Pub Date : 2023-04-12DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2023.2198065
J. Marsh, F. Vachon, Patrik Sörqvist, Erik Marsja, J. P. Röer, Beth H. Richardson, J. Ljungberg
What causes interference in short-term memory? We report the novel fi nding that immediate memory for visually-presented verbal items is sensitive to disruption from task-irrelevant vibrotactile stimuli. Speci fi cally, short-term memory for a visual sequence is disrupted by a concurrently presented sequence of vibrations, but only when the vibrotactile sequence entails change (when the sequence “ jumps ” between the two hands). The impact on visual-verbal serial recall was similar in magnitude to that for auditory stimuli (Experiment 1). Performance of the missing item task, requiring recall of item-identity rather than item-order, was una ff ected by changing-state vibrotactile stimuli (Experiment 2), as with changing-state auditory stimuli. Moreover, the predictability of the changing-state sequence did not modulate the magnitude of the e ff ect, arguing against an attention-capture conceptualisation (Experiment 3). Results support the view that interference in short-term memory is produced by con fl ict between incompatible, amodal serial-ordering processes (interference-by-process) rather than interference between similar representational codes (interference-by-content).
{"title":"Irrelevant changing-state vibrotactile stimuli disrupt verbal serial recall: implications for theories of interference in short-term memory","authors":"J. Marsh, F. Vachon, Patrik Sörqvist, Erik Marsja, J. P. Röer, Beth H. Richardson, J. Ljungberg","doi":"10.1080/20445911.2023.2198065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2023.2198065","url":null,"abstract":"What causes interference in short-term memory? We report the novel fi nding that immediate memory for visually-presented verbal items is sensitive to disruption from task-irrelevant vibrotactile stimuli. Speci fi cally, short-term memory for a visual sequence is disrupted by a concurrently presented sequence of vibrations, but only when the vibrotactile sequence entails change (when the sequence “ jumps ” between the two hands). The impact on visual-verbal serial recall was similar in magnitude to that for auditory stimuli (Experiment 1). Performance of the missing item task, requiring recall of item-identity rather than item-order, was una ff ected by changing-state vibrotactile stimuli (Experiment 2), as with changing-state auditory stimuli. Moreover, the predictability of the changing-state sequence did not modulate the magnitude of the e ff ect, arguing against an attention-capture conceptualisation (Experiment 3). Results support the view that interference in short-term memory is produced by con fl ict between incompatible, amodal serial-ordering processes (interference-by-process) rather than interference between similar representational codes (interference-by-content).","PeriodicalId":47483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44682036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-12DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2023.2198064
I. Sebalo, L. Ball, J. Marsh, A. Morley, Beth H. Richardson, Paul J. Taylor, Emma Threadgold
ABSTRACT The current study aimed: (i) to identify personal characteristics associated with endorsing conspiracy theories; and (ii) to investigate methods for dispelling conspiracy beliefs. Participants were shown a single conspiracy theory and they also completed questionnaires about their reasoning skills, types of information processing (System 1 vs. System 2), endorsement of paranormal beliefs, locus of control and pattern perception. To challenge the endorsement of the conspiracy, participants read either: (i) neutral information; (ii) a critical analysis of the vignette; (iii) a critical analysis of the vignette with discussion of realistic consequences; or (iv) a critical analysis of the vignette with “feeling of control” priming. Only addressing the consequences of the conspiracy theory decreased its endorsement. Furthermore, only type of information processing and belief in paranormal phenomena, were associated with endorsement of the conspiracy. These findings are discussed in relation to previous studies and theories of conspiratorial ideation.
{"title":"Conspiracy theories: why they are believed and how they can be challenged","authors":"I. Sebalo, L. Ball, J. Marsh, A. Morley, Beth H. Richardson, Paul J. Taylor, Emma Threadgold","doi":"10.1080/20445911.2023.2198064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2023.2198064","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The current study aimed: (i) to identify personal characteristics associated with endorsing conspiracy theories; and (ii) to investigate methods for dispelling conspiracy beliefs. Participants were shown a single conspiracy theory and they also completed questionnaires about their reasoning skills, types of information processing (System 1 vs. System 2), endorsement of paranormal beliefs, locus of control and pattern perception. To challenge the endorsement of the conspiracy, participants read either: (i) neutral information; (ii) a critical analysis of the vignette; (iii) a critical analysis of the vignette with discussion of realistic consequences; or (iv) a critical analysis of the vignette with “feeling of control” priming. Only addressing the consequences of the conspiracy theory decreased its endorsement. Furthermore, only type of information processing and belief in paranormal phenomena, were associated with endorsement of the conspiracy. These findings are discussed in relation to previous studies and theories of conspiratorial ideation.","PeriodicalId":47483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Psychology","volume":"35 1","pages":"383 - 400"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45507895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-05DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2023.2198066
T. Zaleskiewicz, Jakub Traczyk, A. Sobkow
ABSTRACT This paper introduces a conceptual synthesis of theoretical ideas investigating the relationship between decision making and mental imagery. We claim that the generation of mental images may play a pivotal role in decision making because imaginative foresight allows an event to be pre-experienced and consequences of different choice alternatives to be “tried out.” Moreover, we provide evidence that mental imagery can be considered a source of emotions that regulate decision making and risk perception. We also propose principles describing the mutual relationships between mental imagery and decision making that allow for formulating testable hypotheses. Finally, we discuss open issues that arise in the context of the idea that mental imagery informs decision making. They concern the relationship between mental imagery and emotions, functional and dysfunctional consequences of mental imagery, spontaneous vs. enforced generation of mental imagery, and the role of imagery-based approach/withdrawal motivation in terminating the decision-making process.
{"title":"Decision making and mental imagery: A conceptual synthesis and new research directions","authors":"T. Zaleskiewicz, Jakub Traczyk, A. Sobkow","doi":"10.1080/20445911.2023.2198066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2023.2198066","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper introduces a conceptual synthesis of theoretical ideas investigating the relationship between decision making and mental imagery. We claim that the generation of mental images may play a pivotal role in decision making because imaginative foresight allows an event to be pre-experienced and consequences of different choice alternatives to be “tried out.” Moreover, we provide evidence that mental imagery can be considered a source of emotions that regulate decision making and risk perception. We also propose principles describing the mutual relationships between mental imagery and decision making that allow for formulating testable hypotheses. Finally, we discuss open issues that arise in the context of the idea that mental imagery informs decision making. They concern the relationship between mental imagery and emotions, functional and dysfunctional consequences of mental imagery, spontaneous vs. enforced generation of mental imagery, and the role of imagery-based approach/withdrawal motivation in terminating the decision-making process.","PeriodicalId":47483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Psychology","volume":"35 1","pages":"603 - 633"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48013300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-30DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2023.2195031
L. Pancani, M. Petilli, P. Riva, P. Rusconi
ABSTRACT Little is known about the behavioural tendencies at the basis of smartphone use. The present research investigates delay discounting, the phenomenon whereby a smaller, immediate reward is preferred over a larger, delayed one, in smartphone use. In line with previous work on delay discounting in other domains, Study 1 (N = 81) showed that the hyperboloid function best fits the inter-temporal choices made by participants. Study 2 (N = 123) replicated this result and revealed that individuals who prefer communicating via smartphone (vs. face-to-face) showed a higher devaluation over time, whereas those more aware of smartphone negative impact showed less discounting. The present research yielded the first evidence that delay discounting might underlie inter-temporal choices of smartphone use. Implications of these results are discussed.
{"title":"I can’t live without you: delay discounting in smartphone usage","authors":"L. Pancani, M. Petilli, P. Riva, P. Rusconi","doi":"10.1080/20445911.2023.2195031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2023.2195031","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Little is known about the behavioural tendencies at the basis of smartphone use. The present research investigates delay discounting, the phenomenon whereby a smaller, immediate reward is preferred over a larger, delayed one, in smartphone use. In line with previous work on delay discounting in other domains, Study 1 (N = 81) showed that the hyperboloid function best fits the inter-temporal choices made by participants. Study 2 (N = 123) replicated this result and revealed that individuals who prefer communicating via smartphone (vs. face-to-face) showed a higher devaluation over time, whereas those more aware of smartphone negative impact showed less discounting. The present research yielded the first evidence that delay discounting might underlie inter-temporal choices of smartphone use. Implications of these results are discussed.","PeriodicalId":47483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Psychology","volume":"35 1","pages":"441 - 455"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41417868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-14DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2023.2186771
Florian Kattner, Marieke Fischer, Alliza Lejano Caling, Sarah Cremona, A. Ihle, T. Hodgson, J. Föcker
{"title":"The disruptive effects of changing-state sound and emotional prosody on verbal short-term memory in blind, visually impaired, and sighted listeners","authors":"Florian Kattner, Marieke Fischer, Alliza Lejano Caling, Sarah Cremona, A. Ihle, T. Hodgson, J. Föcker","doi":"10.1080/20445911.2023.2186771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2023.2186771","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46307745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-09DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2023.2184745
Haojun Wen, Yanping Dong
ABSTRACT Older adults frequently report trouble retrieving words, which is often tested by confrontation naming tasks. However, with inconsistencies among the relevant literature, this ageing effect requires an updated meta-analysis (with the only meta-analysis conducted in 1997), especially when no meta-analysis has been conducted on how such an effect may be modulated by the important factor of education. By synthesizing 41 primary studies, the present meta-analysis revealed a significant ageing effect on confrontation naming (indexed by accuracy), which was modulated by participant age and education. First, a significant ageing effect only occurred in participants aged 70 and above (compared with participants below 60). Second, participants with low- and middle-level education exhibited significantly larger ageing effects than those with high-level education. Third, for the age-and-education interaction, an ageing effect occurred as early as 60 in participants in the low-and-middle education level, while this critical age for participants with high-level education is 70.
{"title":"The effect of ageing on confrontation naming in healthy older adults: a three-level meta-analysis","authors":"Haojun Wen, Yanping Dong","doi":"10.1080/20445911.2023.2184745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2023.2184745","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Older adults frequently report trouble retrieving words, which is often tested by confrontation naming tasks. However, with inconsistencies among the relevant literature, this ageing effect requires an updated meta-analysis (with the only meta-analysis conducted in 1997), especially when no meta-analysis has been conducted on how such an effect may be modulated by the important factor of education. By synthesizing 41 primary studies, the present meta-analysis revealed a significant ageing effect on confrontation naming (indexed by accuracy), which was modulated by participant age and education. First, a significant ageing effect only occurred in participants aged 70 and above (compared with participants below 60). Second, participants with low- and middle-level education exhibited significantly larger ageing effects than those with high-level education. Third, for the age-and-education interaction, an ageing effect occurred as early as 60 in participants in the low-and-middle education level, while this critical age for participants with high-level education is 70.","PeriodicalId":47483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Psychology","volume":"35 1","pages":"480 - 508"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43528485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-28DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2023.2182181
J. Fisk, Dean A. Marshall, Paul Rogers, R. Stock
ABSTRACT Inductive confirmation has been proposed as a mechanism giving rise to the conjunction fallacy. For each of five separate vignettes, probability estimates were obtained for a neutral event, for a second event: i.e. the “added conjunct”, and for their conjunction. The added conjunct was selected such that it was inductively confirmed, either by some background evidence provided in the vignette or by the other component event. So as to achieve sufficient statistical power, multilevel models were used to analyse the data. For the added conjunct, the level of confirmation and the posterior probability were significantly associated such that higher levels of confirmation were associated with larger probability estimates. However, there was no significant association between the level of confirmation on the one hand and the incidence of the fallacy and the conjunctive probability on the other.
{"title":"An evaluation of the role of inductive confirmation in relation to the conjunction fallacy","authors":"J. Fisk, Dean A. Marshall, Paul Rogers, R. Stock","doi":"10.1080/20445911.2023.2182181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2023.2182181","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Inductive confirmation has been proposed as a mechanism giving rise to the conjunction fallacy. For each of five separate vignettes, probability estimates were obtained for a neutral event, for a second event: i.e. the “added conjunct”, and for their conjunction. The added conjunct was selected such that it was inductively confirmed, either by some background evidence provided in the vignette or by the other component event. So as to achieve sufficient statistical power, multilevel models were used to analyse the data. For the added conjunct, the level of confirmation and the posterior probability were significantly associated such that higher levels of confirmation were associated with larger probability estimates. However, there was no significant association between the level of confirmation on the one hand and the incidence of the fallacy and the conjunctive probability on the other.","PeriodicalId":47483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Psychology","volume":"35 1","pages":"422 - 440"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45934556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-27DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2023.2181734
Esther Boissin, Serge Caparos, Wim De Neys
ABSTRACT Although erroneous intuitions often lead human thinking astray, recent studies suggest that single-shot interventions in which the underlying problem logic is clarified can easily remediate this bias. Because previous work typically focused on numerical problems, we tested here the generalizability to the infamous non-numerical belief bias during syllogistic reasoning. Unfortunately, results of 3 studies show that the effect is less clear. Although we succeeded in boosting performance for a minority of reasoners, reasoners who remained biased also tended to show a worse performance after training. We conclude that more work is needed to optimise the single-shot “easy fix” intervention approach to remediate belief bias during syllogistic reasoning.
{"title":"No easy fix for belief bias during syllogistic reasoning?","authors":"Esther Boissin, Serge Caparos, Wim De Neys","doi":"10.1080/20445911.2023.2181734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2023.2181734","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Although erroneous intuitions often lead human thinking astray, recent studies suggest that single-shot interventions in which the underlying problem logic is clarified can easily remediate this bias. Because previous work typically focused on numerical problems, we tested here the generalizability to the infamous non-numerical belief bias during syllogistic reasoning. Unfortunately, results of 3 studies show that the effect is less clear. Although we succeeded in boosting performance for a minority of reasoners, reasoners who remained biased also tended to show a worse performance after training. We conclude that more work is needed to optimise the single-shot “easy fix” intervention approach to remediate belief bias during syllogistic reasoning.","PeriodicalId":47483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Psychology","volume":"35 1","pages":"401 - 421"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42294386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-26DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2023.2181065
V. Sebri, S. Triberti, G. Granic, G. Pravettoni
ABSTRACT The Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) assesses real-world decision-making processes in a laboratory setting and has been applied to both healthy and clinical populations. Whereas many previous studies established reliable links between behaviour in the BART and individual characteristics, such as gender, age, and educational level, little is known to date how dynamic, contextual features of the BART impact risk taking behaviour. The present paper fills this gap and reports the results of an online BART administered to a sample of 141 voluntary participants. Taking a novel, single-trial perspective, we document significant associations between experience and expectation related variables, in particular reward and punishment dynamics, and risk-taking behaviour in the BART. Having accrued more money increases risk-taking behaviour as does experiencing foregone profits through exploded balloons. Our findings are consistent with prominent theories of decision-making under risk which postulate intra-person changes in risk-appetite. Our results have important implications for future research as they stress that a more dynamic perspective on the BART can enrich our understanding of the factors that shape risk-taking behaviour.
{"title":"Reward-dependent dynamics and changes in risk taking in the Balloon Analogue Risk Task","authors":"V. Sebri, S. Triberti, G. Granic, G. Pravettoni","doi":"10.1080/20445911.2023.2181065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2023.2181065","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) assesses real-world decision-making processes in a laboratory setting and has been applied to both healthy and clinical populations. Whereas many previous studies established reliable links between behaviour in the BART and individual characteristics, such as gender, age, and educational level, little is known to date how dynamic, contextual features of the BART impact risk taking behaviour. The present paper fills this gap and reports the results of an online BART administered to a sample of 141 voluntary participants. Taking a novel, single-trial perspective, we document significant associations between experience and expectation related variables, in particular reward and punishment dynamics, and risk-taking behaviour in the BART. Having accrued more money increases risk-taking behaviour as does experiencing foregone profits through exploded balloons. Our findings are consistent with prominent theories of decision-making under risk which postulate intra-person changes in risk-appetite. Our results have important implications for future research as they stress that a more dynamic perspective on the BART can enrich our understanding of the factors that shape risk-taking behaviour.","PeriodicalId":47483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Psychology","volume":"35 1","pages":"340 - 354"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41694031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-24DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2022.2162058
Deana Vitrano
ABSTRACT The testing effect (TE) is the finding that testing on previously studied material leads to better long-term retention as compared to restudying that material. Pyc and Rawson (2010) proposed the Mediator Effectiveness Hypothesis (MEH) as an explanation for the TE in paired-associate learning. The MEH states that review testing on cue-target word pairs strengthens semantic/associative mediators, which help participants recall targets to their cues on a later test. Pyc and Rawson found support for the MEH with Swahili-English word pairs and explicit mediation instructions, using the most rigorous means of assessing the MEH (i.e. asking participants to recall both the mediator and target to each cue). Using these procedures with spontaneous mediation conditions and unrelated English word pairs, the results of Experiments 1 and 2 failed to support the MEH. When semantic/associative or phonological mediation was explicitly encouraged in Experiment 3, the MEH was supported only for phonological mediation.
{"title":"Does testing enhance mediation in paired-associate learning?","authors":"Deana Vitrano","doi":"10.1080/20445911.2022.2162058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2022.2162058","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The testing effect (TE) is the finding that testing on previously studied material leads to better long-term retention as compared to restudying that material. Pyc and Rawson (2010) proposed the Mediator Effectiveness Hypothesis (MEH) as an explanation for the TE in paired-associate learning. The MEH states that review testing on cue-target word pairs strengthens semantic/associative mediators, which help participants recall targets to their cues on a later test. Pyc and Rawson found support for the MEH with Swahili-English word pairs and explicit mediation instructions, using the most rigorous means of assessing the MEH (i.e. asking participants to recall both the mediator and target to each cue). Using these procedures with spontaneous mediation conditions and unrelated English word pairs, the results of Experiments 1 and 2 failed to support the MEH. When semantic/associative or phonological mediation was explicitly encouraged in Experiment 3, the MEH was supported only for phonological mediation.","PeriodicalId":47483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Psychology","volume":"35 1","pages":"271 - 294"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43644882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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