Research in Social Stratification and Mobility最新文献_第8页

Parental involvement in elementary schools and children’s academic achievement: A longitudinal analysis across educational groups in Finland 家长参与小学教育与儿童学业成绩：芬兰教育群体的纵向分析

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2024.101007

Satu Koivuhovi , Elina Kilpi-Jakonen , Jani Erola , Mari-Pauliina Vainikainen

Many educational initiatives emphasize parental involvement as a strategy to reduce socioeconomic achievement gaps in schools and enhance students' educational attainment. Despite extensive research, findings on the relationship between parental involvement and children’s academic achievement remain inconsistent. This study uses longitudinal data (N = 2887) from Finland, a country with strong emphasis on equal educational opportunities, to examine the development of parental involvement and relationships between parental involvement and children’s achievement during elementary school years. Specifically, the research focuses on three primary objectives: analyzing changes in parental involvement over time, assessing its relationship with academic outcomes, and exploring variations in its relationship across different educational groups.

Results

indicated that parental involvement generally decreases, as children grow older. While parental involvement was related to both GPA and reading comprehension when assessed separately, only the relationship with GPA remained significant in a combined model. Our findings indicate an overlap between the examined outcome variables but they also suggest a potential teacher-bias effect in grading influenced by parental involvement, Therefore, our findings suggest that the impact of parental involvement on achievement might be more about how teachers perceive and evaluate students rather than a direct effect on academic performance. Additionally, although parental involvement varied with socioeconomic status (SES), with higher levels observed among more educated mothers, its association with educational outcomes was relatively uniform across all groups but slightly stronger and statistically significant among middle educational groups. Therefore, our findings challenges the assumption that increasing parental involvement could effectively equalize socioeconomic differences in educational performance.

许多教育倡议强调家长的参与是减少学校社会经济成就差距和提高学生教育成就的一种策略。尽管进行了广泛的研究，但关于父母参与与孩子学业成绩之间关系的发现仍然不一致。本研究使用芬兰的纵向数据（N = 2887）来检验父母参与的发展以及父母参与与儿童小学成绩之间的关系。芬兰是一个非常强调教育机会平等的国家。具体而言，该研究主要关注三个主要目标：分析父母参与随时间的变化，评估其与学业成绩的关系，并探索其在不同教育群体之间关系的变化。结果表明，随着孩子年龄的增长，父母的参与通常会减少。当单独评估时，父母参与与GPA和阅读理解都相关，而在联合模型中，只有与GPA的关系仍然显著。我们的研究结果表明，在被检查的结果变量之间存在重叠，但它们也表明父母参与对评分的潜在教师偏见效应。因此，我们的研究结果表明，父母参与对成绩的影响可能更多地是关于教师如何看待和评估学生，而不是直接影响学习成绩。此外，尽管父母参与随着社会经济地位（SES）的变化而变化，受教育程度越高的母亲参与程度越高，但其与教育成果的关联在所有群体中相对一致，但在中等教育程度的群体中略强且具有统计学意义。因此，我们的研究结果挑战了增加父母参与可以有效地平衡教育表现的社会经济差异的假设。

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引用次数: 0

The contribution of work values to early career mobility 工作价值观对早期职业流动性的贡献

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2024.100996

Xiaowen Han , Jessie Himmelstern , Tom VanHeuvelen

In the past quarter century, young people have started their careers in a labor market logic emphasizing individualized resources and with expectations and risks of uncertainty and unpredictability. We focus on one core individual resource, work values, and assess its contribution to early career trajectory dynamics among a cohort of Millennials between the ages of 18–35 and years 2005 through 2019. Using eight waves of the Transition to Adulthood Supplement of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we consider how extrinsic and intrinsic work values predict both cumulative occupational and employer changes as well as observed annual earnings and occupational prestige trajectories. Extrinsic work values are highly predictive of employment change and destination. However, results vary significantly by educational attainment and sex, as extrinsic work values are associated with contrasting outcomes depending on whether respondents have a college degree, while the bulk of benefits of returns to work values are found for men. The current paper sheds light on the critical dynamics of early career mobility processes.

在过去的25年里，年轻人在劳动力市场的逻辑中开始了他们的职业生涯，强调个性化的资源，并伴随着不确定性和不可预测性的期望和风险。我们关注一项核心个人资源，即工作价值观，并评估其对年龄在18-35岁（2005年至2019年）的千禧一代早期职业轨迹动态的贡献。利用收入动态小组研究的成年过渡补充的八波，我们考虑了外在和内在工作价值如何预测累积的职业和雇主变化，以及观察到的年收入和职业声望轨迹。外在的工作价值对就业变化和目的地有很高的预测作用。然而，结果因受教育程度和性别而有很大差异，因为外在的工作价值观与不同的结果相关，这取决于受访者是否拥有大学学位，而回归工作价值观的大部分好处都是男性发现的。当前的论文阐明了早期职业流动过程的关键动力学。

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引用次数: 0

Human capital and the upward occupational mobility of rural migrant workers in China 人力资本与中国农民工职业向上流动

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2024.100997

Leping Wang

Research on the human capital and occupational mobility of Chinese rural migrant workers often focuses on how formal education is linked to upward mobility, and rarely accounts for the heterogeneity in the origin occupations. Conditioning on origin occupations, this study uses multivariable logistic regression models to explore the relationship between four human capital factors including formal education, professional training, professional certificates and the knowledge of foreign languages, and the likelihood of upward occupational mobility among rural migrant workers in the urban labor market in China. The findings confirmed the overall positive associations between human capital and upward occupational mobility, net of family background and demographic characteristics. Nevertheless, heterogeneous marginal effects exist for different human capital factors. Formal education is associated with the upward mobility of migrant workers whose first occupations are professional technicians. Foreign language proficiency is associated with the upward mobility for those with an origin occupation of industrial production personnel or business and service personnel. There is evidence for cohort differences, that foreign language proficiency is associated with the upward mobility of the older cohort with an occupational origin of industrial production personnel, and of the younger cohort with an occupational origin of business personnel, whereas high school degree only matters for the older cohort. This study contributes understanding to the mobility and stratification literature by: 1) distinguishing between four human capital factors including formal education, professional training, certificates, and foreign language proficiency, and revealing the heterogeneity in their relationship with upward mobility; 2) providing an innovative empirical approach to understand the relationship between human capital and occupational mobility that accounts for the origin and destination occupations of mobility; 3) contributing a life course perspective by revealing the link between origin and destination occupations, between education and employment, between the younger and older cohort, and between structural barriers (or incentives) and individual agency for human capital investment.

关于中国农民工人力资本和职业流动的研究往往侧重于正规教育如何与向上流动联系起来，而很少考虑到原籍职业的异质性。本研究以原籍职业为条件，运用多变量logistic回归模型，探讨正规教育、专业培训、专业证书和外语知识四种人力资本因素与中国城市劳动力市场农民工职业向上流动可能性之间的关系。研究结果证实了人力资本与向上职业流动、家庭背景和人口特征之间的总体正相关关系。但不同人力资本要素的边际效应存在异质性。正规教育与移民工人的向上流动有关，他们的第一职业是专业技术人员。对于那些原本从事工业生产人员或商业和服务人员的人来说，外语能力与向上流动有关。有证据表明队列差异，外语能力与年龄较大的工业生产人员队列和年龄较小的商业人员队列的向上流动有关，而高中学历仅与年龄较大的队列有关。本研究通过以下方式对流动与分层的相关文献进行了理解：1)区分了正规教育、专业培训、证书和外语水平这四个人力资本因素，揭示了它们与向上流动之间的异质性关系；2)提供了一种创新的实证方法来理解人力资本与职业流动之间的关系，解释了流动的起源职业和目的地职业；3)通过揭示原籍职业与目的地职业之间、教育与就业之间、年轻群体与年长群体之间、结构性障碍（或激励）与人力资本投资个体机构之间的联系，提供生命历程视角。

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引用次数: 0

Educational sorting in unions and subjective well-being in Europe: Gender differences and contextual variations 欧洲工会的教育分类与主观幸福感：性别差异和语境差异

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101020

Yanwen Wang

This study examines the associations between educational sorting—the intra-couple difference in education—and subjective well-being of heterosexual partners in Europe, independent of each partner’s education status. It extends the literature by exploring whether and how these associations vary across societies and normative climates. A sample of 180,733 respondents in marriage or cohabitation from 29 countries was selected from Rounds 1–10 (2002–2020) of the European Social Survey and analyzed using the Diagonal Mobility Models. Pooled analyses show that net of status effects, hypergamy (women partnering with more educated men) was associated with lower well-being for both genders, and men were more satisfied with life in hypogamous relationships (partnering with more educated women). These patterns varied across societies, illustrated, for instance, by a hypergamy advantage among men in Southern Europe and women in the Baltic states. Notably, women’s well-being disadvantage in hypergamy was exacerbated in contexts where such partnerships were less normative. These findings provide unique insights into the diverse well-being outcomes of assortative mating between genders and across societies, shaped, in part, by societal norms.

本研究考察了欧洲异性恋伴侣的教育分类（夫妻之间的教育差异）与主观幸福感之间的关系，而不受每个伴侣的教育状况的影响。它通过探索这些关联是否以及如何在社会和规范气候中变化来扩展文献。从欧洲社会调查的第1-10轮（2002-2020）中选择了来自29个国家的180733名已婚或同居的受访者，并使用对角线流动性模型进行了分析。综合分析表明，在地位效应的影响下，一夫多妻制（女性与受教育程度更高的男性合作）与两性的幸福感都较低有关，而男性对低配偶关系（与受教育程度更高的女性合作）的生活更满意。这些模式在不同的社会中有所不同，例如，南欧男性和波罗的海国家女性的一夫多妻制优势就说明了这一点。值得注意的是，在这种伙伴关系不太规范的情况下，妇女在一夫多妻制中的福利劣势会加剧。这些发现为性别之间和社会之间的分类交配的不同福祉结果提供了独特的见解，部分受社会规范的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Beyond a bachelor’s: Stratification in graduate school enrollment 超越学士学位：研究生入学的分层

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101019

Madeline Brighouse Glueck

Graduate study has rapidly expanded since the late 1990s, with women overtaking men in their enrollment in all levels of graduate degree. Once thought to be a relatively meritocratic space, due to increasing selection as educational transitions move into higher degrees, more recent research on graduate education has shown it to be a space where intergenerational inequalities emerge. In this paper, I examine the intergenerational association between parent educational level and student enrollments across two nationally representative cohorts. I find that across cohorts, the parent education gradient may have reduced for Master’s and MBAs, has remained stable for professional degrees, and may have increased for PhDs. Intergenerational advantages may be particularly strong for men, and the children of professionals. Further, I find that accounting for post-college factors does little to attenuate associations between parent education and children’s graduate enrollment. These findings highlight the enduring importance of parent education across the final educational transitions.

自20世纪90年代末以来，研究生学习迅速扩大，各级研究生学位的入学率都超过了男性。研究生教育一度被认为是一个相对精英化的领域，但随着教育向更高学位的转变，选择越来越多，最近对研究生教育的研究表明，它是一个代际不平等出现的领域。在这篇论文中，我研究了在两个具有全国代表性的队列中，父母教育水平和学生入学率之间的代际关系。我发现，在所有人群中，硕士和mba学位的父母教育程度梯度可能有所降低，专业学位的父母教育程度梯度保持稳定，而博士学位的父母教育程度梯度可能有所增加。代际优势对男性和专业人士的子女来说可能尤为明显。此外，我发现，考虑到大学毕业后的因素，并不能减弱父母教育与子女研究生入学率之间的联系。这些发现强调了家长教育在最后的教育过渡阶段的持久重要性。

引用次数: 0

Double disadvantage of Black, Hispanic, and Asian American women in earnings, revisited 黑人、西班牙裔和亚裔美国女性在收入上的双重劣势再次被提及

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-01-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101018

Andrew Taeho Kim , ChangHwan Kim

Prior literature suggests that women of color experience unique disadvantages as women and as racial minorities. However, empirical studies that hypothesize an additional disadvantage for women of color in personal earnings have not found supporting evidence. This study explores the family contexts and the local labor market conditions by which double disadvantage is mitigated. Using the 2015–2019 American Community Survey, we uncover a paradoxical pattern that the stronger the power of race in accounting for earnings inequality among men in a local labor market, the weaker double disadvantage married women of color experience. The relative performances of women of color compared to White women in terms of personal earnings, annual work hours, and hourly earnings are positively associated with the strength of race in explaining earnings inequality among men across local labor markets. No such paradoxical patterns are persistently evident among cohabiting or single women. The implications of these findings are discussed.

先前的文献表明，有色人种女性作为女性和少数族裔，经历着独特的劣势。然而，假设有色人种女性在个人收入方面存在额外劣势的实证研究并没有找到支持证据。本研究探讨了减轻双重劣势的家庭背景和当地劳动力市场条件。通过2015-2019年美国社区调查，我们发现了一个矛盾的模式，即在当地劳动力市场中，种族对男性收入不平等的影响越强，有色人种已婚女性的双重劣势就越弱。与白人女性相比，有色人种女性在个人收入、年工作时间和小时收入方面的相对表现，与解释当地劳动力市场中男性收入不平等的种族力量呈正相关。这种矛盾的模式在同居女性或单身女性中并不明显。讨论了这些发现的意义。

引用次数: 0

Nurturing across generations: Unveiling the dynamics and heterogeneity in grandparental care involvement 跨代养育：揭示祖父母照顾参与的动态和异质性

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2025-01-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2024.101009

Mengsha Luo

Rapid development has led to widespread changes in social norms regarding parenting and employment, resulting in increased grandparental childcare responsibilities. Drawing on data from the 2011–2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, this study examines age trajectories and cohort differences in grandparental caregiving in China and explores the relationship between several factors and caregiving levels and trends over time. It shows that grandparents spent an average of 39 h weekly in care, with care hours following an inverted U-shaped trajectory characterized by rapid initial growth and a subsequent decline, reflecting the accommodating needs across family members’ differing life stages. Grandmothers, those with higher education, lower income, and urban residents dedicated more care than grandfathers, those with lower education, higher income, and rural residents, respectively. As grandparents aged, the gender and income gaps narrowed but the education gap widened, while the residential gap remained stable. Later cohorts provided both greater overall levels of care as well as a more sustained upward pattern of caregiving in mid and later life compared to earlier cohorts. The finding highlights an amplified grandparental role for younger cohorts characterized by both enhanced caregiving contributions as well as more extended caregiving well into later life stages.

快速发展导致了关于养育子女和就业的社会规范的广泛变化，导致祖父母照顾孩子的责任增加。利用2011-2018年中国健康与退休纵向研究的数据，本研究考察了中国祖父母照顾的年龄轨迹和队列差异，并探讨了几个因素与照顾水平和趋势之间的关系。研究表明，祖父母每周平均花费39 h的照顾时间，照顾时间呈倒u型轨迹，其特征是最初的快速增长和随后的下降，反映了家庭成员不同生命阶段的适应需求。祖母、高学历人群、低收入人群和城镇居民的关爱程度分别高于祖父、低学历人群、高收入人群和农村居民。随着祖父母年龄的增长，性别和收入差距缩小，但教育差距扩大，而居住差距保持稳定。与较早的队列相比，较晚的队列提供了更高的总体护理水平，并且在中老年生活中提供了更持续的向上的护理模式。这一发现强调了祖父母对年轻群体的作用，其特点是既增加了照顾的贡献，又延长了照顾的时间，一直持续到晚年。

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引用次数: 0

His and hers earnings trajectories: Economic homogamy and long-term earnings inequality within and between different-sex couples 他和她的收入轨迹：不同性别夫妇内部和之间的经济同妻制与长期收入不平等

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2024.100995

Allison Dunatchik

Economic homogamy has important implications for gender inequality and for economic inequalities between households. However, the long-term association between spouses’ earnings is not well understood. This study reconceptualizes economic homogamy as a life course process rather than a static state of being that can be adequately captured at a single point in time. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, I examine the association between spouses’ earnings trajectories over the course of 30 years of marriage to identify three distinct gender egalitarian earnings patterns among couples. 50 % of couples follow a Dual earner pattern, in which spouses follow similar, stable earnings patterns over time, 6 % of couples are Jointly mobile in that spouses’ earnings vary similarly and 5 % follow an Alternating earner pattern. A large minority of couples follow patterns of long-term specialization, with 34 % of couples following Male breadwinner patterns and 5 % following Female breadwinner patterns. Multivariate analysis reveals that gender egalitarian earnings patterns are stratified by couples’ socio-economic status at marriage: while advantaged couples follow Dual earner patterns comprised of two stable earners, disadvantaged couples follow egalitarian earnings patterns characterized by joint earnings instability. By taking a long-term approach, this study provides insight into the varied ways gender equality in earnings manifests among married couples and reveals an important and understudied dimension of economic homogamy: the concentration of economic stability and instability within couples.

经济上的一夫一妻制对性别不平等和家庭之间的经济不平等具有重要影响。然而，人们对配偶收入之间的长期联系还不甚了解。本研究将经济同妻重新概念化，将其视为一个生命过程，而不是一个可以在单一时间点充分捕捉到的静态状态。通过使用 1979 年全国青年纵向调查（National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979）的数据，我研究了婚姻 30 年中配偶收入轨迹之间的关联，从而在夫妻中发现了三种不同的性别平等收入模式。50%的夫妻遵循双职工模式，即夫妻双方在一段时间内遵循相似、稳定的收入模式；6%的夫妻属于共同流动模式，即夫妻双方的收入变化相似；5%的夫妻遵循交替职工模式。34% 的夫妇采用男性养家糊口模式，5% 的夫妇采用女性养家糊口模式。多变量分析表明，性别平等收入模式因夫妇结婚时的社会经济地位而分层：优势夫妇采用由两个稳定的收入者组成的双收入者模式，而劣势夫妇则采用以共同收入不稳定为特征的平等收入模式。通过采取长期研究方法，本研究深入探讨了已婚夫妇收入性别平等的不同表现形式，并揭示了经济同妻制的一个重要且未被充分研究的层面：经济稳定性和不稳定性在夫妇内部的集中体现。

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引用次数: 0

The U-turn in educational inequality. Why a multidimensional approach matters for measuring social inequalities in tertiary educational attainment 教育不平等的转折。为什么采用多维方法衡量高等教育成就中的社会不平等现象很重要？

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2024.100994

Elias H. Kruithof, Pieter-Paul Verhaeghe

This study examines the evolution in the association between social origins and tertiary educational attainment in Belgium, from post-World War II to the millennium’s onset. For this, we rely on a multidimensional measurement of social origins that accounts for interaction mechanisms between parental class and educational resources. We analyse 13,803 individuals over four birth cohorts. In contrast to previous studies, we find a decline in social inequalities for cohorts born before 1975, followed by a resurgence among those born afterwards. This U-turn in social inequalities of tertiary educational attainment is only observable when social origins are measured multidimensionally. Additionally, we investigate the interaction effects between parental resources, revealing divergent evolutions in accumulation and compensation mechanisms. Our findings underscore the renewed importance of combining parental education with parental social class for generations born after 1975.

本研究探讨了比利时从二战后到本世纪初社会出身与高等教育成就之间关系的演变。为此，我们对社会出身进行了多维度的测量，考虑了父母阶级和教育资源之间的互动机制。我们分析了四个出生组群中的 13 803 人。与以往研究不同的是，我们发现 1975 年前出生的人群中社会不平等现象有所下降，而 1975 年后出生的人群中社会不平等现象则有所回升。只有在对社会出身进行多维度测量时，才能观察到高等教育程度社会不平等的这种 U 型转弯。此外，我们还研究了父母资源之间的互动效应，揭示了积累和补偿机制的不同演变。我们的研究结果表明，对于 1975 年以后出生的一代人来说，将父母的教育与父母的社会阶层结合起来具有新的重要性。

引用次数: 0

The distribution of privately held business assets in the United States 美国私人企业资产的分布情况

IF 2.7 1区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2024.100993

Kim Pernell , Geoffrey T. Wodtke

Although privately held businesses are central to the economy and society, little is known about how their assets are distributed among the population. To better understand rising and persistent wealth inequalities, this paper describes the household distribution of private business assets in the United States and examines how it has changed over time. Using data from the 1989–2019 Survey of Consumer Finances, we show that the relative number of business owners has remained stagnant at low levels and that assets in privately held firms have become increasingly concentrated. In 2019, the top 1 % of households controlled nearly 80 % of the equity in private businesses, up from about 70 % in the late 1980s. Moreover, we find that these trends appear to be quite general and do not merely reflect dynamics among elites or in specific sectors of the economy. We discuss implications for the organization of the US economy, wealth inequality, and public policy.

尽管私营企业是经济和社会的核心，但人们对其资产在人口中的分布却知之甚少。为了更好地理解日益加剧和持续存在的财富不平等，本文描述了美国私人企业资产的家庭分布情况，并研究了它随着时间的推移发生了怎样的变化。通过使用 1989-2019 年消费者财务状况调查的数据，我们发现企业主的相对数量一直停滞在较低水平，而私人企业的资产却越来越集中。2019 年，排名前 1%的家庭控制了私营企业近 80% 的股权，而 20 世纪 80 年代末这一比例约为 70%。此外，我们还发现，这些趋势似乎具有相当的普遍性，并不仅仅反映了精英阶层或特定经济部门的动态。我们讨论了对美国经济组织、财富不平等和公共政策的影响。

引用次数: 0