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Inequality of what? An intersectional approach to digital inequality under Covid-19 什么不平等?新冠肺炎背景下数字不平等的交叉方法
IF 6.3 2区 管理学 Q1 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2021.100341
Yingqin Zheng , Geoff Walsham

In this paper we ask the question “inequality of what” to examine the multiple inequalities revealed under the covid-19 pandemic. An intersectional perspective is adopted from feminist studies to highlight the intersection and entanglement between digital technology, structural stratifications and the ingrained tendency of ‘othering’ in societies. As part of a future research agenda, we propose that IS research should move beyond simplistic notions of digital divisions to examine digital technology as implicated in complex and intersectional systems of power, and improve our sensitivity to the positionality of individuals and groups within social orders. Implications for practice and policy are also discussed, including moving beyond single-axis analysis of digital exclusion.

在本文中,我们提出了“什么的不平等”这个问题,以考察covid-19大流行下揭示的多重不平等。本书采用女性主义研究的交叉视角,强调数字技术、结构分层和社会中根深蒂固的“他者”倾向之间的交叉和纠缠。作为未来研究议程的一部分,我们建议IS研究应超越数字划分的简单概念,以检查涉及复杂和交叉的权力系统的数字技术,并提高我们对个人和群体在社会秩序中的地位的敏感性。还讨论了对实践和政策的影响,包括超越数字排斥的单轴分析。
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引用次数: 72
Technology in the time of corona: A critical institutional reading 电晕时代的技术:一种批判性的制度解读
IF 6.3 2区 管理学 Q1 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2021.100342
Tammar B. Zilber , Yehuda C. Goodman

Drawing on institutional theory and using examples from Israel, we offer a critique of technology's deployment in responses to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). We distinguish between technologies-in-use (“small ‘t' technologies”), the bundle of artifacts and practices that bring them into being, and “Big ‘T' Technology,” the latter being technology as an institution – shared meanings, structures, and practices that govern thought and action. Using the conceptual tool kit of institutional theory, we make three interrelated arguments. First, the deployment of technologies-in-use in response to the pandemic is embedded in diverse and contradictory institutions, the institution of technology among them. These technologies participate in the very construction of crisis, which fosters the revert to known and established ways of being and doing. Thus, technologies-in-use are not necessarily the most efficient and rational but rather the most legitimate and readily available. Second, putting certain technologies into action has not been happening by itself. Instead, we have witnessed contestations among relevant agents – like politicians and experts – who engage in institutional work to serve their interests. Third, despite its global reach, technology is locally adapted and implemented in specific contexts. All in all, institutional theory helps us to explore further and critique the naïve belief, common in public discourse, in technology as a remedy of all things. Instead, it offers a more critical understanding of the cultural dynamics involved in putting technology to work in the coronavirus crisis. This critical lens carries implications for policymaking and implementation in times of crisis.

根据制度理论并以以色列为例,我们对应对冠状病毒病(COVID-19)的技术部署提出了批评。我们区分了正在使用的技术(“小技术”)和“大技术”,前者是使它们成为现实的人工制品和实践的集合,后者是作为一种制度的技术——共享的意义、结构和控制思想和行动的实践。利用制度理论的概念工具,我们提出了三个相互关联的论点。首先,为应对这一流行病而部署使用中的技术根植于各种相互矛盾的机构中,其中包括技术机构。这些技术参与了危机的构建,它促进了对已知和既定的存在和行为方式的回归。因此,正在使用的技术不一定是最有效和合理的,而是最合法和最容易获得的。其次,将某些技术付诸实践并不是自动发生的。相反,我们目睹了相关代理人(如政治家和专家)之间的争论,他们从事机构工作以服务于自己的利益。第三,尽管技术的影响力遍及全球,但它是在当地适应并在特定情况下实施的。总而言之,制度理论帮助我们进一步探索和批判naïve信念,这种信念在公共话语中很常见,认为技术是解决一切问题的良药。相反,它对在冠状病毒危机中运用技术所涉及的文化动态提供了更批判性的理解。这一关键视角对危机时期的政策制定和实施具有启示意义。
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引用次数: 7
On the making of crystal balls: Five lessons about simulation modeling and the organization of work 关于水晶球的制作:关于模拟建模和工作组织的五堂课
IF 6.3 2区 管理学 Q1 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2021.100339
Paul M. Leonardi , DaJung Woo , William C. Barley

Digital models that simulate the dynamics of a system are increasingly used to make predictions about the future. Although modeling has been central to decision-making under conditions of uncertainty across many industries for many years, the COVID-19 pandemic has made the role that models play in prediction and policymaking real for millions of people around the world. Despite the fact that modeling is a process through which experts use data and statistics to make sophisticated guesses, most consumers expect a model's predictions to be like crystal balls and provide perfect information about what the future will bring. Over the last decade, we have conducted a series of in-depth, longitudinal studies of digital modeling across several industries. From these studies, we share five lessons we have learned about modeling that demonstrate (1) why models are indeed not crystal balls and (2) why, despite their indeterminacy, people tend to treat them as crystal balls anyway. We discuss what each of these lessons can teach us about how to respond to the predictions made by COVID-19 models as well models of other stochastic processes and events about whose futures we wish to know today.

模拟系统动力学的数字模型越来越多地用于预测未来。尽管多年来,在许多行业的不确定性条件下,建模一直是决策的核心,但新冠肺炎大流行使模型在预测和决策中发挥的作用成为世界各地数百万人的现实。尽管建模是一个专家使用数据和统计数据进行复杂猜测的过程,但大多数消费者都希望模型的预测像水晶球一样,能够提供关于未来的完美信息。在过去的十年里,我们对几个行业的数字建模进行了一系列深入的纵向研究。从这些研究中,我们分享了我们在建模方面学到的五个教训,这些教训证明了(1)为什么模型确实不是水晶球,以及(2)为什么尽管它们具有不确定性,但人们还是倾向于将它们视为水晶球。我们讨论了这些教训中的每一个可以教会我们如何应对新冠肺炎模型以及其他随机过程和事件模型所做的预测,我们今天希望了解这些模型的未来。
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引用次数: 7
Ambidextrous governance of IT-enabled services: A pragmatic approach 支持it的服务的双向治理:一种实用的方法
IF 6.3 2区 管理学 Q1 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2020.100325
Rajendra Singh , Aaron Baird , Lars Mathiassen

Organizations must continuously allocate and reallocate limited resources, including IT resources, to competing innovation and operational concerns. While the ambidexterity literature provides some guidance regarding resource allocation approaches, studies typically assume that such tensions can be balanced without taking contextual and trade-off issues into account. Further, many studies examine ambidexterity approaches individually without considering how different approaches may be combined. To address these shortcomings, we pragmatically examine how a U.S. health delivery organization responded to technological, regulatory, and demand changes over a 15-year period and the effects of its actions. To manage the consequential tensions between innovation and operation of its IT-enabled services, we retrospectively observe that the organization applied a portfolio of sequential, structural, and contextual ambidexterity approaches. As a contribution to the IT governance and health IT literatures, the study offers theoretical and practical knowledge on how organizations can pragmatically apply ambidexterity in highly dynamic contexts to mindfully orchestrate and coordinate between innovation and operation of their IT-enabled services.

组织必须不断地分配和重新分配有限的资源,包括IT资源,以竞争创新和操作关注。虽然双元性文献提供了一些关于资源分配方法的指导,但研究通常假设这种紧张关系可以在不考虑上下文和权衡问题的情况下平衡。此外,许多研究单独考察了双灵巧方法,而没有考虑不同的方法如何组合。为了解决这些缺点,我们务实地考察了一家美国卫生服务机构在15年的时间里是如何应对技术、监管和需求变化的,以及其行动的效果。为了管理创新和it服务运营之间的紧张关系,我们回顾性地观察到该组织应用了一系列顺序的、结构的和上下文的二元性方法。作为对IT治理和健康IT文献的贡献,该研究提供了理论和实践知识,说明组织如何在高度动态的环境中实际应用双灵巧性,以精心编排和协调其IT支持服务的创新和运营。
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引用次数: 1
Open government data platforms – A complex adaptive sociomaterial systems perspective 开放政府数据平台——复杂自适应社会材料系统视角
IF 6.3 2区 管理学 Q1 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2020.100323
Olivera Marjanovic , Dubravka Cecez-Kecmanovic

In this paper we focus on the emerging phenomenon of Open Government Data Platforms (OGDPs), in particular those that provide open performance data to general public. Governments world-wide continue to implement these platforms, aiming to increase transparency and accountability. However, in spite of their positive intentions, ODGPs that provide performance data (e.g. about schools or hospitals) are reported to create serious harmful social effects. While the related literature has reported numerous cases of these unintended effects, the questions regarding why and how they emerge remain open. This is not surprising, given the complexity and dynamics of processes instigated through the use of ODGPs by a very large number of known and unknowable actors. Through a diffractive reading of complexity theories, in particular Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) and sociomateriality, in this paper we propose a Complex Adaptive Sociomaterial Systems (CASS) theorization of OGDPs. Drawing from a case of OGDP in Australia called My School, which provides open performance data for more than 10.000 schools, we demonstrate how the proposed theoretical lens of CASS enables us to reveal and explain why and how these platforms perform unintended, yet serious social harm. Given that OGDPs are rapidly emerging around the world, our research opens a pathway for a research-informed public discourse about their harmful effects and responsibilities of different stakeholders.

在本文中,我们将重点关注开放政府数据平台(ogdp)的新兴现象,特别是那些向公众提供开放绩效数据的平台。世界各国政府继续实施这些平台,旨在提高透明度和问责制。然而,尽管其意图是积极的,但据报告,提供业绩数据(例如关于学校或医院的数据)的官方发展定位系统造成了严重的有害社会影响。虽然相关文献已经报道了许多这些意想不到的影响的案例,但关于它们为什么以及如何出现的问题仍然是开放的。考虑到大量已知和不可知的参与者通过使用odgp所引发的过程的复杂性和动态性,这并不奇怪。通过对复杂性理论的衍射解读,特别是复杂适应系统(CAS)和社会物质性,我们提出了一个复杂适应社会物质系统(CASS)理论的ogdp。我们以澳大利亚OGDP项目“我的学校”(My School)为例,展示了中国社会科学院提出的理论视角如何使我们能够揭示和解释这些平台为何以及如何产生意想不到的严重社会危害。鉴于ogdp在世界各地迅速出现,我们的研究为关于其有害影响和不同利益相关者的责任的研究知情的公共话语开辟了一条途径。
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引用次数: 3
Digital organizing of a global social movement: From connective to collective action 全球社会运动的数字化组织:从联系到集体行动
IF 6.3 2区 管理学 Q1 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2020.100324
Carmen Leong , Isam Faik , Felix T.C. Tan , Barney Tan , Ying Hooi Khoo

Social media are increasingly credited with the emergence and rapid scaling of social movements. Consequently, many studies have explored the role of social media and other forms of Information and Communication Technology in enabling collective action beyond formal organizations. The focus in these studies has been on connective actions that emerge from the individualized but interdependent uses of social media in the pursuit of a movement's objectives. However, few studies have examined how social movements go beyond connective actions to build organizing capacity that can support effective and sustainable mobilization. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the shift from connective action to a more organized, concerted form of action is particularly important in the light of significant differences in lifespan and outcomes among social media-enabled movements. To advance our conceptualization of these mechanisms, we studied the case of Bersih movement, a transnational coalition and social media-enabled social movement that pushed for clean and fair elections in Malaysia. The case highlights two types of emergence, clustering and structuring emergence, that enabled the movement to evolve across three different phases: dispersed individuals, dispersed groups, and networked group. Our analysis of the case reveals that each of these two types of emergence exhibits different dynamics between the environmental, cognitive, and relational mechanisms that underlie the evolution of social movements. Our findings also present both the enabling and constraining roles of social media in clustering and structuring emergence.

社会运动的出现和迅速扩大,越来越多地归功于社交媒体。因此,许多研究探索了社交媒体和其他形式的信息和通信技术在使集体行动超越正式组织方面的作用。这些研究的重点是在追求运动目标的过程中,社交媒体的个性化但相互依赖的使用所产生的关联行为。然而,很少有研究审查社会运动如何超越联系行动,建立能够支持有效和可持续动员的组织能力。考虑到社交媒体推动的运动在寿命和结果上的显著差异,理解从关联行动向更有组织、更协调的行动形式转变的机制尤为重要。为了推进我们对这些机制的概念化,我们研究了净选盟运动的案例,这是一个跨国联盟和社交媒体支持的社会运动,推动了马来西亚的清洁和公平选举。这个案例强调了两种涌现类型,集群化和结构化涌现,这使得运动能够跨越三个不同的阶段:分散的个人、分散的群体和网络化的群体。我们对该案例的分析表明,这两种类型的涌现在环境、认知和关系机制之间表现出不同的动态,这些机制是社会运动演变的基础。我们的研究结果还显示了社交媒体在集群和结构化涌现中的促进和限制作用。
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引用次数: 18
Exploring the Role of IT in the Front-End of Innovation: An Empirical Study of IT-Enabled Creative Behavior 探索信息技术在创新前端的作用:基于信息技术的创新行为的实证研究
IF 6.3 2区 管理学 Q1 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2020.100322
Saggi Nevo , Dorit Nevo , Alain Pinsonneault

The front-end of innovation (FEI) is critical for successful innovation in contemporary organizations. Employee creativity, or creative behavior, is at the heart of the FEI and it encompasses three activities: idea generation, idea elaboration, and idea championing. Information technology (IT) can play an important role in enabling these activities but extant research has focused primarily on IT-enabled idea generation. This paper complements the extant research by examining the entire set of activities that compose FEI. Specifically, we develop a model that examines IT-enabled idea generation, IT-enabled elaboration and IT-enabled championing, and that, grounded in the componential theory of creativity, analyzes their key drivers. An empirical study establishes the applicability of the model. The paper contributes to IS research and practice by shedding light on the tripartite role that organizational IT can play in employee creativity, and it serves as a springboard for future research.

创新前端是当代组织创新成功的关键。员工创造力或创造性行为是FEI的核心,它包括三个活动:想法产生、想法阐述和想法支持。信息技术(IT)可以在实现这些活动方面发挥重要作用,但现有的研究主要集中在信息技术支持的创意产生上。本文通过考察构成FEI的整个活动集来补充现有的研究。具体来说,我们开发了一个模型,该模型检查了it支持的想法产生、it支持的阐述和it支持,并以创造力的组成理论为基础,分析了它们的关键驱动因素。实证研究证实了模型的适用性。本文通过揭示组织IT在员工创造力中可以发挥的三方作用,为信息系统的研究和实践做出了贡献,并为未来的研究提供了跳板。
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引用次数: 5
Unveiling the relevance of academic research: A practice-based view 揭示学术研究的相关性:基于实践的观点
IF 6.3 2区 管理学 Q1 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2020.100314
Marco Marabelli , Emmanuelle Vaast

In this paper, we build on the longstanding issue of whether and to what extent scholarly research affects stakeholders outside academia and focus on the management and IS fields. We take a practice-based view and build theoretically on the concepts of sites of knowing and knowing in practice. We interviewed experienced practice scholars and reviewed key practice theorizing concepts to demonstrate that: 1) impact outside academia does happens but in ways that are not evident from published academic papers; and, 2) the practice-based view allows us to understand how impact occurs and offers effective strategies to enhance it. Yet, practice scholars' impact outside academia still holds substantial areas of improvement, which we identify theoretically and showcase with concrete examples leading to recommendations. The insights we propose are not directed only to practice scholars, though. They can assist scholars of all epistemological, methodological, and theoretical perspectives to enhance research impact and engage meaningfully with multiple stakeholders beyond academic boundaries.

在本文中,我们以学术研究是否以及在多大程度上影响学术界以外的利益相关者这一长期存在的问题为基础,重点关注管理和信息系统领域。我们采取实践为基础的观点,从理论上构建认识场所和认识实践的概念。我们采访了经验丰富的实践学者,并回顾了关键的实践理论概念,以证明:1)学术界以外的影响确实发生了,但其方式在已发表的学术论文中并不明显;2)基于实践的观点使我们能够理解影响是如何发生的,并提供有效的策略来增强它。然而,实践学者在学术界之外的影响仍然存在实质性的改进领域,我们从理论上确定了这些领域,并通过具体的例子给出了建议。然而,我们提出的见解并不仅仅针对实践学者。他们可以帮助所有认识论、方法论和理论观点的学者提高研究影响,并与学术界限之外的多个利益相关者进行有意义的接触。
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引用次数: 13
Understanding constant connectivity to work: How and for whom is constant connectivity related to employee well-being? 了解与工作的持续连接:持续连接如何与员工幸福感相关,以及为谁相关?
IF 6.3 2区 管理学 Q1 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2020.100302
Nadine Büchler , Claartje L. ter Hoeven , Ward van Zoonen

Over the past few decades, the widespread use of mobile work devices (MWDs: e.g., laptops and smartphones) has enabled constant connectivity to work. This study advances previous work on the effects of constant connectivity for employees by focusing on how and for whom constant connectivity might be related to employee well-being. Additionally, organizational-level antecedents of constant connectivity are investigated. This paper reports on two survey studies that a) operationalize constant connectivity and its organizational antecedents and b) investigate the relationship between constant connectivity and employee well-being. The findings demonstrate that constant connectivity is negatively related to employees' well-being due to the inability to disengage from work. Moreover, this negative association exists independently of employees' boundary preferences. The findings further suggest that perceived alignment between perceived functional, physical, and symbolic connectivity aspects of MWDs and occupational identity, susceptibility to social pressure, and the visibility of co-workers' communication practices all contribute to constant connectivity in the workplace.

在过去的几十年里,移动工作设备(mwd:例如,笔记本电脑和智能手机)的广泛使用使工作的持续连接成为可能。本研究通过关注持续连接如何以及对谁可能与员工幸福感相关,推进了之前关于持续连接对员工影响的研究。此外,组织层面的持续连接的前因进行了研究。本文报告了两项调查研究,a)操作化持续连接及其组织前因,b)调查持续连接与员工幸福感之间的关系。研究结果表明,由于无法从工作中解脱出来,持续的连接与员工的幸福感呈负相关。此外,这种负相关的存在与员工的边界偏好无关。研究结果进一步表明,mwd的感知功能、身体和符号连接方面与职业认同之间的感知一致性、对社会压力的易感性以及同事沟通实践的可见性都有助于工作场所的持续连接。
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引用次数: 35
Negativity decontaminating: Communication media affordances for emotion regulation strategies 消极性净化:传播媒介对情绪调节策略的启示
IF 6.3 2区 管理学 Q1 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2020.100299
Nan (Tina) Wang , Traci A. Carte , Ryan S. Bisel

A challenging part of many occupations is dealing with negative emotions from customers, coworkers and other communication partners on a daily basis. This paper describes a case-based, inductive study of information technology (IT) help-desk workers within a Fortune 500 energy company and the communication media and emotion regulation strategies (ERSs) they employ for dealing with negative emotions from communication partners. Using the technology affordance perspective as the theoretical lens to understand the role of communication media, the present study is the first of its kind to document empirically how employees and management can leverage communication media to ease the strain of emotion regulation upon members and the IT help-desk group—an original concept we label negativity decontaminating. Here, individuals' technologically enabled ERSs are metaphorically likened to the techniques used by medical workers to avoid contamination from viruses. This negativity decontaminating potential includes several media affordances existing at two levels: a group level affordance (negativity filtering) and individual level affordances (negativity isolating, negativity barriering, and negativity containing). Moreover, the tech-organizational contexts at the case organization gave rise to a set of conditions that affected the exercising and actualization of media's negativity decontaminating potential.

对许多职业来说,每天处理来自客户、同事和其他沟通伙伴的负面情绪都是一个挑战。本文以一家财富500强能源公司的信息技术(IT)服务台员工为研究对象,对他们在处理来自沟通伙伴的负面情绪时使用的沟通媒介和情绪调节策略进行了案例归纳研究。本研究采用技术支持视角作为理论视角来理解传播媒体的作用,首次实证地记录了员工和管理层如何利用传播媒体来缓解成员和IT服务台团队的情绪调节压力——我们将其称为消弭负面的原始概念。在这里,个人的技术支持的ERSs被比喻为医务工作者使用的避免病毒污染的技术。这种消极性净化潜能包括存在于两个层面的几种媒介启示:群体层面的启示(消极性过滤)和个人层面的启示(消极性隔离、消极性阻碍和消极性包容)。此外,案例组织的技术组织背景产生了一系列影响媒体消极性净化潜力的行使和实现的条件。
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引用次数: 5
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Information and Organization
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