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Political Bias and Methodological Failure in Assessing Environmental Impacts of Development Projects: Comparative Analysis of the High Aswan Dam and Calaca Thermal Power Plant Development Projects 评估发展项目环境影响的政治偏见和方法失败:阿斯旺大坝和卡拉卡热电厂发展项目的比较分析
IF 3.3 3区 管理学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2001-11-01 DOI: 10.1080/13876980108412664
M. Nakayama, R. Fujikura
Environmental impact assessment (EIA) by various sectors for development activities still needs operational guidelines to avoid failures. The High Aswan Dam in Egypt and the Calaca Thermal Power Plant in the Philippines were examined to delineate lessons. Three sorts of methodological failures were identified in these cases, although they differ in many aspects. They are (1) preoccupation with the previous case, (2) oversimplified assumptions about cause and effect, and (3) lack of a holistic viewpoint. These cases were also influenced by political biases, which led to inappropriate assessment methodologies and, subsequently, to erroneous conclusions. Care should be taken to avoid these universal failures in carrying out an assessment.
各部门为发展活动进行的环境影响评估仍然需要业务准则以避免失败。对埃及的高阿斯旺大坝和菲律宾的卡拉卡热电厂进行了研究,以总结经验教训。在这些案例中发现了三种方法上的失败,尽管它们在许多方面有所不同。它们是:(1)专注于前一个案例,(2)对因果关系的假设过于简化,以及(3)缺乏整体观点。这些案件还受到政治偏见的影响,导致评估方法不当,从而得出错误的结论。在进行评估时应注意避免这些普遍的失败。
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引用次数: 4
Globalization and Policy Convergence: Symposium Overview 全球化与政策趋同:研讨会综述
IF 3.3 3区 管理学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2001-08-01 DOI: 10.1080/13876980108412657
G. Hoberg
One of the great questions of our time is the capacity of nation states to maintain distinctive policies in the face of globalization. To many, the intensification of international trade, the mobility of capital, and the circulation of ideas has put immense pressure on governments to reduce taxes, relax business regulations, and generally conform policies to international standards. A growing body of scholarship, however, emphasizes the continued flexibility of nations to tailor domestic policies to suit their own needs. At the outset, it is important to differentiate policy convergence—the process of policies across countries becoming increasingly alike—from the effects of international economic integration. Banting, Hoberg, and Simeon (1997) have developed a framework that distinguishes the variety of forces at work. They emphasize four major forces behind convergence:
我们这个时代的一个重大问题是,面对全球化,民族国家是否有能力保持独特的政策。对许多人来说,国际贸易的加剧、资本的流动和思想的传播给政府带来了巨大的压力,迫使它们减少税收、放松商业法规,并使政策总体上符合国际标准。然而,越来越多的学者强调,各国在调整国内政策以适应自身需求方面仍具有灵活性。首先,重要的是将政策趋同——国家间政策日益趋同的过程——与国际经济一体化的影响区分开来。Banting, Hoberg和Simeon(1997)开发了一个框架来区分工作中的各种力量。他们强调了趋同背后的四大力量:
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引用次数: 53
Mobile Capital, Democratic Institutions, and the Public Economy in Advanced Industrial Societies 先进工业社会中的流动资本、民主制度和公共经济
IF 3.3 3区 管理学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2001-08-01 DOI: 10.1080/13876980108412658
Duane H. Swank
This article addresses the following questions. Is international capital mobility systematically related to reductions in the size of the public economy, as globalization theory suggests? Alternatively, do democratic institutions and processes shape the ways in which internationalization affects national policies? Specifically, I argue that the effects of capital mobility on the scope of the public economy should be conditioned by the institutional forms of societal interest representation and the formal organization of decision-making authority within the polity. Utilizing econometric analysis of 1964–1993 data from 16 nations, I find that international capital mobility has few direct effects on the scope of the public economy. However, configurations of democratic institutions fundamentally shape the domestic policy impacts of capital mobility. Where social corporatism and inclusive electoral institutions are strong and where decision-making authority within the polity is concentrated, international capital mobility is either unrelated to the scope of the public economy or positively associated with total public spending, social transfers, and public consumption. In institutional contexts of pluralist interest and exclusive electoral representation, and in polities where decision-making is dispersed, rises in capital mobility are systematically associated with rollbacks of the public sector.
本文解决了以下问题。国际资本流动是否如全球化理论所言,与公共经济规模的缩小有系统的联系?或者,民主制度和进程是否塑造了国际化影响国家政策的方式?具体来说,我认为资本流动对公共经济范围的影响应该受到社会利益代表的制度形式和政体内决策权的正式组织的制约。通过对16个国家1964-1993年数据的计量分析,我发现国际资本流动对公共经济规模的直接影响很小。然而,民主制度的配置从根本上决定了资本流动对国内政策的影响。在社会社团主义和包容性选举制度强大、政体内决策权集中的地方,国际资本流动要么与公共经济范围无关,要么与公共支出总额、社会转移和公共消费呈正相关。在多元化利益和排他性选举代表制的制度背景下,以及在决策分散的政治中,资本流动性的上升与公共部门的倒退有系统的联系。
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引用次数: 49
Trade, Harmonization, and Domestic Autonomy in Environmental Policy 环境政策中的贸易、协调和国内自治
IF 3.3 3区 管理学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2001-08-01 DOI: 10.1080/13876980108412660
G. Hoberg
This article evaluates the environmental criticisms of free trade that have been such an important part of the critique of globalization. The first section briefly surveys the range of criticisms environmentalists have brought against the new economic order. The second section examines the available literature on the “race to the bottom,” one of the key concerns. The third section analyzes the World Trade Organization trade rules and how they have been interpreted by dispute resolution panels involving environmental issues. The fourth section turns to the specific rules of the North American Free Trade Agreement and examines several case studies of environmental issues in that region. The final section provides a summary evaluation of the environmental criticisms. The article argues that the environmental criticisms are exaggerated. Trade agreements leave far more room for domestic environmental measures than is frequently argued. The political globalization of the environmental movement has helped counter the threat to environmental policy created by the economic and trade aspects of globalization. Environmentalists do need to be careful about how they advance this critique of globalization, however, because their arguments risk becoming a self-fulfilling prophecy.
本文对自由贸易的环境批评进行了评估,这些批评一直是全球化批评的重要组成部分。第一部分简要介绍了环保主义者对新经济秩序提出的各种批评。第二部分考察了关于“底层竞争”的现有文献,这是关键问题之一。第三部分分析了世界贸易组织的贸易规则,以及涉及环境问题的争端解决小组如何解释这些规则。第四节转向北美自由贸易协定的具体规则,并审查了该区域环境问题的几个案例研究。最后一节提供了对环境批评的总结评价。这篇文章认为,对环境的批评被夸大了。贸易协定为国内环境措施留下的空间比人们经常争论的要大得多。环境运动的政治全球化有助于抵消全球化的经济和贸易方面对环境政策造成的威胁。然而,环保主义者确实需要小心他们如何推进对全球化的批评,因为他们的论点有可能成为一种自我实现的预言。
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引用次数: 23
The Future of the European “Social Model” in the Global Economy 欧洲“社会模式”在全球经济中的未来
IF 3.3 3区 管理学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2001-08-01 DOI: 10.1080/13876980108412659
M. Ferrera, A. Hemerijck, Martin Rhodes
This article examines the prospects for European welfare states in the context of globalization. It begins with a critical review of the globalization arguments. While there is some evidence that external constraints make life harder for policymakers seeking positive-sum outcomes, it is the combination of national debt and spending limits, plus domestic tax resistance, that really count in making expenditure-based social and employment policies more difficult in certain countries. In understanding the constraints and opportunities that will shape Europe's welfare future, globalization—crudely understood—is therefore much less influential than many suppose. While EMU has radically diminished national autonomy in exchange rate, monetary policy, and fiscal policy, there are also beneficial consequences for social policy and broader economic management. On the employment and social policy side, initiatives required to match greater “flexibility” with sustained security are now at the top of the EU agenda, and mechanisms for diffusing best practice across Europe are being put in place. Within this framework, European welfare states must place more emphasis on “dynamic equality,” being primarily attentive to the worst off, more hospitable to incentive-generating differentiation, and actively vigilant with regard to the “openness” of opportunity structures.
本文探讨了全球化背景下欧洲福利国家的前景。本文首先对全球化的观点进行了批判性的回顾。虽然有一些证据表明,外部约束使寻求正和结果的政策制定者的生活变得更加困难,但在某些国家,国家债务和支出限制加上国内税收阻力的结合,才真正使基于支出的社会和就业政策变得更加困难。在理解影响欧洲福利未来的制约因素和机遇时,全球化——粗略理解——的影响力远不如许多人想象的那么大。虽然欧洲货币联盟从根本上削弱了各国在汇率、货币政策和财政政策方面的自主权,但它也对社会政策和更广泛的经济管理产生了有益的影响。在就业和社会政策方面,将更大的“灵活性”与持续的安全相匹配的举措,现在已成为欧盟议程的首要任务,在整个欧洲传播最佳实践的机制正在到位。在这个框架内,欧洲福利国家必须更加强调“动态平等”,主要关注最贫穷的人,更乐于接受产生激励的差异化,并对机会结构的“开放性”保持积极警惕。
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引用次数: 82
Nordic Cultural Baselines: Accounting for Domestic Convergence and Foreign Policy Divergence 北欧文化基线:国内趋同与外交政策分歧的解释
IF 3.3 3区 管理学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2001-06-01 DOI: 10.1080/13876980108412652
Gunnar Grendstad
The five Nordic countries converged remarkably when developing domestic institutions, but they diverged significantly when developing foreign policies. Grid-group theory prescribes four contending cultures—hierarchy, egalitarianism, individualism, and fatalism—and offers a basis for understanding the structure of political coalitions and conflicts. Surveys from the five Nordic countries measuring cultural baselines are used to estimate the degree of convergence and divergence. The countries converge with reference to high agreement with egalitarianism, individualism, and hierarchy, and disagreement with fatalism. This concords with the historically strong regime of social democracy in this region. The five countries diverge with reference to their foreign policy in that they polarize along two dimensions. To the east, there is increasing fatalism associated with countries not being members of NATO; to the north, there is increasing egalitarianism associated with countries not being members of the European Union. Given the importance of popular support through referenda, an eventual accession of Norway and Iceland to the EU cannot happen unless egalitarianism diminishes among their publics.
这五个北欧国家在发展国内制度方面有显著的趋同,但在发展外交政策方面却有显著的分歧。网格群体理论规定了四种相互竞争的文化——等级制度、平等主义、个人主义和宿命论——并为理解政治联盟和冲突的结构提供了基础。来自五个北欧国家的测量文化基线的调查被用来估计趋同和分化的程度。这些国家在高度认同平等主义、个人主义和等级制度,而不认同宿命论方面趋于一致。这符合该地区历史上强大的社会民主制度。这五个国家在外交政策方面存在分歧,因为它们在两个方面出现了两极分化。在东方,越来越多的国家与非北约成员国联系在一起;在欧洲北部,与非欧盟成员国相关的平均主义日益加剧。考虑到通过全民公决获得民众支持的重要性,除非挪威和冰岛民众的平均主义意识减弱,否则它们不可能最终加入欧盟。
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引用次数: 21
How Does Regulation Affect the Risk Taking of Banks? A U.S. and Canadian Perspective 监管如何影响银行的风险承担?美国和加拿大的视角
IF 3.3 3区 管理学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2001-06-01 DOI: 10.1080/13876980108412654
J. Hendrickson, Mark W. Nichols
This historical study utilizes annual insured bank data from 1936 through 1989 to empirically evaluate the impact of bank regulation on bank risk taking in a cross-country comparison of the United States and Canada. Risk is hypothesized to be determined, in part, by the regulatory environment in which a bank operates. The findings of this analysis contributes to the contemporary deregulation policy debate, since both branch banking restrictions and deposit insurance variables are found to be detrimental to bank stability. More specifically, these results support the 1994 Riegle–Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act, which removed legislative barriers to interstate branching. These results also confirm expectations that deposit insurance increases risk taking and supports the 1991 mandate by regulators that risk-based deposit insurance be created. Further, these findings support the 1988 Basel Accord to standardize bank capital requirements internationally and to link these standards to bank risk taking.
本历史研究利用1936年至1989年的年度保险银行数据,在美国和加拿大的跨国比较中实证评估银行监管对银行风险承担的影响。假设风险部分取决于银行所处的监管环境。这一分析的结果有助于当代放松管制政策的辩论,因为分行银行限制和存款保险变量都被发现对银行稳定有害。更具体地说,这些结果支持了1994年的Riegle-Neal州际银行和分支效率法案,该法案消除了州际分支的立法障碍。这些结果也证实了存款保险会增加风险承担的预期,并支持了1991年监管机构提出的建立基于风险的存款保险的要求。此外,这些发现支持1988年《巴塞尔协议》在国际上标准化银行资本要求,并将这些标准与银行风险承担联系起来。
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引用次数: 11
Lesson-Drawing in Family Policy: Media Reports and Empirical Evidence about European Developments 家庭政策中的教训:关于欧洲发展的媒体报道和经验证据
IF 3.3 3区 管理学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2001-06-01 DOI: 10.1023/A:1011482708449
J. Gornick, Marcia k. Meyers
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引用次数: 19
Businesses and the Internet: Implications for Firm Location and Clustering 企业与互联网:对企业区位和集群的影响
IF 3.3 3区 管理学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2000-12-01 DOI: 10.1080/13876980008412648
J. Traxler, M. Luger
This article discusses the economic and geographical implications of the growing use of information and communications technologies (ICTs) in the production process. In short, ICTs make internal and external communications more efficient and allow faster and more flexible interaction among different agents. These improvements correlate with changes in the internal organization of the business and in its strategic behavior. Those changes have implications for regional economic development.The four sections of the article include a typology of information and communications technologies and a discussion of how they diffuse; an elaboration of the concept of economic clusters and economic space in the context of ICTs; and a review of the methodological issues surrounding the development of virtual (rather than physical) clusters of economic activity.The article's, major insights include the following. Information-based, younger, and smaller businesses, and the service sector, benefit most from the Internet. Many of those businesses are integrated in networks and economic clusters; historically, they are often located in close spatial proximity to each other and/or to their customers. At the same time, a new type of “virtual agglomeration” is created for some type of activities through Internet interaction, which does not require physical proximity. The article stresses the need for a new paradigm to think about the relationship of business and space.
本文讨论了在生产过程中越来越多地使用信息和通信技术(ict)对经济和地理的影响。简而言之,信息通信技术提高了内部和外部通信的效率,并使不同代理之间的互动更快、更灵活。这些改进与企业内部组织及其战略行为的变化相关。这些变化对区域经济发展有影响。文章的四个部分包括信息和通信技术的类型学以及它们如何扩散的讨论;在信息和通信技术的背景下阐述经济集群和经济空间的概念;并回顾了围绕虚拟(而非实体)经济活动集群发展的方法论问题。这篇文章的主要见解包括以下几点。以信息为基础的、年轻的、小型的企业和服务部门从互联网中获益最多。其中许多企业被整合到网络和经济集群中;从历史上看,它们通常位于彼此和/或客户附近的空间。同时,通过互联网互动,为某些类型的活动创造了一种新型的“虚拟集聚”,这种活动不需要物理上的接近。本文强调需要一种新的范式来思考商业与空间的关系。
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引用次数: 8
Where Science Comes to Life: University Bioscience, Commercial Spin-offs, and Regional Economic Development 科学在哪里出现:大学生物科学、商业衍生产品和区域经济发展
IF 3.3 3区 管理学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2000-12-01 DOI: 10.1023/A:1011489124123
M. Feldman
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引用次数: 77
期刊
Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis
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