Pub Date : 2001-11-01DOI: 10.1080/13876980108412664
M. Nakayama, R. Fujikura
Environmental impact assessment (EIA) by various sectors for development activities still needs operational guidelines to avoid failures. The High Aswan Dam in Egypt and the Calaca Thermal Power Plant in the Philippines were examined to delineate lessons. Three sorts of methodological failures were identified in these cases, although they differ in many aspects. They are (1) preoccupation with the previous case, (2) oversimplified assumptions about cause and effect, and (3) lack of a holistic viewpoint. These cases were also influenced by political biases, which led to inappropriate assessment methodologies and, subsequently, to erroneous conclusions. Care should be taken to avoid these universal failures in carrying out an assessment.
{"title":"Political Bias and Methodological Failure in Assessing Environmental Impacts of Development Projects: Comparative Analysis of the High Aswan Dam and Calaca Thermal Power Plant Development Projects","authors":"M. Nakayama, R. Fujikura","doi":"10.1080/13876980108412664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13876980108412664","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental impact assessment (EIA) by various sectors for development activities still needs operational guidelines to avoid failures. The High Aswan Dam in Egypt and the Calaca Thermal Power Plant in the Philippines were examined to delineate lessons. Three sorts of methodological failures were identified in these cases, although they differ in many aspects. They are (1) preoccupation with the previous case, (2) oversimplified assumptions about cause and effect, and (3) lack of a holistic viewpoint. These cases were also influenced by political biases, which led to inappropriate assessment methodologies and, subsequently, to erroneous conclusions. Care should be taken to avoid these universal failures in carrying out an assessment.","PeriodicalId":47229,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis","volume":"3 1","pages":"291-310"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2001-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13876980108412664","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60015463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-08-01DOI: 10.1080/13876980108412657
G. Hoberg
One of the great questions of our time is the capacity of nation states to maintain distinctive policies in the face of globalization. To many, the intensification of international trade, the mobility of capital, and the circulation of ideas has put immense pressure on governments to reduce taxes, relax business regulations, and generally conform policies to international standards. A growing body of scholarship, however, emphasizes the continued flexibility of nations to tailor domestic policies to suit their own needs. At the outset, it is important to differentiate policy convergence—the process of policies across countries becoming increasingly alike—from the effects of international economic integration. Banting, Hoberg, and Simeon (1997) have developed a framework that distinguishes the variety of forces at work. They emphasize four major forces behind convergence:
{"title":"Globalization and Policy Convergence: Symposium Overview","authors":"G. Hoberg","doi":"10.1080/13876980108412657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13876980108412657","url":null,"abstract":"One of the great questions of our time is the capacity of nation states to maintain distinctive policies in the face of globalization. To many, the intensification of international trade, the mobility of capital, and the circulation of ideas has put immense pressure on governments to reduce taxes, relax business regulations, and generally conform policies to international standards. A growing body of scholarship, however, emphasizes the continued flexibility of nations to tailor domestic policies to suit their own needs. At the outset, it is important to differentiate policy convergence—the process of policies across countries becoming increasingly alike—from the effects of international economic integration. Banting, Hoberg, and Simeon (1997) have developed a framework that distinguishes the variety of forces at work. They emphasize four major forces behind convergence:","PeriodicalId":47229,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis","volume":"3 1","pages":"127-132"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2001-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13876980108412657","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60015353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-08-01DOI: 10.1080/13876980108412658
Duane H. Swank
This article addresses the following questions. Is international capital mobility systematically related to reductions in the size of the public economy, as globalization theory suggests? Alternatively, do democratic institutions and processes shape the ways in which internationalization affects national policies? Specifically, I argue that the effects of capital mobility on the scope of the public economy should be conditioned by the institutional forms of societal interest representation and the formal organization of decision-making authority within the polity. Utilizing econometric analysis of 1964–1993 data from 16 nations, I find that international capital mobility has few direct effects on the scope of the public economy. However, configurations of democratic institutions fundamentally shape the domestic policy impacts of capital mobility. Where social corporatism and inclusive electoral institutions are strong and where decision-making authority within the polity is concentrated, international capital mobility is either unrelated to the scope of the public economy or positively associated with total public spending, social transfers, and public consumption. In institutional contexts of pluralist interest and exclusive electoral representation, and in polities where decision-making is dispersed, rises in capital mobility are systematically associated with rollbacks of the public sector.
{"title":"Mobile Capital, Democratic Institutions, and the Public Economy in Advanced Industrial Societies","authors":"Duane H. Swank","doi":"10.1080/13876980108412658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13876980108412658","url":null,"abstract":"This article addresses the following questions. Is international capital mobility systematically related to reductions in the size of the public economy, as globalization theory suggests? Alternatively, do democratic institutions and processes shape the ways in which internationalization affects national policies? Specifically, I argue that the effects of capital mobility on the scope of the public economy should be conditioned by the institutional forms of societal interest representation and the formal organization of decision-making authority within the polity. Utilizing econometric analysis of 1964–1993 data from 16 nations, I find that international capital mobility has few direct effects on the scope of the public economy. However, configurations of democratic institutions fundamentally shape the domestic policy impacts of capital mobility. Where social corporatism and inclusive electoral institutions are strong and where decision-making authority within the polity is concentrated, international capital mobility is either unrelated to the scope of the public economy or positively associated with total public spending, social transfers, and public consumption. In institutional contexts of pluralist interest and exclusive electoral representation, and in polities where decision-making is dispersed, rises in capital mobility are systematically associated with rollbacks of the public sector.","PeriodicalId":47229,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis","volume":"3 1","pages":"133-162"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2001-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13876980108412658","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60015368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-08-01DOI: 10.1080/13876980108412660
G. Hoberg
This article evaluates the environmental criticisms of free trade that have been such an important part of the critique of globalization. The first section briefly surveys the range of criticisms environmentalists have brought against the new economic order. The second section examines the available literature on the “race to the bottom,” one of the key concerns. The third section analyzes the World Trade Organization trade rules and how they have been interpreted by dispute resolution panels involving environmental issues. The fourth section turns to the specific rules of the North American Free Trade Agreement and examines several case studies of environmental issues in that region. The final section provides a summary evaluation of the environmental criticisms. The article argues that the environmental criticisms are exaggerated. Trade agreements leave far more room for domestic environmental measures than is frequently argued. The political globalization of the environmental movement has helped counter the threat to environmental policy created by the economic and trade aspects of globalization. Environmentalists do need to be careful about how they advance this critique of globalization, however, because their arguments risk becoming a self-fulfilling prophecy.
{"title":"Trade, Harmonization, and Domestic Autonomy in Environmental Policy","authors":"G. Hoberg","doi":"10.1080/13876980108412660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13876980108412660","url":null,"abstract":"This article evaluates the environmental criticisms of free trade that have been such an important part of the critique of globalization. The first section briefly surveys the range of criticisms environmentalists have brought against the new economic order. The second section examines the available literature on the “race to the bottom,” one of the key concerns. The third section analyzes the World Trade Organization trade rules and how they have been interpreted by dispute resolution panels involving environmental issues. The fourth section turns to the specific rules of the North American Free Trade Agreement and examines several case studies of environmental issues in that region. The final section provides a summary evaluation of the environmental criticisms. The article argues that the environmental criticisms are exaggerated. Trade agreements leave far more room for domestic environmental measures than is frequently argued. The political globalization of the environmental movement has helped counter the threat to environmental policy created by the economic and trade aspects of globalization. Environmentalists do need to be careful about how they advance this critique of globalization, however, because their arguments risk becoming a self-fulfilling prophecy.","PeriodicalId":47229,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis","volume":"3 1","pages":"191-217"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2001-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13876980108412660","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60015412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-08-01DOI: 10.1080/13876980108412659
M. Ferrera, A. Hemerijck, Martin Rhodes
This article examines the prospects for European welfare states in the context of globalization. It begins with a critical review of the globalization arguments. While there is some evidence that external constraints make life harder for policymakers seeking positive-sum outcomes, it is the combination of national debt and spending limits, plus domestic tax resistance, that really count in making expenditure-based social and employment policies more difficult in certain countries. In understanding the constraints and opportunities that will shape Europe's welfare future, globalization—crudely understood—is therefore much less influential than many suppose. While EMU has radically diminished national autonomy in exchange rate, monetary policy, and fiscal policy, there are also beneficial consequences for social policy and broader economic management. On the employment and social policy side, initiatives required to match greater “flexibility” with sustained security are now at the top of the EU agenda, and mechanisms for diffusing best practice across Europe are being put in place. Within this framework, European welfare states must place more emphasis on “dynamic equality,” being primarily attentive to the worst off, more hospitable to incentive-generating differentiation, and actively vigilant with regard to the “openness” of opportunity structures.
{"title":"The Future of the European “Social Model” in the Global Economy","authors":"M. Ferrera, A. Hemerijck, Martin Rhodes","doi":"10.1080/13876980108412659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13876980108412659","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the prospects for European welfare states in the context of globalization. It begins with a critical review of the globalization arguments. While there is some evidence that external constraints make life harder for policymakers seeking positive-sum outcomes, it is the combination of national debt and spending limits, plus domestic tax resistance, that really count in making expenditure-based social and employment policies more difficult in certain countries. In understanding the constraints and opportunities that will shape Europe's welfare future, globalization—crudely understood—is therefore much less influential than many suppose. While EMU has radically diminished national autonomy in exchange rate, monetary policy, and fiscal policy, there are also beneficial consequences for social policy and broader economic management. On the employment and social policy side, initiatives required to match greater “flexibility” with sustained security are now at the top of the EU agenda, and mechanisms for diffusing best practice across Europe are being put in place. Within this framework, European welfare states must place more emphasis on “dynamic equality,” being primarily attentive to the worst off, more hospitable to incentive-generating differentiation, and actively vigilant with regard to the “openness” of opportunity structures.","PeriodicalId":47229,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis","volume":"3 1","pages":"163-190"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2001-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13876980108412659","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60015405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-06-01DOI: 10.1080/13876980108412652
Gunnar Grendstad
The five Nordic countries converged remarkably when developing domestic institutions, but they diverged significantly when developing foreign policies. Grid-group theory prescribes four contending cultures—hierarchy, egalitarianism, individualism, and fatalism—and offers a basis for understanding the structure of political coalitions and conflicts. Surveys from the five Nordic countries measuring cultural baselines are used to estimate the degree of convergence and divergence. The countries converge with reference to high agreement with egalitarianism, individualism, and hierarchy, and disagreement with fatalism. This concords with the historically strong regime of social democracy in this region. The five countries diverge with reference to their foreign policy in that they polarize along two dimensions. To the east, there is increasing fatalism associated with countries not being members of NATO; to the north, there is increasing egalitarianism associated with countries not being members of the European Union. Given the importance of popular support through referenda, an eventual accession of Norway and Iceland to the EU cannot happen unless egalitarianism diminishes among their publics.
{"title":"Nordic Cultural Baselines: Accounting for Domestic Convergence and Foreign Policy Divergence","authors":"Gunnar Grendstad","doi":"10.1080/13876980108412652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13876980108412652","url":null,"abstract":"The five Nordic countries converged remarkably when developing domestic institutions, but they diverged significantly when developing foreign policies. Grid-group theory prescribes four contending cultures—hierarchy, egalitarianism, individualism, and fatalism—and offers a basis for understanding the structure of political coalitions and conflicts. Surveys from the five Nordic countries measuring cultural baselines are used to estimate the degree of convergence and divergence. The countries converge with reference to high agreement with egalitarianism, individualism, and hierarchy, and disagreement with fatalism. This concords with the historically strong regime of social democracy in this region. The five countries diverge with reference to their foreign policy in that they polarize along two dimensions. To the east, there is increasing fatalism associated with countries not being members of NATO; to the north, there is increasing egalitarianism associated with countries not being members of the European Union. Given the importance of popular support through referenda, an eventual accession of Norway and Iceland to the EU cannot happen unless egalitarianism diminishes among their publics.","PeriodicalId":47229,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis","volume":"3 1","pages":"5-29"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2001-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13876980108412652","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60015116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-06-01DOI: 10.1080/13876980108412654
J. Hendrickson, Mark W. Nichols
This historical study utilizes annual insured bank data from 1936 through 1989 to empirically evaluate the impact of bank regulation on bank risk taking in a cross-country comparison of the United States and Canada. Risk is hypothesized to be determined, in part, by the regulatory environment in which a bank operates. The findings of this analysis contributes to the contemporary deregulation policy debate, since both branch banking restrictions and deposit insurance variables are found to be detrimental to bank stability. More specifically, these results support the 1994 Riegle–Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act, which removed legislative barriers to interstate branching. These results also confirm expectations that deposit insurance increases risk taking and supports the 1991 mandate by regulators that risk-based deposit insurance be created. Further, these findings support the 1988 Basel Accord to standardize bank capital requirements internationally and to link these standards to bank risk taking.
{"title":"How Does Regulation Affect the Risk Taking of Banks? A U.S. and Canadian Perspective","authors":"J. Hendrickson, Mark W. Nichols","doi":"10.1080/13876980108412654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13876980108412654","url":null,"abstract":"This historical study utilizes annual insured bank data from 1936 through 1989 to empirically evaluate the impact of bank regulation on bank risk taking in a cross-country comparison of the United States and Canada. Risk is hypothesized to be determined, in part, by the regulatory environment in which a bank operates. The findings of this analysis contributes to the contemporary deregulation policy debate, since both branch banking restrictions and deposit insurance variables are found to be detrimental to bank stability. More specifically, these results support the 1994 Riegle–Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act, which removed legislative barriers to interstate branching. These results also confirm expectations that deposit insurance increases risk taking and supports the 1991 mandate by regulators that risk-based deposit insurance be created. Further, these findings support the 1988 Basel Accord to standardize bank capital requirements internationally and to link these standards to bank risk taking.","PeriodicalId":47229,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis","volume":"3 1","pages":"59-83"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2001-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13876980108412654","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60015122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Lesson-Drawing in Family Policy: Media Reports and Empirical Evidence about European Developments","authors":"J. Gornick, Marcia k. Meyers","doi":"10.1023/A:1011482708449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011482708449","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47229,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis","volume":"3 1","pages":"31-57"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2001-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1023/A:1011482708449","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57128337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-12-01DOI: 10.1080/13876980008412648
J. Traxler, M. Luger
This article discusses the economic and geographical implications of the growing use of information and communications technologies (ICTs) in the production process. In short, ICTs make internal and external communications more efficient and allow faster and more flexible interaction among different agents. These improvements correlate with changes in the internal organization of the business and in its strategic behavior. Those changes have implications for regional economic development.The four sections of the article include a typology of information and communications technologies and a discussion of how they diffuse; an elaboration of the concept of economic clusters and economic space in the context of ICTs; and a review of the methodological issues surrounding the development of virtual (rather than physical) clusters of economic activity.The article's, major insights include the following. Information-based, younger, and smaller businesses, and the service sector, benefit most from the Internet. Many of those businesses are integrated in networks and economic clusters; historically, they are often located in close spatial proximity to each other and/or to their customers. At the same time, a new type of “virtual agglomeration” is created for some type of activities through Internet interaction, which does not require physical proximity. The article stresses the need for a new paradigm to think about the relationship of business and space.
{"title":"Businesses and the Internet: Implications for Firm Location and Clustering","authors":"J. Traxler, M. Luger","doi":"10.1080/13876980008412648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13876980008412648","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses the economic and geographical implications of the growing use of information and communications technologies (ICTs) in the production process. In short, ICTs make internal and external communications more efficient and allow faster and more flexible interaction among different agents. These improvements correlate with changes in the internal organization of the business and in its strategic behavior. Those changes have implications for regional economic development.The four sections of the article include a typology of information and communications technologies and a discussion of how they diffuse; an elaboration of the concept of economic clusters and economic space in the context of ICTs; and a review of the methodological issues surrounding the development of virtual (rather than physical) clusters of economic activity.The article's, major insights include the following. Information-based, younger, and smaller businesses, and the service sector, benefit most from the Internet. Many of those businesses are integrated in networks and economic clusters; historically, they are often located in close spatial proximity to each other and/or to their customers. At the same time, a new type of “virtual agglomeration” is created for some type of activities through Internet interaction, which does not require physical proximity. The article stresses the need for a new paradigm to think about the relationship of business and space.","PeriodicalId":47229,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis","volume":"2 1","pages":"279-300"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2000-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13876980008412648","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60015106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Where Science Comes to Life: University Bioscience, Commercial Spin-offs, and Regional Economic Development","authors":"M. Feldman","doi":"10.1023/A:1011489124123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011489124123","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47229,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis","volume":"2 1","pages":"345-361"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2000-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1023/A:1011489124123","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57128952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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