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Prejudiced or Just Smart?: Intelligence as a Confounding Factor in the IAT Effect 偏见还是聪明?智力是IAT效应中的一个混淆因素
IF 1.8 4区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.1027/0044-3409/A000008
R. Stülpnagel, M. Steffens
Implicit Association Tests (IATs) are well-known measures of implicit cognition, particularly attitudes. Previous studies reported that IATs are affected by method-specific variance: IAT effects of more intelligent people may appear smaller due to their reduced task-switch costs. In contrast, based on a theoretical framework that assumes IAT effects to depend on successful recoding of the congruent IAT task, larger IAT effects are expected for more intelligent people. We tested the hypothesis that intelligence can bias IAT effects with different IATs. General processing speed was also assessed. Two studies indicated faster and more intelligent participants to have larger IAT effects in some, but not all, IATs.
内隐联想测试(IATs)是众所周知的内隐认知,特别是态度的测量方法。先前的研究报告称,IAT受方法特定方差的影响:高智商人群的IAT效应可能较小,因为他们的任务转换成本较低。相比之下,基于假设内测效果取决于一致性内测任务的成功重新编码的理论框架,预计越聪明的人的内测效果越大。我们测试了智力会影响不同雅思成绩的假设。还评估了一般处理速度。两项研究表明,更快、更聪明的参与者在一些(但不是全部)测验中有更大的效果。
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引用次数: 18
Value Performance: On the Relation Between Corporate Culture and Corporate Success 价值绩效:论企业文化与企业成功的关系
IF 1.8 4区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.1027/0044-3409/A000033
G. Schönborn
In spite of a considerable body of literature, the relations between aspects of corporate culture and corporate success are not clear. This is due to the complexity and inconsistency concerning corporate culture and success. Most studies tend to focus on codified norms but less on implicit assumptions and values according to Schein (1990, 2009), and on positive but not negative cultural impacts. The research situation implies that managers do not pay enough attention to cultural issues. The success relation was investigated in an explorative study using a weighted sample of 2,873 persons from 46 German companies who participated in an online questionnaire designed to cover all levels of corporate culture. The impact of explorative analyzed corporate culture's construct to success was assessed by correlations and regressions. Results indicate that corporate responsibility with respect to external stakeholders as well as to employees, accompanied by participative leadership, are crucial cultural conditions for corporate success.
尽管有大量的文献,但企业文化各方面与企业成功之间的关系并不清楚。这是由于企业文化与成功之间的复杂性和不一致性。根据Schein(1990,2009)的说法,大多数研究倾向于关注编纂规范,而较少关注隐含的假设和价值观,以及积极而非消极的文化影响。研究结果表明,管理者对文化问题的重视程度不够。在一项探索性研究中,研究人员对来自46家德国公司的2873人进行了加权抽样,这些人参与了一份旨在涵盖企业文化各个层面的在线问卷调查。通过相关分析和回归分析来评估探索性分析企业文化建构对成功的影响。研究结果表明,企业对外部利益相关者和员工的责任,伴随着参与式领导,是企业成功的关键文化条件。
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引用次数: 11
Ethics and Economic Success A Contradiction in Terms 伦理与经济成功:两个词的矛盾
IF 1.8 4区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.1027/0044-3409/A000034
Josef Wieland
People in Germany might think you’re joking if you were to tell them that you study Business Ethics. Either Business, or Ethics. This basically sums up the deep-seated belief in European culture that business andmorals aremutually exclusive. Tipping the balance toward ethics means less economic efficiency, while an increase in business profits means less moral integrity. That is why in the Bible it is easier for a camel togo throughaneedle’s eye than for amanofwealth toget into the kingdom of God, why Plato devoted many pages of his dialog on The Republic to how to regulate the market, why for Aristotle, an economist is someone who lacks the telos of human existence, why Thomas Aquinas in his Summa Theologica took nearly one hundred pages to explain how aneconomic trade canbe turned into a fair trade,why it is clear to Karl Marx that capitalism is the absolute embodiment of immorality, why for Max Weber there is no room for ethics within the iron bounds of competition and why, last but not least, the Nobel Prize winner, Milton Friedmann, can say that the only ethics of businesses is to increase profits. Those who are currently reflecting on the connection between business success and being ethical should not lose sight of the cultural standard just described, especially bearing in mind the realities of the economic situation we face today. Corruption, the effects of the financial crisis, and management criminality are just a few of those realities that are dominating the headlines. Emotionally churned-up debates about the greed and coldheartedness of the business world’s elite managers, about criminal and questionable management methods to the detriment of the owner, customer, and society, go hand in hand with scenarios that depict our decline in values, eliciting pleas for the return of the honorable businessman of the Middle Ages. The reputation and credibility of whole sectors and to a certain extent the market economy system itself is at stake. But as so often, appearances are deceptive. Generally speaking, there can be no economic success in moral anarchy. This has also been experienced in economic history and is apparently reflected in the recently developing cultural distrust for business. Unfortunately, science up to now has also been unable to provide clarity here. On a scientific level there is simply no clear and causal evidence that good ethics means good business. Results from studies carried out so far have not been methodologically conclusive due to an inconsistent definition of indicators: findings often turn out to be contradictory. However, insights currently gained by many companies indicate: a corporate strategy that is oriented toward values and implementing them at an operational level is an essential prerequisite today for economic success in modern and globally operating companies and their management. If the interplay of the economy and ethics were to be a success story it would consequently not result from a causal autom
如果你告诉德国人你学的是商业伦理,他们可能会认为你在开玩笑。要么是商业,要么是道德。这基本上概括了欧洲文化中根深蒂固的信念,即商业和道德是相互排斥的。将天平向道德倾斜意味着经济效率降低,而商业利润的增加意味着道德诚信的减少。这就是为什么在《圣经》中,骆驼穿过针眼比财富进入上帝的国度要容易,为什么柏拉图在《理想国》中花了很多页的对话来讨论如何规范市场,为什么对亚里士多德来说,经济学家是缺乏人类生存目标的人,为什么托马斯·阿奎那(Thomas Aquinas)在他的《神学大全》(Summa the)中花了将近一百页的篇幅来解释经济贸易是如何变成公平贸易的;为什么卡尔·马克思(Karl Marx)清楚地知道资本主义是不道德的绝对体现;为什么对马克斯·韦伯(Max Weber)来说,在竞争的铁边界内没有伦理的空间;为什么最后但并非最不重要的是,诺贝尔奖得主米尔顿·弗里德曼(Milton friedman)可以说,商业的唯一伦理是增加利润。那些目前正在思考商业成功和道德之间的联系的人不应该忽视刚才描述的文化标准,特别是考虑到我们今天面临的经济形势的现实。腐败、金融危机的影响和管理犯罪只是占据头条的现实中的一小部分。关于商界精英管理者的贪婪和冷酷,关于损害所有者、客户和社会的犯罪和有问题的管理方法的激烈争论,与描绘我们价值观下降的场景密切相关,引发了对中世纪光荣商人回归的呼吁。整个行业的声誉和信誉,在一定程度上,市场经济制度本身都受到威胁。但通常情况下,表象是具有欺骗性的。一般来说,在道德混乱中不可能有经济上的成功。这在经济史上也有过,并明显反映在最近发展起来的对企业的不信任文化上。不幸的是,到目前为止,科学也无法在这方面提供清晰的答案。在科学层面上,根本没有明确的因果证据表明良好的道德意味着良好的商业。由于对指标的定义不一致,迄今为止开展的研究的结果在方法上还没有结论性:结果往往是相互矛盾的。然而,许多公司目前获得的见解表明:以价值观为导向并在运营层面实施的公司战略是当今现代和全球运营公司及其管理取得经济成功的必要先决条件。如果经济和道德的相互作用是一个成功的故事,那么它就不是因果自动作用的结果,而是公司管理层治理结构的道德合理设计问题。以下是对这一明显违反事实的信念的一些实证解释。最近的经济丑闻表明,非法和不道德的行为是最直接意义上的价值破坏者。在管理中缺乏价值观或应用不受欢迎的价值观对公司的存在构成风险。它是一种来自行为的道德风险,应该成为现代风险管理和公司治理的组成部分。美国和英国的法律体系已经招致了它们的后果。他们制定了行为标准,以满足公司的尽职调查要求,并要求安装价值管理系统,以确保这些要求得到遵守。遵从是值得的。不合规意味着组织及其代表可能招致巨大的风险。在这方面,性格、信誉和正直是核心的领导品质,也是未来经理培训项目中要遇到的主题。然而,美国和英国在加强商业道德方面所采取的方向给人的印象是相当官僚的,这是委婉的说法。通过大量的文件来为自己开脱似乎是这个系统背后的逻辑:道德准则、行为准则、合规官、SOX、COSO框架、合规计划、诚信管理、举报、道德热线——这些都是目前正在迅速扩散的英式语言,并不是所有商界高管都欢迎的。
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引用次数: 5
Learning and Consolidation of Verbal Declarative Memory in Patients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 创伤后应激障碍患者言语陈述性记忆的学习与巩固
IF 1.8 4区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.1027/0044-3409/A000020
S. Diener, H. Flor, M. Wessa
Impairments in declarative memory have been reported in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Fragmentation of explicit trauma-related memory has been assumed to impede the formation of a coherent memorization of the traumatic event and the integration into autobiographic memory. Together with a strong non-declarative memory that connects trauma reminders with a fear response the impairment in declarative memory is thought to be involved in the maintenance of PTSD symptoms. Fourteen PTSD patients, 14 traumatized subjects without PTSD, and 13 non-traumatized healthy controls (HC) were tested with the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) to assess verbal declarative memory. PTSD symptoms were assessed with the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale and depression with the Center of Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Several indices of the CVLT pointed to an impairment in declarative memory performance in PTSD, but not in traumatized persons without PTSD or HC. No group differences were observed if recal...
陈述性记忆的损伤已经在创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)中被报道过。外显创伤相关记忆的碎片化被认为阻碍了创伤事件连贯记忆的形成和与自传体记忆的整合。与强烈的非陈述性记忆(将创伤提醒与恐惧反应联系起来)一起,陈述性记忆的损伤被认为与创伤后应激障碍症状的维持有关。采用加州言语学习测验(CVLT)对14例PTSD患者、14例创伤性非创伤性PTSD受试者和13例非创伤性健康对照进行言语陈述性记忆评价。PTSD症状采用临床医师管理的PTSD量表和流行病学研究中心抑郁量表进行评估。CVLT的几个指标表明,创伤后应激障碍患者的陈述性记忆表现受损,但没有创伤后应激障碍或HC的创伤患者的陈述性记忆表现没有受损。如果回顾一下,没有观察到组间差异。
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引用次数: 10
The Humanistic Management Network 人本管理网络
IF 1.8 4区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.1027/0044-3409/A000035
Heiko Spitzeck, M. Pirson, Ernst von Kimakowitz, C. Dierksmeier
The Humanistic Management Network is an international, interdisciplinary, and independent network that promotes the development of an economic system in service of human dignity and well-being. We are cooperating with scholars, practitioners, and policy makers across the world to promote the idea of a ''life-conducive'' economic system. With over 200 members and partner organizations across the world (official chapters exist in Brazil, Columbia, Japan, Mexico, Switzerland, Germany, and the United States), we believe in the power of change through dialog and insight.
人文管理网络是一个国际性、跨学科和独立的网络,旨在促进为人类尊严和福祉服务的经济体系的发展。我们正在与世界各地的学者、从业者和政策制定者合作,推广“有利于生活”的经济体系理念。我们在全球拥有200多家会员和合作伙伴组织(在巴西、哥伦比亚、日本、墨西哥、瑞士、德国和美国设有官方分会),我们相信通过对话和洞察力带来变革的力量。
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引用次数: 6
Pilot Neuroimaging Study in Civilian Trauma Survivors 平民创伤幸存者神经影像学试验研究
IF 1.8 4区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.1027/0044-3409/A000019
D. Dörfel, Annett Werner, M. Schaefer, A. Karl
Despite its hypothesized role in the etiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), little research has investigated neural correlates of episodic memory impairment in trauma survivors. This pilot study utilized a correlational design to investigate the association between PTSD symptom severity, hippocampal volume, episodic memory, and brain activation during the Remember-Know task. Eleven non-medicated, right-handed survivors of civilian trauma participated in the study. Significant positive correlations were found between PTSD symptom severity and the activation of brain areas implicated in the episodic recognition network such as hippocampus, precuneus, and occipital gyrus. Higher PTSD symptoms were also significantly negatively correlated with brain activations in areas associated with episodic memory but also visuospatial attention such as the superior parietal lobule and the supramarginal gyrus. The pattern of results indicates specific alterations in the recruitment of the episodic memory networ...
尽管它在创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)的病因学中有假设的作用,但很少有研究调查创伤幸存者情景记忆障碍的神经相关性。本初步研究采用相关设计来调查PTSD症状严重程度、海马体积、情景记忆和记忆-认知任务期间大脑激活之间的关系。11名没有服用药物、惯用右手的平民创伤幸存者参加了这项研究。PTSD症状严重程度与海马、楔前叶和枕回等与情景识别网络相关的脑区激活呈显著正相关。较高的创伤后应激障碍症状也与与情景记忆和视觉空间注意力相关的区域(如顶叶上小叶和边缘上回)的大脑激活显著负相关。结果的模式表明情景记忆网络的招募发生了特定的变化。
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引用次数: 2
Actions speak louder than words: The benefits of ethical behaviors of leaders. 行动胜于雄辩:领导者道德行为的好处。
IF 1.8 4区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.1027/0044-3409/A000032
Carmen Tanner, Adrian Brügger, S. Schie, Carmen Lebherz
Ethical scandals in business have led to calls for more ethical or moral leadership. Yet, we still know very little about what characterizes ethical leadership and what its positive consequences actually are. We argue that the major question is not about what leaders value, but rather whether their ethical values are regularly reflected in behavioral patterns across situations and situational challenges. To address this, we have begun to build the Ethical Leadership Behavior Scale, which is based on behaviors reflecting concrete manifestations of ethical values (e.g., fairness, respect) across occasions and situational barriers. A study with 592 employees of 110 work units in two departments provided a first test of this scale and demonstrated that the level of ethical leadership behavior predicts important work-related attitudes (job satisfaction, work engagement, affective organizational commitment) and outcomes (health complaints, emotional exhaustion, absenteeism).
商界的道德丑闻促使人们呼吁加强伦理或道德领导。然而,我们仍然对道德领导的特征以及它的积极后果知之甚少。我们认为,主要问题不在于领导者重视什么,而在于他们的道德价值观是否经常反映在各种情况和情境挑战的行为模式中。为了解决这个问题,我们已经开始建立道德领导行为量表,它是基于行为反映道德价值观的具体表现(例如,公平,尊重)跨场合和情境障碍。一项针对两个部门110个工作单位的592名员工的研究提供了该量表的首次测试,并证明道德领导行为的水平可以预测重要的工作态度(工作满意度、工作投入、情感组织承诺)和结果(健康投诉、情绪耗竭、缺勤)。
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引用次数: 112
The Person and the Variable in Developmental Psychology 发展心理学中的人与变量
IF 1.8 4区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.1027/0044-3409/A000025
L. Bergman, H. Andersson
A brief theoretical and methodological overview is given of the person-oriented and the variable-oriented approach, how these are commonly used in longitudinal research, and what one should take into consideration before choosing either approach. An empirical research example is also given where the association was studied between, on the one hand, attention control – activity level in early adolescence and, on the other hand, persistent versus adolescence-limited criminality. Key topics discussed include properties that variables must have to be suitable for the study of individual pattern development, the problem-method match, and prediction versus understanding.
简要概述了以人为本和以变量为本的方法的理论和方法,这些方法在纵向研究中是如何常用的,以及在选择任何一种方法之前应该考虑什么。还给出了一个实证研究的例子,其中一方面研究了青春期早期的注意力控制活动水平,另一方面研究了持久性与青春期限制犯罪之间的联系。讨论的关键主题包括变量必须适合于研究单个模式开发的属性、问题-方法匹配以及预测与理解。
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引用次数: 158
How to Perform Idiographic and a Combination of Idiographic and Nomothetic Approaches 如何实现具体方法和具体方法与本体方法的结合
IF 1.8 4区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.1027/0044-3409/A000026
Michaela Schmidt, F. Perels, B. Schmitz
The aim of the study is to combine and compare person-oriented and nomothetic approaches to analyze longitudinal data with time series analyses and hierarchical linear modeling (HLM). Based on the evaluation of an intervention study both approaches were used to compare individual and group data. In this study, a training was implemented to foster students’ self-regulation and selected results were presented at the individual and group level for the variables planning and motivation. To analyze data with time series analysis, cross-correlations and trend analyses were conducted. Cross-correlations revealed similar results on the aggregated and individual level whereas trend analysis indicated different results of these two levels. Results of HLM analyses for longitudinal data suggested that students’ motivation has more influence than the type of training group on students’ planning. The findings demonstrate that individual and group-level results differ and that both methods have different focuses. This m...
本研究的目的是结合和比较以人为本和象形法分析纵向数据的时间序列分析和层次线性模型(HLM)。基于一项干预研究的评估,两种方法被用于比较个体和群体数据。在本研究中,实施了一项培养学生自我调节的训练,并在个人和团体层面上对变量计划和动机进行了选择结果。对数据进行时间序列分析、相互关系分析和趋势分析。相互关系在总体水平和个体水平上显示相似的结果,而趋势分析显示这两个水平的结果不同。纵向数据的HLM分析结果表明,学生的动机比训练组类型对学生计划的影响更大。研究结果表明,个体和群体水平的结果不同,两种方法都有不同的重点。这个m…
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引用次数: 17
Call for Papers: Prospective Memory: A Topical Issue of the Zeitschrift für Psychologie / Journal of Psychology 论文征集:前瞻记忆:<s:1>心理学杂志/心理学杂志的专题问题
IF 1.8 4区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.1027/0044-3409/A000011
Rebekah E. Smith
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引用次数: 0
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Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie-Journal of Psychology
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