Pub Date : 2025-04-01Epub Date: 2025-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2024.101009
Mengsha Luo
Rapid development has led to widespread changes in social norms regarding parenting and employment, resulting in increased grandparental childcare responsibilities. Drawing on data from the 2011–2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, this study examines age trajectories and cohort differences in grandparental caregiving in China and explores the relationship between several factors and caregiving levels and trends over time. It shows that grandparents spent an average of 39 h weekly in care, with care hours following an inverted U-shaped trajectory characterized by rapid initial growth and a subsequent decline, reflecting the accommodating needs across family members’ differing life stages. Grandmothers, those with higher education, lower income, and urban residents dedicated more care than grandfathers, those with lower education, higher income, and rural residents, respectively. As grandparents aged, the gender and income gaps narrowed but the education gap widened, while the residential gap remained stable. Later cohorts provided both greater overall levels of care as well as a more sustained upward pattern of caregiving in mid and later life compared to earlier cohorts. The finding highlights an amplified grandparental role for younger cohorts characterized by both enhanced caregiving contributions as well as more extended caregiving well into later life stages.
{"title":"Nurturing across generations: Unveiling the dynamics and heterogeneity in grandparental care involvement","authors":"Mengsha Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.rssm.2024.101009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rssm.2024.101009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapid development has led to widespread changes in social norms regarding parenting and employment, resulting in increased grandparental childcare responsibilities. Drawing on data from the 2011–2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, this study examines age trajectories and cohort differences in grandparental caregiving in China and explores the relationship between several factors and caregiving levels and trends over time. It shows that grandparents spent an average of 39 h weekly in care, with care hours following an inverted U-shaped trajectory characterized by rapid initial growth and a subsequent decline, reflecting the accommodating needs across family members’ differing life stages. Grandmothers, those with higher education, lower income, and urban residents dedicated more care than grandfathers, those with lower education, higher income, and rural residents, respectively. As grandparents aged, the gender and income gaps narrowed but the education gap widened, while the residential gap remained stable. Later cohorts provided both greater overall levels of care as well as a more sustained upward pattern of caregiving in mid and later life compared to earlier cohorts. The finding highlights an amplified grandparental role for younger cohorts characterized by both enhanced caregiving contributions as well as more extended caregiving well into later life stages.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47384,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social Stratification and Mobility","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 101009"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143130704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-01Epub Date: 2025-01-18DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101018
Andrew Taeho Kim , ChangHwan Kim
Prior literature suggests that women of color experience unique disadvantages as women and as racial minorities. However, empirical studies that hypothesize an additional disadvantage for women of color in personal earnings have not found supporting evidence. This study explores the family contexts and the local labor market conditions by which double disadvantage is mitigated. Using the 2015–2019 American Community Survey, we uncover a paradoxical pattern that the stronger the power of race in accounting for earnings inequality among men in a local labor market, the weaker double disadvantage married women of color experience. The relative performances of women of color compared to White women in terms of personal earnings, annual work hours, and hourly earnings are positively associated with the strength of race in explaining earnings inequality among men across local labor markets. No such paradoxical patterns are persistently evident among cohabiting or single women. The implications of these findings are discussed.
{"title":"Double disadvantage of Black, Hispanic, and Asian American women in earnings, revisited","authors":"Andrew Taeho Kim , ChangHwan Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Prior literature suggests that women of color experience unique disadvantages as women and as racial minorities. However, empirical studies that hypothesize an additional disadvantage for women of color in personal earnings have not found supporting evidence. This study explores the family contexts and the local labor market conditions by which double disadvantage is mitigated. Using the 2015–2019 American Community Survey, we uncover a paradoxical pattern that the stronger the power of race in accounting for earnings inequality among men in a local labor market, the weaker double disadvantage married women of color experience. The relative performances of women of color compared to White women in terms of personal earnings, annual work hours, and hourly earnings are positively associated with the strength of race in explaining earnings inequality among men across local labor markets. No such paradoxical patterns are persistently evident among cohabiting or single women. The implications of these findings are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47384,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social Stratification and Mobility","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 101018"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143130705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-01Epub Date: 2025-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101019
Madeline Brighouse Glueck
Graduate study has rapidly expanded since the late 1990s, with women overtaking men in their enrollment in all levels of graduate degree. Once thought to be a relatively meritocratic space, due to increasing selection as educational transitions move into higher degrees, more recent research on graduate education has shown it to be a space where intergenerational inequalities emerge. In this paper, I examine the intergenerational association between parent educational level and student enrollments across two nationally representative cohorts. I find that across cohorts, the parent education gradient may have reduced for Master’s and MBAs, has remained stable for professional degrees, and may have increased for PhDs. Intergenerational advantages may be particularly strong for men, and the children of professionals. Further, I find that accounting for post-college factors does little to attenuate associations between parent education and children’s graduate enrollment. These findings highlight the enduring importance of parent education across the final educational transitions.
{"title":"Beyond a bachelor’s: Stratification in graduate school enrollment","authors":"Madeline Brighouse Glueck","doi":"10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Graduate study has rapidly expanded since the late 1990s, with women overtaking men in their enrollment in all levels of graduate degree. Once thought to be a relatively meritocratic space, due to increasing selection as educational transitions move into higher degrees, more recent research on graduate education has shown it to be a space where intergenerational inequalities emerge. In this paper, I examine the intergenerational association between parent educational level and student enrollments across two nationally representative cohorts. I find that across cohorts, the parent education gradient may have reduced for Master’s and MBAs, has remained stable for professional degrees, and may have increased for PhDs. Intergenerational advantages may be particularly strong for men, and the children of professionals. Further, I find that accounting for post-college factors does little to attenuate associations between parent education and children’s graduate enrollment. These findings highlight the enduring importance of parent education across the final educational transitions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47384,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social Stratification and Mobility","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 101019"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143130742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01Epub Date: 2024-12-27DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2024.101008
Ya Guo , Wanying Ling , Wen Fan , Senhu Wang
Although there is a growing body of literature on the detrimental health effects of work-schedule instability in high-income countries (e.g., the U.S.), most studies have predominantly focused on low socioeconomic status (SES) groups, overlooking the variations in the health effects of schedule instability across different socioeconomic strata. We argue that China provides a unique and critical context for examining work-schedule instability due to its inadequate labor protections, extensive use of digital technology in the workplace, and a prevalent norm of overwork. Using the China General Social Survey 2021 and employing a more comprehensive measure of work-schedule instability, this study investigates (1) the associations between work-schedule instability and workers’ health and well-being, (2) the mediating mechanisms through a work intensification process and the work-family interface, and (3) how the associations vary across SES groups. The findings suggest that work-schedule instability is associated with worse job satisfaction and self-rated health. Higher work-family conflict and work pressure mediate around half of the association between schedule instability and job satisfaction. Additionally, the negative effects of schedule instability are significant across both low and high SES groups. This study contributes to the burgeoning literature on the adverse effects of schedule instability by underscoring its widespread impact across different socioeconomic strata.
{"title":"Work-schedule instability and workers’ health and well-being across different socioeconomic strata in China","authors":"Ya Guo , Wanying Ling , Wen Fan , Senhu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.rssm.2024.101008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rssm.2024.101008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although there is a growing body of literature on the detrimental health effects of work-schedule instability in high-income countries (e.g., the U.S.), most studies have predominantly focused on low socioeconomic status (SES) groups, overlooking the variations in the health effects of schedule instability across different socioeconomic strata. We argue that China provides a unique and critical context for examining work-schedule instability due to its inadequate labor protections, extensive use of digital technology in the workplace, and a prevalent norm of overwork. Using the China General Social Survey 2021 and employing a more comprehensive measure of work-schedule instability, this study investigates (1) the associations between work-schedule instability and workers’ health and well-being, (2) the mediating mechanisms through a work intensification process and the work-family interface, and (3) how the associations vary across SES groups. The findings suggest that work-schedule instability is associated with worse job satisfaction and self-rated health. Higher work-family conflict and work pressure mediate around half of the association between schedule instability and job satisfaction. Additionally, the negative effects of schedule instability are significant across both low and high SES groups. This study contributes to the burgeoning literature on the adverse effects of schedule instability by underscoring its widespread impact across different socioeconomic strata.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47384,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social Stratification and Mobility","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 101008"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143167335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01Epub Date: 2024-12-09DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2024.101007
Satu Koivuhovi , Elina Kilpi-Jakonen , Jani Erola , Mari-Pauliina Vainikainen
Many educational initiatives emphasize parental involvement as a strategy to reduce socioeconomic achievement gaps in schools and enhance students' educational attainment. Despite extensive research, findings on the relationship between parental involvement and children’s academic achievement remain inconsistent. This study uses longitudinal data (N = 2887) from Finland, a country with strong emphasis on equal educational opportunities, to examine the development of parental involvement and relationships between parental involvement and children’s achievement during elementary school years. Specifically, the research focuses on three primary objectives: analyzing changes in parental involvement over time, assessing its relationship with academic outcomes, and exploring variations in its relationship across different educational groups.
Results
indicated that parental involvement generally decreases, as children grow older. While parental involvement was related to both GPA and reading comprehension when assessed separately, only the relationship with GPA remained significant in a combined model. Our findings indicate an overlap between the examined outcome variables but they also suggest a potential teacher-bias effect in grading influenced by parental involvement, Therefore, our findings suggest that the impact of parental involvement on achievement might be more about how teachers perceive and evaluate students rather than a direct effect on academic performance. Additionally, although parental involvement varied with socioeconomic status (SES), with higher levels observed among more educated mothers, its association with educational outcomes was relatively uniform across all groups but slightly stronger and statistically significant among middle educational groups. Therefore, our findings challenges the assumption that increasing parental involvement could effectively equalize socioeconomic differences in educational performance.
{"title":"Parental involvement in elementary schools and children’s academic achievement: A longitudinal analysis across educational groups in Finland","authors":"Satu Koivuhovi , Elina Kilpi-Jakonen , Jani Erola , Mari-Pauliina Vainikainen","doi":"10.1016/j.rssm.2024.101007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rssm.2024.101007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Many educational initiatives emphasize parental involvement as a strategy to reduce socioeconomic achievement gaps in schools and enhance students' educational attainment. Despite extensive research, findings on the relationship between parental involvement and children’s academic achievement remain inconsistent. This study uses longitudinal data (N = 2887) from Finland, a country with strong emphasis on equal educational opportunities, to examine the development of parental involvement and relationships between parental involvement and children’s achievement during elementary school years. Specifically, the research focuses on three primary objectives: analyzing changes in parental involvement over time, assessing its relationship with academic outcomes, and exploring variations in its relationship across different educational groups.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>indicated that parental involvement generally decreases, as children grow older. While parental involvement was related to both GPA and reading comprehension when assessed separately, only the relationship with GPA remained significant in a combined model. Our findings indicate an overlap between the examined outcome variables but they also suggest a potential teacher-bias effect in grading influenced by parental involvement, Therefore, our findings suggest that the impact of parental involvement on achievement might be more about how teachers perceive and evaluate students rather than a direct effect on academic performance. Additionally, although parental involvement varied with socioeconomic status (SES), with higher levels observed among more educated mothers, its association with educational outcomes was relatively uniform across all groups but slightly stronger and statistically significant among middle educational groups. Therefore, our findings challenges the assumption that increasing parental involvement could effectively equalize socioeconomic differences in educational performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47384,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social Stratification and Mobility","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 101007"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143167333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01Epub Date: 2024-11-28DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2024.100996
Xiaowen Han , Jessie Himmelstern , Tom VanHeuvelen
In the past quarter century, young people have started their careers in a labor market logic emphasizing individualized resources and with expectations and risks of uncertainty and unpredictability. We focus on one core individual resource, work values, and assess its contribution to early career trajectory dynamics among a cohort of Millennials between the ages of 18–35 and years 2005 through 2019. Using eight waves of the Transition to Adulthood Supplement of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we consider how extrinsic and intrinsic work values predict both cumulative occupational and employer changes as well as observed annual earnings and occupational prestige trajectories. Extrinsic work values are highly predictive of employment change and destination. However, results vary significantly by educational attainment and sex, as extrinsic work values are associated with contrasting outcomes depending on whether respondents have a college degree, while the bulk of benefits of returns to work values are found for men. The current paper sheds light on the critical dynamics of early career mobility processes.
{"title":"The contribution of work values to early career mobility","authors":"Xiaowen Han , Jessie Himmelstern , Tom VanHeuvelen","doi":"10.1016/j.rssm.2024.100996","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rssm.2024.100996","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the past quarter century, young people have started their careers in a la<strong>b</strong>or market logic emphasizing individualized resources and with expectations and risks of uncertainty and unpredictability. We focus on one core individual resource, work values, and assess its contribution to early career trajectory dynamics among a cohort of Millennials between the ages of 18–35 and years 2005 through 2019. Using eight waves of the Transition to Adulthood Supplement of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we consider how extrinsic and intrinsic work values predict both cumulative occupational and employer changes as well as observed annual earnings and occupational prestige trajectories. Extrinsic work values are highly predictive of employment change and destination. However, results vary significantly by educational attainment and sex, as extrinsic work values are associated with contrasting outcomes depending on whether respondents have a college degree, while the bulk of benefits of returns to work values are found for men. The current paper sheds light on the critical dynamics of early career mobility processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47384,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social Stratification and Mobility","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 100996"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143167336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01Epub Date: 2024-12-03DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2024.100997
Leping Wang
Research on the human capital and occupational mobility of Chinese rural migrant workers often focuses on how formal education is linked to upward mobility, and rarely accounts for the heterogeneity in the origin occupations. Conditioning on origin occupations, this study uses multivariable logistic regression models to explore the relationship between four human capital factors including formal education, professional training, professional certificates and the knowledge of foreign languages, and the likelihood of upward occupational mobility among rural migrant workers in the urban labor market in China. The findings confirmed the overall positive associations between human capital and upward occupational mobility, net of family background and demographic characteristics. Nevertheless, heterogeneous marginal effects exist for different human capital factors. Formal education is associated with the upward mobility of migrant workers whose first occupations are professional technicians. Foreign language proficiency is associated with the upward mobility for those with an origin occupation of industrial production personnel or business and service personnel. There is evidence for cohort differences, that foreign language proficiency is associated with the upward mobility of the older cohort with an occupational origin of industrial production personnel, and of the younger cohort with an occupational origin of business personnel, whereas high school degree only matters for the older cohort. This study contributes understanding to the mobility and stratification literature by: 1) distinguishing between four human capital factors including formal education, professional training, certificates, and foreign language proficiency, and revealing the heterogeneity in their relationship with upward mobility; 2) providing an innovative empirical approach to understand the relationship between human capital and occupational mobility that accounts for the origin and destination occupations of mobility; 3) contributing a life course perspective by revealing the link between origin and destination occupations, between education and employment, between the younger and older cohort, and between structural barriers (or incentives) and individual agency for human capital investment.
{"title":"Human capital and the upward occupational mobility of rural migrant workers in China","authors":"Leping Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.rssm.2024.100997","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rssm.2024.100997","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Research on the human capital and occupational mobility of Chinese rural migrant workers often focuses on how formal education is linked to upward mobility, and rarely accounts for the heterogeneity in the origin occupations. Conditioning on origin occupations, this study uses multivariable logistic regression models to explore the relationship between four human capital factors including formal education, professional training, professional certificates and the knowledge of foreign languages, and the likelihood of upward occupational mobility among rural migrant workers in the urban labor market in China. The findings confirmed the overall positive associations between human capital and upward occupational mobility, net of family background and demographic characteristics. Nevertheless, heterogeneous marginal effects exist for different human capital factors. Formal education is associated with the upward mobility of migrant workers whose first occupations are professional technicians. Foreign language proficiency is associated with the upward mobility for those with an origin occupation of industrial production personnel or business and service personnel. There is evidence for cohort differences, that foreign language proficiency is associated with the upward mobility of the older cohort with an occupational origin of industrial production personnel, and of the younger cohort with an occupational origin of business personnel, whereas high school degree only matters for the older cohort. This study contributes understanding to the mobility and stratification literature by: 1) distinguishing between four human capital factors including formal education, professional training, certificates, and foreign language proficiency, and revealing the heterogeneity in their relationship with upward mobility; 2) providing an innovative empirical approach to understand the relationship between human capital and occupational mobility that accounts for the origin and destination occupations of mobility; 3) contributing a life course perspective by revealing the link between origin and destination occupations, between education and employment, between the younger and older cohort, and between structural barriers (or incentives) and individual agency for human capital investment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47384,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social Stratification and Mobility","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 100997"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143167337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-10-08DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2024.100991
Michele Bavaro , Rafael Carranza , Brian Nolan
While the influence of poverty in childhood on adulthood outcomes has been extensively studied, little is known about how the strength of intergenerational persistence in poverty itself varies across countries. Here we examine the intergenerational persistence of poverty in a comparative analysis of 30 European countries using data from the 2019 ad hoc module of the EU-SILC dataset. We construct proxy measures of poverty in the parental household employing information on the inability to meet basic needs and financial hardship when growing up, together with parental education and occupational social class. The strength of the association between current poverty based on the indicators at the core of the EU’s social inclusion process and these measures of parental poverty is assessed and compared across countries. The cross-country variation in poverty persistence is probed concerning its relationship with the current and past extent of poverty: persistence tends to be stronger where current or parental poverty is higher, analogous to the Great Gatsby Curve relating intergenerational income mobility to income inequality at the country level. Mediation analysis highlights the role of own education as well as occupation in underpinning the observed relationship between current and parental poverty.
{"title":"Intergenerational poverty persistence in Europe – Is there a ‘Great Gatsby Curve’ for poverty?","authors":"Michele Bavaro , Rafael Carranza , Brian Nolan","doi":"10.1016/j.rssm.2024.100991","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rssm.2024.100991","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While the influence of poverty in childhood on adulthood outcomes has been extensively studied, little is known about how the strength of intergenerational persistence in poverty itself varies across countries. Here we examine the intergenerational persistence of poverty in a comparative analysis of 30 European countries using data from the 2019 ad hoc module of the EU-SILC dataset. We construct proxy measures of poverty in the parental household employing information on the inability to meet basic needs and financial hardship when growing up, together with parental education and occupational social class. The strength of the association between current poverty based on the indicators at the core of the EU’s social inclusion process and these measures of parental poverty is assessed and compared across countries. The cross-country variation in poverty persistence is probed concerning its relationship with the current and past extent of poverty: persistence tends to be stronger where current or parental poverty is higher, analogous to the Great Gatsby Curve relating intergenerational income mobility to income inequality at the country level. Mediation analysis highlights the role of own education as well as occupation in underpinning the observed relationship between current and parental poverty.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47384,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social Stratification and Mobility","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 100991"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-09-21DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2024.100990
Camilla Härtull, Jan Saarela
We examine earnings mobility across three generations in Finland and compare two native groups with equal constitutional rights, Finnish speakers and Swedish speakers. Based on register data of the total population, we employ rank-rank regressions to assess the degree to which earnings in men relate to their fathers’ and paternal grandfathers’ earnings. We estimate regressions on the national level and in regions with Swedish-speaking population. The earnings rank of the grandfather is found to play a modest role net of the earnings rank of the father. Earnings mobility is higher in regions where the numerical minority of Swedish speakers is settled, but the two ethnolinguistic groups differ only in the Helsinki capital region, where earnings mobility is higher among the Swedish speakers. Less than one fifth of this ethnolinguistic gradient can be attributed to educational and other observed differences. These findings suggest that, in a geographically concentrated and well-performing ethnolinguistic group, social integration and networks may play a role in providing opportunities independently of parents’ achievements.
{"title":"Earnings mobility across three generations of natives in Finland: A comparison of Finnish and Swedish speakers","authors":"Camilla Härtull, Jan Saarela","doi":"10.1016/j.rssm.2024.100990","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rssm.2024.100990","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We examine earnings mobility across three generations in Finland and compare two native groups with equal constitutional rights, Finnish speakers and Swedish speakers. Based on register data of the total population, we employ rank-rank regressions to assess the degree to which earnings in men relate to their fathers’ and paternal grandfathers’ earnings. We estimate regressions on the national level and in regions with Swedish-speaking population. The earnings rank of the grandfather is found to play a modest role net of the earnings rank of the father. Earnings mobility is higher in regions where the numerical minority of Swedish speakers is settled, but the two ethnolinguistic groups differ only in the Helsinki capital region, where earnings mobility is higher among the Swedish speakers. Less than one fifth of this ethnolinguistic gradient can be attributed to educational and other observed differences. These findings suggest that, in a geographically concentrated and well-performing ethnolinguistic group, social integration and networks may play a role in providing opportunities independently of parents’ achievements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47384,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social Stratification and Mobility","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 100990"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142323000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-10-05DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2024.100992
Juliane Kühn, Tobias Wolbring
Using deepfaked job application videos as a novel experimental treatment, this study analyses the effects of physical attractiveness for men and women on their hypothetical hiring chances. Based on status construction theory, we argue that whether gendered expectations through physical attractiveness translate into better hiring chances depends on the social context. To test this theoretical claim, we conducted a 2×2×2 factorial survey experiment among respondents with personnel responsibilities (N = 493). Using deep-learning techniques, we swap the faces of fictitious male and female candidates in application videos, thus varying gender and physical attractiveness while holding everything else constant. Additionally, we manipulate the occupational context with job advertisements for a male-typed and a female-typed job. Results show that attractive applicants score higher in competence ratings and are more likely to be invited for a job interview than less attractive candidates. However, only men consistently profit from their looks, while women benefit from a beauty premium in the female-typed, but not in the male-typed job. These results strongly support the idea that physical attractiveness works as a status characteristic, triggers gendered expectations, and leads to beauty-based treatment differences. This study suggests that the use of deepfakes is a promising avenue to move inequality research forward.
{"title":"Beauty pays, but not under all circumstances: Evidence on gendered hiring discrimination from a novel experimental treatment using deepfakes","authors":"Juliane Kühn, Tobias Wolbring","doi":"10.1016/j.rssm.2024.100992","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rssm.2024.100992","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using deepfaked job application videos as a novel experimental treatment, this study analyses the effects of physical attractiveness for men and women on their hypothetical hiring chances. Based on status construction theory, we argue that whether gendered expectations through physical attractiveness translate into better hiring chances depends on the social context. To test this theoretical claim, we conducted a 2×2×2 factorial survey experiment among respondents with personnel responsibilities (N = 493). Using deep-learning techniques, we swap the faces of fictitious male and female candidates in application videos, thus varying gender and physical attractiveness while holding everything else constant. Additionally, we manipulate the occupational context with job advertisements for a male-typed and a female-typed job. Results show that attractive applicants score higher in competence ratings and are more likely to be invited for a job interview than less attractive candidates. However, only men consistently profit from their looks, while women benefit from a beauty premium in the female-typed, but not in the male-typed job. These results strongly support the idea that physical attractiveness works as a status characteristic, triggers gendered expectations, and leads to beauty-based treatment differences. This study suggests that the use of deepfakes is a promising avenue to move inequality research forward.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47384,"journal":{"name":"Research in Social Stratification and Mobility","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 100992"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142536058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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