Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.1027/0044-3409/A000028
Dagmar Strohmeier, Petra Wagner, C. Spiel, A. Eye
The present paper (1) focused on variables to investigate the stability of bully-victim behavior over time and constancy across settings in preadolescent and adolescent boys and girls and (2) looked at persons to examine whether patterns of change were the same or different between bully-victim groups identified. Data were drawn from two independent short time longitudinal studies. In Study 1, 100 adolescents (59% female) aged 15–19 years (M = 16.4 years) were asked about their bully-victim behavior in school before and after the summer break. In Study 2, 116 preadolescents (49% female) aged 9–15 years (M = 12.2) were asked about their bully-victim behavior in school and in a summer camp. While adolescents did not enter a new group after the summer break, preadolescents entered a new group in the summer camp. On the whole sample level, both over time and across settings bullying showed moderate to high stability and a decrease. Victimization was moderately stable over time but rather unstable across setti...
{"title":"Stability and Constancy of Bully-Victim Behavior","authors":"Dagmar Strohmeier, Petra Wagner, C. Spiel, A. Eye","doi":"10.1027/0044-3409/A000028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409/A000028","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper (1) focused on variables to investigate the stability of bully-victim behavior over time and constancy across settings in preadolescent and adolescent boys and girls and (2) looked at persons to examine whether patterns of change were the same or different between bully-victim groups identified. Data were drawn from two independent short time longitudinal studies. In Study 1, 100 adolescents (59% female) aged 15–19 years (M = 16.4 years) were asked about their bully-victim behavior in school before and after the summer break. In Study 2, 116 preadolescents (49% female) aged 9–15 years (M = 12.2) were asked about their bully-victim behavior in school and in a summer camp. While adolescents did not enter a new group after the summer break, preadolescents entered a new group in the summer camp. On the whole sample level, both over time and across settings bullying showed moderate to high stability and a decrease. Victimization was moderately stable over time but rather unstable across setti...","PeriodicalId":47289,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie-Journal of Psychology","volume":"10 1","pages":"185-193"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87871669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.1027/0044-3409/A000027
Rüdiger Mutz, U. Seeling
The purpose of this article is to discuss new methodological developments, starting with Schilling and Hogge (2001), aimed at establishing a nomothetic version of the Brunswikian lens model based on multilevel models (multilevel latent class regression). This genuinely person-oriented approach simultaneously allows the idiographic assessment of individual judgment processes and the nomothetic examination of evidence of generalization across individuals. Data of a pilot project on forest persons’ subjective judgment of the quality of wood (“Forstlicher Gotterblick”) are used to demonstrate the proposal: In a paper-pencil test, 29 forest persons (forestry students and foresters) each estimated the internal wood quality of 40 trees on a 6-point rating scale using information provided about six well-known external wood properties for each tree. Two judgment strategies were identified (“Take-The-Best” and random) which could also be assigned to two different types of subjects (“novices” vs. “experts”). Summari...
{"title":"A Nomothetic Version of the Brunswikian Lens Model: A Variable- and Person-Oriented Approach","authors":"Rüdiger Mutz, U. Seeling","doi":"10.1027/0044-3409/A000027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409/A000027","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this article is to discuss new methodological developments, starting with Schilling and Hogge (2001), aimed at establishing a nomothetic version of the Brunswikian lens model based on multilevel models (multilevel latent class regression). This genuinely person-oriented approach simultaneously allows the idiographic assessment of individual judgment processes and the nomothetic examination of evidence of generalization across individuals. Data of a pilot project on forest persons’ subjective judgment of the quality of wood (“Forstlicher Gotterblick”) are used to demonstrate the proposal: In a paper-pencil test, 29 forest persons (forestry students and foresters) each estimated the internal wood quality of 40 trees on a 6-point rating scale using information provided about six well-known external wood properties for each tree. Two judgment strategies were identified (“Take-The-Best” and random) which could also be assigned to two different types of subjects (“novices” vs. “experts”). Summari...","PeriodicalId":47289,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie-Journal of Psychology","volume":"41 1","pages":"175-184"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90498455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.1027/0044-3409/A000017
A. Staniloiu, H. Markowitsch
Brain damage was traditionally seen as the product of a neurological disease or injury. Nevertheless, modern brain imaging techniques have provided increasing evidence for alterations in brain tissue and metabolism for a number of psychiatric disorders. Though for a while “dissociated” (Spiegel, 2006) from the clinical and scientific arena, dissociative disorders have in the last several years received a renewed interest among several groups of researchers, who embarked on the work of disentangling their neural correlates. We review data from our own research as well as others, which point to distinct changes in brain regions underlying dissociative amnes(t)ic disorders. These changes may consist of overall reductions in brain metabolism or more selective alterations primarily in the right temporo-frontal cortices. Recent evidence with refined magnetic resonance imaging techniques furthermore reveals selective fiber degenerations in these regions. While these changes may persist and probably even intensif...
{"title":"Searching for the Anatomy of Dissociative Amnesia","authors":"A. Staniloiu, H. Markowitsch","doi":"10.1027/0044-3409/A000017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409/A000017","url":null,"abstract":"Brain damage was traditionally seen as the product of a neurological disease or injury. Nevertheless, modern brain imaging techniques have provided increasing evidence for alterations in brain tissue and metabolism for a number of psychiatric disorders. Though for a while “dissociated” (Spiegel, 2006) from the clinical and scientific arena, dissociative disorders have in the last several years received a renewed interest among several groups of researchers, who embarked on the work of disentangling their neural correlates. We review data from our own research as well as others, which point to distinct changes in brain regions underlying dissociative amnes(t)ic disorders. These changes may consist of overall reductions in brain metabolism or more selective alterations primarily in the right temporo-frontal cortices. Recent evidence with refined magnetic resonance imaging techniques furthermore reveals selective fiber degenerations in these regions. While these changes may persist and probably even intensif...","PeriodicalId":47289,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie-Journal of Psychology","volume":"30 1","pages":"96-108"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90423063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.1027/0044-3409/A000023
M. Davis
I can’t get the memories out of my mind! The images come flooding back in vivid detail, triggered by the most inconsequential things, like a door slamming or the smell of stir-fried pork. Last night, I went to bed, was having a good sleep for a change. Then in the early morning a storm front passed through and there was a bolt of crackling thunder. I awoke instantly, frozen in fear. I am right back in Viet Nam, in the middle of the monsoon season at my guard post. I am sure I’ll get hit in the next volley and convinced I will die. My hands are freezing, yet sweat pours from my entire body. I feel each hair on the back of my neck standing on end. I can’t catch my breath and my heart is pounding. I smell a damp sulfur smell. Suddenly I see what’s left of my buddy Troy, his head on a bamboo platter, sent back to our camp by the Viet Cong. Propaganda messages are stuffed between his clenched teeth. The next bolt of lightning and clap of thunder makes me jump so much that I fall to the floor.
{"title":"Facilitation of Fear Extinction and Psychotherapy by D-Cycloserine","authors":"M. Davis","doi":"10.1027/0044-3409/A000023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409/A000023","url":null,"abstract":"I can’t get the memories out of my mind! The images come flooding back in vivid detail, triggered by the most inconsequential things, like a door slamming or the smell of stir-fried pork. Last night, I went to bed, was having a good sleep for a change. Then in the early morning a storm front passed through and there was a bolt of crackling thunder. I awoke instantly, frozen in fear. I am right back in Viet Nam, in the middle of the monsoon season at my guard post. I am sure I’ll get hit in the next volley and convinced I will die. My hands are freezing, yet sweat pours from my entire body. I feel each hair on the back of my neck standing on end. I can’t catch my breath and my heart is pounding. I smell a damp sulfur smell. Suddenly I see what’s left of my buddy Troy, his head on a bamboo platter, sent back to our camp by the Viet Cong. Propaganda messages are stuffed between his clenched teeth. The next bolt of lightning and clap of thunder makes me jump so much that I fall to the floor.","PeriodicalId":47289,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie-Journal of Psychology","volume":"33 1","pages":"149-150"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91089524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.1027/0044-3409/A000037
Cristina Massen, M. Rieger
{"title":"Call for Papers: “Using Tools: From Movements to Environmental Effects”","authors":"Cristina Massen, M. Rieger","doi":"10.1027/0044-3409/A000037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409/A000037","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47289,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie-Journal of Psychology","volume":"180 1","pages":"249-249"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77308537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.1027/0044-3409/A000009
N. Dasgupta
{"title":"Implicit Measures of Social Cognition","authors":"N. Dasgupta","doi":"10.1027/0044-3409/A000009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409/A000009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47289,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie-Journal of Psychology","volume":"19 1","pages":"54-57"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74588644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.1027/0044-3409/A000024
A. Eye, C. Spiel
In this topical issue, four articles present state-of-the-art scholarship concerning person-oriented research. The articles, authored by the teams of Bergman and Andersson; Schmidt, Perels, and Schmitz; Mutz and Seeling; and Strohmeier, Wagner, Spiel, and von Eye, cover an interesting range of topics and methods. Before introducing readers to these articles, we present an introduction to concepts of person-oriented research, from a conceptual and philosophy of science perspective (an overview taking a broader perspective, including the relation of person-oriented research to holistic thinking, can be found in the Bergman and Andersson article).
{"title":"Conducting Person-Oriented Research","authors":"A. Eye, C. Spiel","doi":"10.1027/0044-3409/A000024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409/A000024","url":null,"abstract":"In this topical issue, four articles present state-of-the-art scholarship concerning person-oriented research. The articles, authored by the teams of Bergman and Andersson; Schmidt, Perels, and Schmitz; Mutz and Seeling; and Strohmeier, Wagner, Spiel, and von Eye, cover an interesting range of topics and methods. Before introducing readers to these articles, we present an introduction to concepts of person-oriented research, from a conceptual and philosophy of science perspective (an overview taking a broader perspective, including the relation of person-oriented research to holistic thinking, can be found in the Bergman and Andersson article).","PeriodicalId":47289,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie-Journal of Psychology","volume":"29 1","pages":"151-154"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84128508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.1027/0044-3409/A000013
L. Jelinek, S. Randjbar, M. Kellner, Angnes Untiedt, J. Volkert, C. Muhtz, S. Moritz
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by vivid intrusive memories of the trauma. Among these, visual sensations of the trauma are most commonly reported. However, intrusions may involve other senses as well (e.g., acoustic, olfactory, or bodily sensations). It has been proposed that enhanced mental imagery may predispose individuals with traumatic experiences to intrusions and ultimately to PTSD. A total of 58 victims of interpersonal violence with current (n = 20), past (n = 19), and no lifetime PTSD (n = 19) as well as non-traumatized controls (n = 23) were assessed with the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ) and a modality-specific imagery questionnaire. Moreover, the sensory quality of the traumatic intrusions was assessed in traumatized participants. Participants with recovered PTSD displayed less overall mental imagery than the other three groups who were indistinguishable. No relation was found between the modality-specific mental imagery and the sensory quality of the...
{"title":"Intrusive Memories and Modality-Specific Mental Imagery in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","authors":"L. Jelinek, S. Randjbar, M. Kellner, Angnes Untiedt, J. Volkert, C. Muhtz, S. Moritz","doi":"10.1027/0044-3409/A000013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409/A000013","url":null,"abstract":"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by vivid intrusive memories of the trauma. Among these, visual sensations of the trauma are most commonly reported. However, intrusions may involve other senses as well (e.g., acoustic, olfactory, or bodily sensations). It has been proposed that enhanced mental imagery may predispose individuals with traumatic experiences to intrusions and ultimately to PTSD. A total of 58 victims of interpersonal violence with current (n = 20), past (n = 19), and no lifetime PTSD (n = 19) as well as non-traumatized controls (n = 23) were assessed with the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ) and a modality-specific imagery questionnaire. Moreover, the sensory quality of the traumatic intrusions was assessed in traumatized participants. Participants with recovered PTSD displayed less overall mental imagery than the other three groups who were indistinguishable. No relation was found between the modality-specific mental imagery and the sensory quality of the...","PeriodicalId":47289,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie-Journal of Psychology","volume":"90 1","pages":"64-70"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75631359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.1027/0044-3409/A000015
Jana Mauchnik, U. Ebner-Priemer, M. Bohus, C. Schmahl
Conditioning studies in Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) revealed intact acquisition and within-session extinction for patients with low acute dissociation and impaired acquisition for patients with high acute dissociation. In Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) delayed short-term extinction as well as reduced discrimination learning was found. Controlling for acute dissociation, with a subgroup analysis of BPD patients with and without comorbid PTSD we aimed to further understand the influence of both disorders on altered conditioning processes. Aversive differential conditioning was assessed in 33 non-medicated female patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for BPD (15 with and 18 without co-occurring PTSD). An aversive sound served as unconditioned stimulus (US), and two neutral pictures as conditioned stimuli (CS+, CS−). Conditioning was assessed by skin conductance responses (SCRs) and ratings of valence and arousal. BPD patients without PTSD revealed a significant differentiation between CS+ and CS− ...
{"title":"Classical Conditioning in Borderline Personality Disorder With and Without Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","authors":"Jana Mauchnik, U. Ebner-Priemer, M. Bohus, C. Schmahl","doi":"10.1027/0044-3409/A000015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409/A000015","url":null,"abstract":"Conditioning studies in Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) revealed intact acquisition and within-session extinction for patients with low acute dissociation and impaired acquisition for patients with high acute dissociation. In Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) delayed short-term extinction as well as reduced discrimination learning was found. Controlling for acute dissociation, with a subgroup analysis of BPD patients with and without comorbid PTSD we aimed to further understand the influence of both disorders on altered conditioning processes. Aversive differential conditioning was assessed in 33 non-medicated female patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for BPD (15 with and 18 without co-occurring PTSD). An aversive sound served as unconditioned stimulus (US), and two neutral pictures as conditioned stimuli (CS+, CS−). Conditioning was assessed by skin conductance responses (SCRs) and ratings of valence and arousal. BPD patients without PTSD revealed a significant differentiation between CS+ and CS− ...","PeriodicalId":47289,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie-Journal of Psychology","volume":"61 1","pages":"80-88"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91056543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.1027/0044-3409/A000012
H. Flor, M. Wessa
In this issue of the Zeitschrift fur Psychologie / Journal of Psychology we have assembled a number of articles and comments that deal with the relationship of trauma and memory, with an emphasis on the role of memory mechanisms in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There is uniformity in the assumption that memory is severely altered by traumatic events, but memory deficits may also contribute to the development of stress-related disorders. Although there is agreement that in PTSD memory mechanisms are at the core of the disorder, there is disagreement on the nature of the pathology and to what extent additional factors such as appraisal of the deficit are of importance. As Ehlers (2010) notes, there is clear evidence of a preponderance of emotional memories that are often sensory, fast, tied to very aversive moments of the traumatic experience, experienced as immediate rather than past, and related to non-declarative learning processes such as Pavlovian conditioning and priming. Whereas these memories seem to predominate, generalize (see Lissek & Grillon, 2010), and fail to extinguish (Wessa & Flor, 2007), episodic memories of the trauma and life in general seem to be affected, be it by fragmentation (Brewin, 2007), lack of connectedness (Michael, Ehlers, Halligan, & Clark, 2005), or overgeneralization (Schonfeld, Ehlers, Bollinghaus, & Rief, 2007). Early theories about memory mechanisms in PTSD suggested that the documented reduction of hippocampal volume in PTSD might lead to a dissociation of declarative and non-declarative memories (Elzinga & Bremner, 2002). However, these alterations are not as straightforward as it might seem since it could be shown that recall of trauma-related materials is similar in traumatized persons with and without PTSD (Wessa, Jatzko, & Flor, 2006). Retrieval-induced forgetting is also not significantly different in PTSD versus non-PTSD subjects as shown by Koessler and colleagues (2010). Diener, Flor, and Wessa (2010) demonstrate a specific deficit in encoding but not retrieval of episodic memory that is associated with hyperarousal symptoms. This suggests that a very thorough analysis of memory mechanisms is needed and that categories such as declarative/non-declarative or episodic versus semantic need to be further differentiated and specific aspects of these memory processes – such as elaboration, connectedness, or trauma-relevance – need to be considered. For example, the reduced hippocampal volumes could also lead to reduced context conditioning, which is also a form of emotional associative learning, whereas cue conditioning, which is more amygdala-dependent, seems to be enhanced. We (Lang et al., 2009) and others (Alvarez, Biggs, Chen, Pine, & Grillon, 2008; Marschner, Kalisch, Vervliet, Vansteenwegen, & Buchel, 2008) have shown that the hippocampus is involved in context conditioning in human beings and we have preliminary data that indicate impaired context conditioning in persons with small hippocamp
{"title":"Memory and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","authors":"H. Flor, M. Wessa","doi":"10.1027/0044-3409/A000012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409/A000012","url":null,"abstract":"In this issue of the Zeitschrift fur Psychologie / Journal of Psychology we have assembled a number of articles and comments that deal with the relationship of trauma and memory, with an emphasis on the role of memory mechanisms in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There is uniformity in the assumption that memory is severely altered by traumatic events, but memory deficits may also contribute to the development of stress-related disorders. Although there is agreement that in PTSD memory mechanisms are at the core of the disorder, there is disagreement on the nature of the pathology and to what extent additional factors such as appraisal of the deficit are of importance. As Ehlers (2010) notes, there is clear evidence of a preponderance of emotional memories that are often sensory, fast, tied to very aversive moments of the traumatic experience, experienced as immediate rather than past, and related to non-declarative learning processes such as Pavlovian conditioning and priming. Whereas these memories seem to predominate, generalize (see Lissek & Grillon, 2010), and fail to extinguish (Wessa & Flor, 2007), episodic memories of the trauma and life in general seem to be affected, be it by fragmentation (Brewin, 2007), lack of connectedness (Michael, Ehlers, Halligan, & Clark, 2005), or overgeneralization (Schonfeld, Ehlers, Bollinghaus, & Rief, 2007). Early theories about memory mechanisms in PTSD suggested that the documented reduction of hippocampal volume in PTSD might lead to a dissociation of declarative and non-declarative memories (Elzinga & Bremner, 2002). However, these alterations are not as straightforward as it might seem since it could be shown that recall of trauma-related materials is similar in traumatized persons with and without PTSD (Wessa, Jatzko, & Flor, 2006). Retrieval-induced forgetting is also not significantly different in PTSD versus non-PTSD subjects as shown by Koessler and colleagues (2010). Diener, Flor, and Wessa (2010) demonstrate a specific deficit in encoding but not retrieval of episodic memory that is associated with hyperarousal symptoms. This suggests that a very thorough analysis of memory mechanisms is needed and that categories such as declarative/non-declarative or episodic versus semantic need to be further differentiated and specific aspects of these memory processes – such as elaboration, connectedness, or trauma-relevance – need to be considered. For example, the reduced hippocampal volumes could also lead to reduced context conditioning, which is also a form of emotional associative learning, whereas cue conditioning, which is more amygdala-dependent, seems to be enhanced. We (Lang et al., 2009) and others (Alvarez, Biggs, Chen, Pine, & Grillon, 2008; Marschner, Kalisch, Vervliet, Vansteenwegen, & Buchel, 2008) have shown that the hippocampus is involved in context conditioning in human beings and we have preliminary data that indicate impaired context conditioning in persons with small hippocamp","PeriodicalId":47289,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie-Journal of Psychology","volume":"217 1","pages":"61-63"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89117048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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