意味着他们对这些问题的看法更加负面。相反,研究结果表明,在奥运会前和奥运会后,人们对公共交通信息的感知有所改善。Originality/value这项研究通过提供举办奥运会如何导致社会交流的证据,对讨论奥运遗产的学术文献做出了贡献,并对交通遗产产生了负面影响。这项研究的结果可以作为未来活动组织者、地方当局和政府的宝贵信息。
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引用次数: 8
期刊
International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship
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