Saudi Dental Journal最新文献

To compare the efficacy of using bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BM-MSC) exosomes and injectable platelet rich fibrin (i-PRF) on the submandibular salivary glands (SMGs) of aged albino rats in restoring salivary gland structure and function. A total of 40 healthy male albino rats were used, two for obtaining the BM-MSCs, 10 for i-PRF preparation and seven adult rats (6-8 months old) represented the control group (Group 1). The remaining 21 rats were aged (18-20 months old) and divided into three groups of seven rats each; (Group 2): received no treatment, (Group 3): each rat received a single intraglandular injection of BM-MSC exosomes (50 μg/kg/dose suspended in 0.2 ml PBS), and (Group 4): each rat received a single intraglandular injection of i-PRF (0.2 mL). One month later, glands were dissected and examined histologically for structural changes. Function was assessed via immunohistochemical examination using aquaporin-5 (AQP5) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for nerve growth factor (NGF) then analyzed statistically. Histologically, Group 1 showed normal acini and duct histology. Group 2 showed structural degeneration in acini and different duct systems. Treated groups represented signs of regeneration in the form of uniform duct systems and acini similar to Group 1. Immunohistochemical examination revealed increased immuno-expression of AQP5, while ELISA showed decreased NGF in all treated groups in relation to the aged group, and this was proven statistically. Aging causes deterioration in structure and function of the SMGs. BM-MSC exosomes and i-PRF can alleviate the damaging effect of aged SMGs.

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders in children, and both the condition and its treatments can significantly affect oral health. This systematic review aimed to assess the oral and dental health status of epileptic children. This secondary study involved a systematic literature search up to June 2024, using databases including Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and PubMed. Articles were selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, and their quality was assessed using NIH checklist. Data were analyzed using Stata 17 software. The I² test evaluated heterogeneity. The Begg's and Mazumdar's test detected publication bias. From a total of 692 articles, 8 were included in the meta-analysis. Healthy and epileptic children were compared in 4 indices: DMFT, dmft, gingival index and plaque index. The mean differences of DMFT and dmft between two groups with epilepsy and healthy children were not significant with the effect sizes of 0.131 (P-value = 0.133; 95% CI: -0.040-0.303) and 0.137 (P-value = 0.597; 95% CI: 0.371-0.646), respectively. The mean differences of gingival index and plaque index were significantly higher in epileptic children compared to healthy ones with the effect sizes of 0.880 (Pvalue < 0.001; 95% CI: 0.583-1.178) and 0.788. (P-value < 0.001; 95% CI: 0.509-1.067) respectively. There was no significant difference in the rate of caries in children with epilepsy compared to healthy children. However, the plaque index and gingival index were significantly higher in children with epilepsy.

This study aimed to evaluate the frequency and causes of dental malpractice complaints filed with the Forensic Medical Commission (FMC) of Tehran Province from 2016 to 2022. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using 450 case files selected by simple random sampling technique. Data on plaintiffs' and defendants' age, gender, and education level, type of treatment, time between treatment and complaint, commission verdict, defendant specialty, and treatment location were extracted and analyzed using the Chi-square test, forward stepwise multiple logistic regression, and Joinpoint regression, performed in IBM SPSS Statistics version 26. (α = 0.05). A total of 450 dental malpractice complaints were reviewed, all of which met the inclusion criteria for final analysis. The majority of defendants (70.7%) were males aged 46 to 55 years, while 57.6% of plaintiffs were females. Among defendants, 82.7% were general dentists, and 12.9% were non-dentist operators.The annual distribution of complaints was 45 in 2016, 47 in 2017, 54 in 2018, 71 in 2019, 54 in 2020, 81 in 2021, and 98 in 2022. Dental clinicians were found guilty in 61.3% of cases (n = 276). The most frequent complaints were related to prosthetic treatments (20.4%), dental implants (17.8%), and extractions (14.4%). The highest malpractice rates were observed in endodontic and prosthetic crown treatments (85.2%), followed by endodontic (66.7%), implant (66.3%), aesthetic (66.1%), and fixed prosthetic (62.8%) procedures. Malpractice was confirmed in 64.5% of complaints by females and 57.1% by males. From 2016 to 2022, dental malpractice complaints in Tehran Province showed a clear upward trend, with defendants held liable in 61.3% of cases, most commonly involving prosthetic treatments, implants, and extractions. Non‑dentist operators faced higher odds of conviction than generalists or specialists, while general dentists accounted for the majority of complaints. Female plaintiffs were more likely to have confirmed malpractice than males, and combined endodontic‑crown procedures posed the highest risk. These results highlight the urgent need for targeted training and tighter regulation to enhance patient safety and curb litigation.

Prophylaxis is an effective method for preventing dental caries and periodontal diseases. This in-vitro study evaluated changes in the roughness of the immature enamel surface following different prophylaxis methods. The crowns of 35 extracted third molars were sectioned buccolingually to obtain buccal and lingual halves. Seventy samples were mounted in acrylic blocks and randomly allocated to seven groups (n = 10 per group): Group 1 (Golchai paste/Rubber cup), Group 2 (Morvabon paste/rubber cup), Group 3 (Sina paste/Rubber cup), Group 4 (Rubber cup-only), Group 5 (Brush-only), Group 6 (Golchai paste/brush), and Group 7 (Golchai paste-double amount/ higher speed rubber cup). Prophylaxis was performed for 3 s using a handpiece at 3000 rpm with 200 g pressure. The untreated half of each sample served as a control. A non-contact profilometer was utilized to evaluate the surface roughness. Statistical analyses were conducted employing ANOVA, Tukey's post-hoc test, paired t-tests, and Wilcoxon tests (α = 0.05). ANOVA indicated a significant difference in surface roughness among groups (p-value = 0.008). Pairwise comparison showed that Golchai paste reduced surface roughness when applied with a rubber cup but increased it when used with a brush, with a statistically significant difference between the two methods. However, Golchai/rubber cup group was comparable to Morvabon/rubber cup and Sina/rubber cup groups. Within-group comparisons showed a significant reduction in surface roughness in Golchai/rubber cup group (p-value = 0.010), while Brush-only group exhibited a significant increase (p-value = 0.028). Among the tested methods, the combination of Golchai paste and a rubber cup produced the smoothest enamel surface. In contrast, using Golchai paste with a brush resulted in the roughest surface. Doubling the paste amount and increasing the handpiece speed did not significantly alter roughness. Based on these in-vitro findings, the use of a prophylaxis brush is not recommended for immature or newly erupted teeth, as it resulted in increased surface roughness. Future in-vivo studies are warranted to further investigate these effects in clinical settings.

Dental implants using digital technologies have become more popular for partial and fully edentulous patients. This in-vitro study aimed to compare the accuracy of one- and two-phase photogrammetry implant impression techniques. Six abutment-level implant analogs (screw-retained abutment diameter 4.6 mm, Straumann) were parallelly attached to the maxillary edentulous model. Scan bodies (CARES® RC Mono, Straumann) were put in place and scanned with an E4 lab scanner. Cylindrical abutments with bars (Dental system, 3Shape) were then designed and exported as a "Reference file". The study samples were divided into two groups, each containing 15 samples; Group I involved placing and capturing all six scan bodies (PIC transfers) using a stereo camera (PIC legacy), and Group II involved recording four anterior PIC transfers using a stereo camera. Following the import of the recorded data, a dental system was used to design cylindrical abutments with bars. Then, PIC transfers were removed, except the first left premolar, and the remaining PIC transfers were placed on the first molar on both sides, and records were made. Finally, the exported files were incorporated into a reverse engineering software program (Geomagic Design X) for comparison through best-fit alignment. It revealed no significant differences in linear, angular, and overall discrepancies between Groups I and Group II. Both groups exhibit discrepancies that are within the prescribed range for well-fitted complete arch implant support prostheses (< 100 µm). The capture protocols of one- and two-phase photogrammetry implant impressions present similar linear, angulation, and overall discrepancies. Both one- and two-phase photogrammetry implant impressions can be used in the complete arch implant support prostheses.

Purpose: Approximately 19% of the global adult population is affected by periodontal diseases. Healing is a protracted process that is significantly influenced by the patient's motivation, proficiency, and cooperation. The prevalence of periodontal diseases in patients with diabetes mellitus is extremely high, and the relationship is bidirectional. In previous investigations, metformin (MF), a biguanide antidiabetic medicine, has demonstrated promising results when administered locally to periodontal defects. The study aimed to systematically assess available literature that evaluate the effectiveness of 1% metformin gel in the treatment of periodontal disease. We attempted to include clinical trials on patients with periodontitis treated with local administration of 1% metformin gel, compared to a placebo.

Methods: Using identical MeSH terms, we conducted a systematic search in three databases. Our analysis encompassed human studies that measured the periodontal pocket depth, the clinical attachment level, and the depth of the intra-bony defect. Meta-analyses were carried out using random effects model to compare the mean differences between the study group, which received 1% MF gel locally in addition to traditional scaling and root planing (SRP), and the control group, which received a placebo in addition to conventional treatment.

Results: Following the selection procedure, six articles were selected for inclusion in our meta-analysis, out of the 246 articles identified through the systematic search. After three and six months of follow-up, meta-analyses revealed statistically significant differences between the control and study groups. The overall effect for PD was a 1.33 mm reduction (95% confidence interval (CI): -1.66; -1.01) after three months and 1.87 mm (-2.24; -1.39) after six months. The overall effect of CAL was 1.80 mm (-2.26; -1.34) after three months and 2.14 mm (-2.71; -1.58) after six months. The change in IBD after a six-month follow-up was 1.16 mm (-1.40; -0.92).

Conclusion: The application of 1% MF gel enhances the healing process in periodontal diseases, when employed in conjunction with conventional therapy.

Tongue coating (TC) is a biofilm comprising desquamated epithelial cells, food debris, and microorganisms. TC is commonly found across populations and may hold significant implications for both oral and systemic health. Factors such as age, diet, smoking, and systemic conditions influence its formation. TC is a primary reservoir for pathogenic bacteria and is closely linked to halitosis and periodontal disease. Beyond oral health, TC has been associated with systemic diseases, including aspiration pneumonia, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, through mechanisms involving microbial translocation and low-grade inflammation. Literature search was performed using search engines and databases including, PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science and Medline, utilizing key words such as "Tongue coating," "Tongue cleaning," "Halitosis and Oral malodor". This review assesses the etiology, composition, and health implications of TC, highlighting its microbial diversity and correlation with oral and systemic conditions. Additionally, it examines interventions such as mechanical cleaning, chemical treatments, and dietary modifications to manage TC effectively. Emphasizing tongue hygiene as part of routine oral care is crucial for enhancing oral health, mitigating systemic risks, and improving quality of life.

One of the main goals in pediatric dentistry is to perform effective treatments with minimal intervention and in the shortest possible time. New restorative materials for primary teeth, such as Cention-N, may overcome the mechanical limitations of Glass-Ionomer Cement (GIC). This study systematically reviews the shear bond strength (SBS) and micro-leakage of GIC and Cention-N in primary teeth. This research was conducted as a systematic review and meta-analysis. Comprehensive searches were carried out in reputable databases including Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane up to December 2024. Relevant in vitro studies that met the inclusion criteria were selected and assessed using the QUIN checklist. Data were analyzed with CMA software. The I² test evaluated heterogeneity, and the Begg test detected publication bias. Out of 179 articles identified, 12 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study. Ten of these were eligible for meta-analysis. The results showed that the SBS of Cention-N was significantly higher than that of GIC when bonding agents were used (Standardized Mean Difference [SMD]: 5.61; 95% CI: -6.99 to -4.23; P < 0.001). Additionally, micro-leakage of Cention-N was significantly lower compared to GIC under the same conditions (SMD: 1.7; 95% CI: 0.85 to 2.54; P < 0.001). Cention-N, with its superior mechanical properties and reduced micro-leakage when bonding agents were used, appears to be a promising option for primary tooth restorations, especially in stress-bearing areas.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Saudi coffee consumption in comparison to various types of commonly used coffees (instant black, Turkish, and espresso) on the color of novel aesthetic dental ceramics. A total of 144 flat cylindrical discs with an 8-mm diameter and 0.5-mm thickness were created using CAD/CAM technology. Three ceramic materials were used: Lithium disilicate (Emax) and two ultra-translucent monolithic zirconia ceramics; Aidite and Cercon Xt (Cer). The specimens were immersed in six coffee solutions: Saudi coffee from eastern region (ES), Saudi coffee from northern region (SN), Saudi coffee from middle region (SM), instant black coffee (Ne), Turkish coffee (Tk) and espresso coffee (Es). All specimens (n = 8) were immersed for a period of 15 days. The color of all specimens was measured before and after immersion, and the CIE L*a* b* coordinates were obtained with a spectrophotometer. Values for the translucency parameter (TP), contrast ratio (CR) and color change (ΔE) for each specimen were calculated. Data were analyzed using paired sample t-test and one-way ANOVA and post hoc testing. Color coordinates L*, a* and b* significantly changed after immersion in all coffee solutions relative to pre-immersion values, with a noticeable decrease in lightness (L*) (P < .05). A significant color change (∆E) was observed in all tested materials in all coffee solutions after immersion, with ∆E values exceeding 5.26 (P < 0.05). Color changes (∆E) for specimens immersed in the three formulations of Saudi coffee were significantly less than those immersed in the other coffee solutions (P < 0.05). Saudi coffee with formulations from the northern region resulted in more color changes in Emax in comparisons to the other two Saudi coffee formulations from the middle and eastern regions. Aidite and Cer ceramics showed less TP values than Emax. Consumption of coffee for a period of simulated 1 year has significantly altered the color of ceramic materials to a level above the threshold at which the clinical perception of color change occurred (> 3.3). Saudi coffee consumption caused less changes in the color of tested ceramics in comparison to the consumption of commonly used coffees (instant black, turkish, and espresso).

Resin based dental composites offer significant benefits with regard to the minimally invasive management of dental caries. However, over a period of time such restorations may become susceptible to failure with secondary caries and marginal deterioration being common causes. A retrospective clinical study was conducted at the IMU University Oral Health Centre to assess the quality of direct resin composite restorations placed by dental undergraduates as judged by the modified United States Public Health Service (USPHS), criteria. This study aimed to evaluate the quality and the causes of the failure of direct resin composite restorations in permanent teeth placed by dental undergraduate students using modified USPHS criteria to assess failure. A total of 76 restorations were evaluated in this study. Descriptive statistics were collected, and the Chi-square test (p < 0.05) was used to determine statistically significant differences. A total of 42.1% of the composite resin restorations in the study were considered satisfactory. Of the restorations regarded as failures, the causes were colour mismatch (39.4%), followed by marginal discolouration (21%) and then restoration fracture (14.5%). The operator's year of study (p = 0.039) and the number of restoration surfaces (p = 0.039) showed statistically significant associations with the quality of the restorations. Composite resin restorations performed by dental undergraduates exhibited high failure rates, which were primarily attributed to colour mismatches, marginal dis-colourations, or fractures of the restoration.