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Discourse markers in L1 and L2 Italian: A cartographic analysis of the sentence-internal position 意大利语一、二语语篇标记语:句子内部位置的制图分析
IF 2.4 2区 文学 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2023-06-14 DOI: 10.1177/02676583231164356
Elisa De Cristofaro, Linda Badan, A. Belletti
This article compares the use of discourse markers (DMs) in Italian as a second language (L2) produced by Belgian-Dutch learners, with the DMs produced by Italian native (L1) speakers. The quantitative analysis of the data shows that L1 speakers produce more DMs than L2 speakers, whereas the comparison between the levels of proficiency in L2 reveals an effect of the type of task on the frequency of DMs. From the qualitative analysis, interesting discrepancies emerge between the L1 and the L2 use of DMs, especially those uttered in sentence-internal position. We offer an analysis within the cartographic approach and we demonstrate that the sentence-internal DMs with an epistemic value realize specific syntactic positions dedicated to the expression of modality within the IP layer. We also show that the L2 learners, despite projecting the correct syntactic structure, realize it with pragmatically infelicitous forms as a result of linguistic interference with their L1. Our study brings original evidence on the syntactic status of DMs: given their multifunctionality, more syntactic options are available depending on the markers’ discursive and pragmatic import. Furthermore, sentence-internal DMs reveal intriguing properties of the L2 acquisition at the syntax and discourse–pragmatics interface.
本文比较了比利时-荷兰学习者在意大利语作为第二语言(L2)中使用的话语标记语(DM)与意大利母语(L1)使用者使用的话语标志语。数据的定量分析表明,母语为L1的人比母语为L2的人产生更多的DM,而二语熟练程度之间的比较揭示了任务类型对DM频率的影响。从定性分析来看,DM的L1和L2使用之间出现了有趣的差异,尤其是在句子内部位置说出的差异。我们在制图方法中进行了分析,并证明了具有认知价值的句子内部DM在IP层中实现了专门用于表达情态的特定句法位置。我们还发现,二语学习者尽管投射出了正确的句法结构,但由于对其一级语言的语言干扰,他们还是以语用不合法的形式实现了这一点。我们的研究为DM的句法地位提供了原始证据:鉴于它们的多功能性,根据标记的话语和语用意义,有更多的句法选择。此外,句子内部DM揭示了二语习得在句法和语篇语用界面上的有趣特性。
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引用次数: 0
The effect of orthography in Mandarin speakers’ production of English voiceless stops 正字法在普通话使用者产生英语无声尾中的作用
IF 2.4 2区 文学 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2023-06-02 DOI: 10.1177/02676583231169127
Yu-An Lu, Cheng-Huan Lee
This article provides a review of previous studies that have examined the effects of orthography on establishing contrastive phonological representations in second language acquisition and presents results from an original study on Mandarin speakers’ production of English stops investigating how the presence of orthography affects the production of phonological categories that involve allophony. English voiceless stops are canonically represented as aspirated [ph, th, kh] in word-initial/stressed onset positions but are realized as unaspirated [p, t, k] following /s/ and in unstressed, non-initial onset positions. The results of our imitation experiment showed that Mandarin speakers failed to correctly imitate the unaspirated allophones when presented with written input, and this orthographic effect was stronger with nonwords than with real words. These results are best explained by an orthography effect mediated by phonological awareness and prior linguistic experience.
本文回顾了以前的研究,这些研究考察了正字法在第二语言习得中建立对比语音表征的影响,并提出了一项关于普通话使用者英语产出的原始研究的结果异音。英语的无声尾在词首/重音起始位置通常表示为送气[ph,th,kh],但在/s/之后和非重音、非重音起始位置实现为未送气[p,t,k]。我们的模仿实验结果表明,在书面输入的情况下,讲普通话的人不能正确地模仿未经拼写的异体音,而且这种正字法效果在非单词中比在真实单词中更强。这些结果最好用语音意识和先前语言经验介导的正字法效应来解释。
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引用次数: 0
Subject position and verb class in L2 Greek and L2 Spanish 二语希腊语和二语西班牙语的主语位置和动词类
IF 2.4 2区 文学 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2023-05-24 DOI: 10.1177/02676583231162786
Panagiota Margaza, A. Gavarró
Greek and Spanish are two languages that display a similar subject distribution with unergative/unaccusative verbs, but different word orders with focused subjects (SV in Greek and VS in Spanish). Here we consider subject–verb word order in second language (L2) Greek and L2 Spanish in order to test the Interface Hypothesis (IH). To this end, we report a word-order selection task, with a Greek and a Spanish version. The two versions of the task were administered to L2 intermediate and advanced learners and native speakers of Greek and Spanish. The results show that the first language (L1) Spanish learners of Greek approximated more closely native word orders than the L1 Greek learners of Spanish. For the Spanish learners of Greek, the advanced group performed at ceiling, while the intermediate group performed native-like only with unergatives in neutral and direct interrogative subject-focused contexts. On the other hand, for the Greek learners of Spanish, the intermediate group failed in all contexts, while the advanced group performed native-like with unaccusatives in neutral contexts. This asymmetry between L2 Greek and L2 Spanish reveals that the L1–L2 combination determines the learners’ performance, and this is unexpected under the IH.
希腊语和西班牙语是两种语言,它们在非否定动词/非宾格动词上的主语分布相似,但在重点主语上的词序不同(希腊语为SV,西班牙语为VS)。在这里,我们考虑第二语言(L2)希腊语和L2西班牙语的主-动词词序,以测试界面假设(IH)。为此,我们报告了一个词序选择任务,有一个希腊文和一个西班牙文版本。这两个版本的任务分别针对第二语言的中级和高级学习者以及以希腊语和西班牙语为母语的人。结果表明,母语为西班牙语的希腊语学习者比母语为希腊语的西班牙语学习者更接近母语词序。在学习希腊语的西班牙语学习者中,高级组的表现达到了上限,而中级组的表现与母语学习者一样,只有在中性和直接疑问句的主语集中的语境中使用非否定词。另一方面,对于学习西班牙语的希腊人来说,中级组在所有语境中都失败了,而高级组在中性语境中使用非宾格的表现与母语相似。第二语言希腊语和第二语言西班牙语之间的这种不对称表明,L1-L2组合决定了学习者的表现,这在IH下是意料之外的。
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引用次数: 1
Phonolexical processing of Mandarin segments and tones by English speakers at different Mandarin proficiency levels 不同普通话水平的英语使用者对普通话片段和声调的语音加工
IF 2.4 2区 文学 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2023-05-02 DOI: 10.1177/02676583231167790
Yen-Chen Hao
The current study examined the phonolexical processing of Mandarin segments and tones by English speakers at different Mandarin proficiency levels. Eleven English speakers naive to Mandarin, 15 intermediate and 9 advanced second language (L2) learners participated in a word-learning experiment. After learning the sound and meaning of 16 Mandarin disyllabic words, they judged the matching between sound and meaning pairs, with half of the pairs being complete matches while the other half contained segmental or tonal mismatches. The results showed that all three groups were more sensitive to segmental than tonal mismatches. The two learner groups outperformed the Naive group on segmental mismatches but not on tonal mismatches. However, their reaction times revealed that the learners but not the Naive group attended to tonal variations. The current findings suggest that increasing L2 experience has limited benefit on learners’ phonolexical processing of L2 tones, probably due to their non-tonal native language background. Experience in a tonal L2 may enhance learners’ attention to the tonal dimension but may not necessarily improve their accuracy.
本研究考察了不同普通话水平的英语使用者对普通话片段和声调的语音加工。11名英语初学者,15名中级和9名高级第二语言学习者参加了一个单词学习实验。在学习了16个普通话双音单词的音义之后,他们对音义对之间的匹配进行了判断,其中一半是完全匹配的,而另一半则是片段或音调不匹配的。结果表明,三组人对音段不匹配比音调不匹配更敏感。两个学习组在音段不匹配上优于幼稚组,但在音调不匹配上优于幼稚组。然而,他们的反应时间显示,学习者而不是天真组注意到音调的变化。目前的研究结果表明,增加第二语言经验对学习者对第二语言声调的语音加工的好处有限,这可能是由于他们的母语背景是非声调的。声调二语的使用经验可以增强学习者对声调维度的注意,但不一定能提高其准确性。
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引用次数: 0
L1-transfer effects and the role of computational complexity in L2 pronoun interpretation l1 -迁移效应及计算复杂性在二语代词解释中的作用
IF 2.4 2区 文学 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2023-04-28 DOI: 10.1177/02676583231160329
Eun Hee Kim
This study investigates pronoun interpretation by second language (L2) learners of English, focusing on whether first language (L1) transfer and/or processing difficulty affect L2 learners’ pronoun resolution. It is hypothesized that L2 learners’ non-target performance in L2-pronoun interpretation is attributable to two sources. The first is the computational complexity required for pronoun resolution, as argued in L1 acquisition by Grodzinsky and Reinhart and L2 acquisition by Slabakova et al. The second is how pronoun interpretation operates in L1. The hypothesis is tested by comparing Korean and Spanish L2-English learners’ interpretation of English pronouns using a Truth Value Judgment Task. Both groups had difficulty rejecting pronouns with local-referential antecedents when their proficiency levels were low. Additionally, Korean speakers showed more non-target responses than Spanish speakers due to their knowledge of pronoun interpretation in Korean. These results indicate that both L1 transfer and processing difficulty may be sources of L2 learners’ non-target pronoun interpretation, supporting the hypothesis of the study.
本研究调查了第二语言(L2)学习者对代词的理解,重点研究了第一语言(L1)迁移和/或加工难度是否影响第二语言学习者的代词解析。假设二语学习者在二语代词解释中的非目标表现可归因于两个方面。第一个是代词解析所需的计算复杂性,如Grodzinsky和Reinhart在L1习得和Slabakova等人在L2习得中所述。第二个是代词解释在L1中的运作方式。通过比较朝鲜语和西班牙语二语英语学习者使用真值判断任务对英语代词的解释来检验这一假设。当熟练程度较低时,这两组人都很难拒绝具有本地指称前因的代词。此外,讲韩语的人比讲西班牙语的人表现出更多的非目标反应,因为他们知道韩语中的代词解释。这些结果表明,母语迁移和加工难度可能是二语学习者非目标代词解释的来源,支持了本研究的假设。
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引用次数: 0
Testing the Interpretability Hypothesis: Evidence from acceptability judgments of relative clauses by Persian and French learners of L2 English 可解释性假说的检验:来自第二语言波斯语和法语学习者关系从句可接受性判断的证据
IF 2.4 2区 文学 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2023-04-22 DOI: 10.1177/02676583231162783
E. Solaimani, F. Myles, L. Lawyer
Many studies have explored the second language (L2) acquisition of relative clauses (RCs) and whether L2 speakers transfer a resumptive strategy from first language (L1) to L2. While evidence seems to suggest that there are significant L1–L2 differences in the processing of RCs, relatively little is known about the source of non-target-like L2 behaviour. The present study investigates the grammatical acceptability of different RC types in L2 English and whether reliance on a resumptive strategy is a syntactic or processing issue. The participants included 71 L1-Persian L2-English, 52 L1-French L2-English, and 44 native English speakers, who completed a proficiency c-test, a grammaticality judgment task, and a reading span working memory (WM) task. Unlike French, which is similar to English in the syntactic derivation of RCs, Persian is a structurally wh-in-situ language that syntactically allows resumption in direct object and object-of-preposition RCs. The results showed that unlike L1-French speakers, L1-Persian speakers were more likely to accept resumptive pronouns in L2-English RCs; however, both L1 and L2 groups overwhelmingly preferred a gap over a resumptive strategy. The results suggest that given sufficiently high proficiency and long immersion experience, L2 speakers can match native speakers in terms of RC syntactic representations, suggesting that the issue faced by learners is a processing issue rather a representational one as suggested by the Interpretability Hypothesis.
许多研究探讨了第二语言(L2)对关系从句(RC)的习得,以及二语使用者是否将恢复策略从第一语言(L1)转移到第二语言。虽然有证据表明,在RC的处理中存在显著的L1–L2差异,但对非目标样L2行为的来源知之甚少。本研究调查了二语英语中不同RC类型的语法可接受性,以及对恢复策略的依赖是句法问题还是加工问题。参与者包括71名一级波斯语二级英语、52名一级法语二级英语和44名母语为英语的人,他们完成了熟练程度c测试、语法判断任务和阅读广度工作记忆(WM)任务。与法语不同,法语在句法推导上与英语相似,波斯语是一种结构上的wh原位语言,在句法上允许介词RC的直接宾语和宾语的恢复。结果表明,与母语为法语的母语人士不同,母语为波斯语的母语人士在二语英语对照中更容易接受恢复代词;然而,L1组和L2组绝大多数都倾向于间隙而不是恢复策略。研究结果表明,在足够高的熟练度和长时间的沉浸体验下,二语使用者可以在RC句法表征方面与母语使用者相匹配,这表明学习者面临的问题是一个加工问题,而不是可解释性假说所提出的表征问题。
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引用次数: 0
Scope assignment in Quantifier-Negation sentences in Tibetan as a heritage language in China 中国传统藏语量词否定句的范畴分配
IF 2.4 2区 文学 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2023-04-13 DOI: 10.1177/02676583231161164
Yunchuan Chen, Tingting Huan
Quantifier-Negation sentences allow an inverse scope reading in Tibetan but not in Chinese. This difference can be attributed to the underlying syntactic difference: the negation word can be raised at Logical Form in Tibetan but not in Chinese. This study investigated whether Chinese-dominant Tibetan heritage speakers know such difference. We conducted a sentence–picture matching truth value judgment task with 28 Chinese-dominant Tibetan heritage speakers, 25 baseline Tibetan speakers and 31 baseline Chinese speakers. Our baseline data first confirmed the difference between Tibetan and Chinese: the inverse scope reading is allowed in Tibetan but prohibited in Chinese. Our heritage participants’ data showed a divergence: one group of heritage speakers allow the inverse scope reading in both Tibetan and Chinese while another group prohibit it in both languages. There is a third group of heritage speakers who are aware of the difference between Tibetan and Chinese. Our findings suggest that while it is possible for heritage speakers to attain nativelike knowledge of an interface phenomenon that differs in their two languages, they may also be subject to crosslinguistic influence and adopt one of two opposite strategies. Both strategies can minimize syntactic differences between their two grammars so an economy of syntactic representations in their repository of grammars can be achieved.
量词否定句在藏语中允许反范围阅读,但在汉语中不允许。这种差异可以归因于潜在的句法差异:否定词在藏语中可以以逻辑形式提出,但在汉语中不能。本研究调查了以藏族为母语的中国人是否知道这种差异。我们对28名以汉语为主的藏族母语者、25名以藏语为基础的母语者和31名以汉语为基础的使用者进行了句子-图片匹配的真值判断任务。我们的基线数据首先证实了藏语和汉语之间的差异:藏语允许反向范围读数,但汉语禁止反向范围读数。我们的遗产参与者的数据显示了一种分歧:一组讲遗产的人允许用藏语和汉语进行反向范围阅读,而另一组人则禁止用两种语言进行反向范围读取。还有第三组讲传统的人,他们意识到藏语和汉语之间的区别。我们的研究结果表明,虽然讲传统语言的人有可能对两种语言不同的界面现象获得类似本土的知识,但他们也可能受到跨语言的影响,并采取两种相反的策略之一。这两种策略都可以最大限度地减少两种语法之间的句法差异,从而可以实现语法库中句法表示的经济性。
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引用次数: 1
Spoken word recognition in a second language: The importance of phonetic details. 第二语言口语单词识别:语音细节的重要性。
IF 2.4 2区 文学 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1177/02676583211030604
Félix Desmeules-Trudel, Tania S Zamuner

Spoken word recognition depends on variations in fine-grained phonetics as listeners decode speech. However, many models of second language (L2) speech perception focus on units such as isolated syllables, and not on words. In two eye-tracking experiments, we investigated how fine-grained phonetic details (i.e. duration of nasalization on contrastive and coarticulatory nasalized vowels in Canadian French) influenced spoken word recognition in an L2, as compared to a group of native (L1) listeners. Results from L2 listeners (English-native speakers) indicated that fine-grained phonetics impacted the recognition of words, i.e. they were able to use nasalization duration variability in a way similar to L1-French listeners, providing evidence that lexical representations can be highly specified in an L2. Specifically, L2 listeners were able to distinguish minimal word pairs (differentiated by the presence of phonological vowel nasalization in French) and were able to use variability in a way approximating L1-French listeners. Furthermore, the robustness of the French "nasal vowel" category in L2 listeners depended on age of exposure. Early bilinguals displayed greater sensitivity to some ambiguity in the stimuli than late bilinguals, suggesting that early bilinguals had greater sensitivity to small variations in the signal and thus better knowledge of the phonetic cue associated with phonological vowel nasalization in French, similarly to L1 listeners.

口语单词识别取决于听者解码语音时细粒度语音的变化。然而,许多第二语言(L2)语音感知模型关注的是孤立音节等单位,而不是单词。在两个眼动追踪实验中,我们研究了细粒度的语音细节(即加拿大法语中对比元音和协同元音的鼻音化持续时间)如何影响第二语言的口语单词识别,并与一组母语(L1)听众进行了比较。来自第二语言听者(英语母语者)的结果表明,细粒度的语音影响了单词的识别,即他们能够以类似于l1 -法语听者的方式使用鼻音持续时间的变化,这提供了词汇表征在第二语言中可以高度指定的证据。具体来说,第二语言的听者能够区分最小的单词对(通过法语中语音元音鼻音化的存在来区分),并且能够以一种接近l1法语听者的方式使用变异性。此外,法语“鼻元音”类别在第二语言听众中的稳健性取决于接触的年龄。早期双语者比晚期双语者对刺激中的一些模糊性表现出更大的敏感性,这表明早期双语者对信号的微小变化更敏感,因此对法语元音鼻音化的语音线索有更好的了解,类似于L1听众。
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引用次数: 4
Methods for investigation of L2 speech rhythm: Insights from the production of English speech rhythm by L2 Arabic learners 二语语音节奏的调查方法——从二语阿拉伯语学习者英语语音节奏的产生看
IF 2.4 2区 文学 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2023-02-27 DOI: 10.1177/02676583231152638
Ghazi Algethami, Sam Hellmuth
Rhythm metrics can detect second language development of target-like speech rhythm but interpretation of the results from metrics in learners’ speech is problematic because the mapping of metrics to underpinning phonological features is indirect. We investigate speech rhythm in first language (L1) Arabic / second language (L2) English, which differ in key properties contributing to the percept of rhythm: unstressed vowel reduction and syllable structure. Our production data are interpreted using additional measures, of stressed and unstressed vowels and of consonant cluster realization, alongside standard rhythm metrics; this combination facilitates disambiguation of competing interpretations of the metric results. The findings confirm the importance of using multiple rhythm metrics to study L2 speech rhythm and demonstrate how simple additional measures can guide interpretation of their results. In this study the metrics results showed that the speech produced by the L2 speakers, regardless of their length of residence in the UK, exhibited lower vocalic durational variability than the speech produced by the native Arabic and English speakers. However, closer inspection of the degree of vowel reduction by the native and nonnative groups confirms that no single metric captures the complex nature of the observed L2 rhythm patterns. Future L2 studies are advised not to draw firm conclusions about the degree of vowel reduction and consonant cluster realization in L2 speech based solely on the results of the rhythm metrics.
节奏度量可以检测目标样语音节奏的第二语言发展,但从学习者语音中的度量对结果的解释是有问题的,因为度量与基础语音特征的映射是间接的。我们研究了第一语言(L1)阿拉伯语/第二语言(L2)英语的语音节奏,这两种语言在有助于感知节奏的关键特性上有所不同:非重音元音还原和音节结构。我们的生产数据是使用额外的测量来解释的,重音和非重音元音以及辅音簇的实现,以及标准的节奏度量;这种组合有助于消除对度量结果的竞争性解释的歧义。研究结果证实了使用多种节奏指标来研究二语语音节奏的重要性,并证明了简单的额外测量如何指导对其结果的解释。在这项研究中,指标结果表明,与母语为阿拉伯语和英语的人相比,二语使用者的语音,无论他们在英国居住的时间长短,都表现出较低的声音持续变异性。然而,对母语和非母语群体元音减少程度的仔细检查证实,没有一个单一的指标能够捕捉到所观察到的L2节奏模式的复杂性质。建议未来的二语研究不要仅仅根据节奏指标的结果就二语语音中元音减少和辅音簇实现的程度得出确切的结论。
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引用次数: 1
Investigating the relation between L2 pauses, syntactic complexity, and pause location: Longitudinal data from L2-Spanish study-abroad learners 二语停顿、句法复杂性与停顿位置的关系研究——来自二语西班牙语留学生的纵向数据
IF 2.4 2区 文学 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2023-02-14 DOI: 10.1177/02676583231152652
Lorenzo García-Amaya
Inverse relations, or ‘trade-off effects’, are a common outcome of interlanguage development: a learner may increase performance in one linguistic domain while simultaneously decreasing performance in another. In this study, we investigate the relationships between one aspect of fluency (pause usage) and two aspects of syntactic complexity (utterance length and subordination) in relation to the location of pauses (between-clause or within-clause) in second-language (L2) oral narratives. The longitudinal analysis is based on monologic data produced by 16 English-speaking L2 learners of Spanish who participated in a seven-week study-abroad program in Spain. Overall, the learners decreased their silent-pause rate over the course of the program while concurrently increasing their number of syntactically complex clauses. Notably, the data suggest a systematic trade-off between pausing and complexity: the learners consistently produced more pauses (i.e. decreased fluency performance) during the elocution of the most complex clauses involving clausal subordination (i.e. increased complexity performance) in comparison to utterances lacking such subordination. We contextualize the findings within models of oral production and discuss how this research generates new insight into the processing factors that modulate pause usage in L2 speech.
逆关系,或“权衡效应”,是中介语发展的常见结果:学习者可能在一个语言领域提高表现,同时在另一个语言领域降低表现。在本研究中,我们研究了第二语言(L2)口头叙述中停顿(句间或句内)的位置与流利性(停顿使用)和句法复杂性(话语长度和从属关系)两个方面之间的关系。纵向分析是基于16名英语为母语的西班牙语第二语言学习者的单一数据,他们参加了在西班牙为期七周的海外学习项目。总的来说,学习者在节目过程中减少了他们的沉默停顿率,同时增加了句法复杂从句的数量。值得注意的是,数据表明停顿和复杂性之间存在系统性的权衡:与缺乏这种从属关系的话语相比,学习者在演讲涉及小句的最复杂的从句(即复杂性表现提高)时,总是产生更多的停顿(即流畅性表现下降)。我们将这些发现置于口语生成模型的背景中,并讨论了这项研究如何对调节第二语言中停顿使用的加工因素产生新的见解。
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引用次数: 0
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Second Language Research
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