Journal of Cognitive Psychology最新文献

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The cognition of programming: logical reasoning, algebra and vocabulary skills predict programming performance following an introductory computing course 编程的认知:逻辑推理，代数和词汇技能预测编程性能后的入门计算课程

IF 1.3 4区心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Journal of Cognitive Psychology

Pub Date : 2023-01-18 DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2023.2166054

I. Graafsma, Serje Robidoux, L. Nickels, Matthew Roberts, V. Polito, Judy D. Zhu, E. Marinus

ABSTRACT In the current study we aimed to determine which cognitive skills play a role when learning to program. We examined five cognitive skills (pattern recognition, algebra, logical reasoning, grammar learning and vocabulary learning) as predictors of course-related programming performance and their generalised programming performance in 282 students in an undergraduate introductory programming course. Initial skills in algebra, logical reasoning, and vocabulary learning predicted performance for generalised programming skill, while only logical reasoning skills predicted course-related programming performance. Structural equation modelling showed support for a model where the cognitive skills were grouped into a language factor and an algorithmic/mathematics factor. Of these two factors, only the algorithmic/mathematics factor was found to predict generalised and course-related programming skills. Our results suggested that algorithmic/mathematical skills are most relevant when predicting generalised programming success, but also showed a role for memory-related language skills.

在当前的研究中，我们旨在确定哪些认知技能在学习编程时发挥作用。我们研究了282名本科编程入门课程学生的五种认知技能(模式识别、代数、逻辑推理、语法学习和词汇学习)作为课程相关编程表现及其广义编程表现的预测因子。代数、逻辑推理和词汇学习的初始技能可以预测泛化编程技能的表现，而只有逻辑推理技能可以预测与课程相关的编程表现。结构方程模型支持将认知技能分为语言因素和算法/数学因素的模型。在这两个因素中，只有算法/数学因素被发现可以预测一般的和与课程相关的编程技能。我们的研究结果表明，算法/数学技能在预测广义编程成功时最相关，但也显示了与记忆相关的语言技能的作用。

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引用次数: 1

Using the Frith-Happé animations to compare attributions of mental qualities in nonhuman agents 使用弗里思-快乐动画来比较非人类代理人的心理素质归因

IF 1.3 4区心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Journal of Cognitive Psychology

Pub Date : 2023-01-18 DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2023.2166053

Briana M. Sobel, V. Sims

ABSTRACT To understand perceptions of technology, researchers can compare them to perceptions of other nonhumans. In this study, a Theory of Mind assessment (the Frith-Happé animations) was used to assess perceptions of videos of moving triangles. Participants rated the triangles’ lifelikeness, intelligence, intention, emotion, and cognition. The triangles were labelled as humans, robots, dogs, or shapes. Results replicated patterns commonly found when using these animations and showed differences between agent labels. Triangles with a “humans” label had higher attributions of mental qualities than those with a “shapes” label. The “humans” label also had higher attributions of lifelikeness and emotion than the “robots” and “dogs” but were not significantly different from these labels for intention and cognition. These results promote the reliability and validity of the Frith-Happé animations but emphasise the importance of considering how the task is described and labelled to participants. Additional implications for the human-technology relationship are discussed.

摘要为了理解对技术的认知，研究人员可以将其与其他非人类的认知进行比较。在这项研究中，使用心理理论评估（Frith Happé动画）来评估对移动三角形视频的感知。参与者对三角形的生活相似性、智力、意图、情感和认知能力进行了评分。三角形被标记为人类、机器人、狗或形状。结果复制了使用这些动画时常见的模式，并显示了代理标签之间的差异。带有“人类”标签的三角形比带有“形状”标签的人有更高的心理素质归因。与“机器人”和“狗”相比，“人类”标签在生活相似性和情感方面的归因也更高，但在意图和认知方面与这些标签没有显著差异。这些结果提高了Frith Happé动画的可靠性和有效性，但强调了考虑如何向参与者描述和标记任务的重要性。讨论了对人与技术关系的其他影响。

引用次数: 0

A comment on arguments of mental model theory of causation 因果关系心理模型理论的论证述评

IF 1.3 4区心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Journal of Cognitive Psychology

Pub Date : 2023-01-03 DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2022.2162057

Pengfei Yin

ABSTRACT Causation is a complex concept. No single monistic theory of causation is likely to account for it (Wolff, P. (2014). Causal pluralism and force dynamics. In B. Copley, F. Martin, & N. Duffield (Eds.), Forces in grammatical structures: Causation between linguistics and philosophy). Nonetheless, mental model theory (MMT) claims to provide a unified account of causal representation and inference. In MMT, a singular causal claim “A caused B” has a deterministic meaning referring to three temporally ordered possibilities: A and B, not-A and B, not-A and not-B. No internal components such as mechanisms, powers, or dependencies are part of the core meaning of causal claims. It is argued that MMT’s attempts to refute counterexamples to its proposals are manifestly inadequate. Theoretically, the all-encompassing ambition of MMT make it so flexible as to be trivial. Technically, the term “modulation” is an unanalyzed and self-inconsistent concept. Moreover, in many situations, mental models are redundant for causal representation and inference. MMT’s monistic-deterministic view cannot capture the full complexity of causation.

摘要因果关系是一个复杂的概念。没有一个单一的因果关系一元论可能解释它（Wolff，P.（2014）。因果多元化和力量动态。B.Copley、F.Martin和N.Duffield（编辑），《语法结构中的力量：语言学和哲学之间的因果关系》。尽管如此，心理模型理论（MMT）声称提供了因果表征和推理的统一解释。在MMT中，“a导致B”的单一因果声明具有确定性含义，指的是三种时间顺序的可能性：a和B、非a和B，非a和非B。机制、权力或依赖性等内部组成部分都不是因果关系主张的核心含义的一部分。有人认为，MMT试图反驳其提案的反例显然是不够的。从理论上讲，MMT包罗万象的雄心使其变得如此灵活，以至于微不足道。从技术上讲，“调制”一词是一个未经分析且自相矛盾的概念。此外，在许多情况下，心理模型对于因果表征和推理是多余的。MMT的一元论确定性观点无法捕捉因果关系的全部复杂性。

引用次数: 0

Do bilinguals have an advantage in prospective memory? 双语者在前瞻性记忆方面有优势吗？

IF 1.3 4区心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Journal of Cognitive Psychology

Pub Date : 2023-01-03 DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2022.2159964

Asli Yoruk, Mevla Yahya, Banu Cangoz-Tavat

ABSTRACT It is well established that bilinguals outperform monolinguals on executive function tasks. However, the effects of bilingualism on prospective memory (PM), which also requires executive functions, have not been investigated vastly. This study aimed to compare bi and monolingual participants’ PM performance in focal and non-focal PM tasks. Forty-eight Turkish-English bilinguals and forty-eight Turkish monolinguals, between the ages of 18–30, were instructed to remember responding to rarely appearing PM cues while engaged in an ongoing task. In the focal PM task, the ongoing task facilitated the processing of the PM cue, whereas the non-focal PM task impeded. The results showed no direct evidence for a bilingual advantage in PM. Moreover, the results showed a reversed effect of PM cue's focality on the ongoing task performance. These findings raise skepticism about the literature's prevalent findings and theoretical explanations. Alternative interpretations are discussed within bilingual advantage and PM theories research areas.

摘要众所周知，双语者在执行功能任务方面优于单语者。然而，双语对前瞻性记忆（PM）的影响，也需要执行功能，尚未得到广泛的研究。本研究旨在比较双语和单语参与者在焦点和非焦点PM任务中的PM表现。年龄在18-30岁之间的48名土耳其语-英语双语者和48名土耳其语单语者被要求在进行任务时记住对很少出现的PM提示的反应。在焦点PM任务中，正在进行的任务促进了PM线索的处理，而非焦点PM任务阻碍了处理。研究结果表明，PM中的双语优势没有直接证据。此外，研究结果表明PM线索的专注性对正在进行的任务表现有相反的影响。这些发现引起了人们对文献中普遍存在的发现和理论解释的怀疑。在双语优势和PM理论研究领域内讨论了替代解释。

引用次数: 0

The Effect of Emotion Regulation on Executive Function. 情绪调节对执行功能的影响。

IF 1.3 4区心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Journal of Cognitive Psychology

Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-02-08 DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2023.2172417

Jun Min Koay, Anna Van Meter

Emotion regulation and executive function are associated: adaptive regulatory strategies are linked to better executive functioning while maladaptive strategies correspond with worse executive functioning. However, if - and how - these two processes affect one another has not previously been explored; most studies have employed a correlational approach, leaving the direction of influence unknown. We aim to address this gap by using an experimental design to explore the impact of emotion regulation on executive functioning. Adult participants (N=31) completed an executive functioning task (Computerized Task-Switching Test) under four induced emotion regulation conditions (1) neutral/baseline, (2) positive mood-maintain, (3) negative mood-maintain, (4) negative mood-reduce (conditions 2-4 were randomized). Relative to baseline, participants demonstrated better set-shifting performance across regulation conditions. In contrast, inhibitory control performance was slower, despite anticipated improvement due to practice effects. This suggests that inhibitory control may be more involved in the emotion regulation process than set-shifting when participants have a specific emotion regulation goal to achieve. The present study provides preliminary evidence that individuals' ability to perform executive function tasks may be affected by concurrent emotion regulation demands; additional experiments are necessary to further probe the complexity of the association between these two processes.

情绪调节和执行功能是相关的：适应性调节策略与更好的执行功能有关，而不适应策略与更差的执行功能相对应。然而，这两个过程是否以及如何相互影响，以前还没有研究过；大多数研究都采用了相关方法，影响的方向未知。我们旨在通过实验设计来探索情绪调节对执行功能的影响，从而解决这一差距。成年参与者（N=31）在四种诱导的情绪调节条件下完成了一项执行功能任务（计算机任务转换测试）（1）中性/基线，（2）积极情绪维持，（3）消极情绪维持和（4）消极情绪减少（条件2-4随机）。相对于基线，参与者在各种调节条件下表现出更好的定位球转换表现。相比之下，抑制控制性能较慢，尽管由于实践效果预期会有所改善。这表明，当参与者有特定的情绪调节目标要实现时，抑制性控制可能比设置转换更参与情绪调节过程。本研究提供了初步证据，表明个体执行执行功能任务的能力可能受到并发情绪调节需求的影响；需要额外的实验来进一步探究这两个过程之间关联的复杂性。

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引用次数: 0

Revisiting the debate on germane cognitive load versus germane resources 重新审视相关认知负荷与相关资源的争论

IF 1.3 4区心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Journal of Cognitive Psychology

Pub Date : 2022-12-28 DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2022.2159416

Kevin Greenberg, Robert Z. Zheng

ABSTRACT The debate on germane load versus germane resources has drawn attention from researchers and practitioners. This work examined whether germane load should be considered an independent source of cognitive load or germane resources in working memory. To do so, the relationship between the types of cognitive load, performance and working memory was examined. Experiment 1 revealed germane load was not a significant predictor for performance outcomes, nor was there an additive relationship between germane load and intrinsic load while intrinsic load had a significant negative association with the outcomes. It was thus hypothesised that the mental activity germane to learning may be related to the cognitive resources in working memory instead of conceptualising it as an independent cognitive load. A follow-up study (Experiment 2) was performed which investigated the relationship between intrinsic load and working memory resources. Results show learners with more working memory resources could handle high intrinsic load, while still having resources available for learning, suggesting the effortful mental activity may be determined by the germane resources in working memory rather than germane load. The work provides preliminary evidence for a framework in cognitive load theory showing learners’ effortful mental activity in learning is related to germane resources, not defined by germane cognitive load.

相关负荷与相关资源的争论引起了研究者和实践者的关注。本研究考察了相关负荷是作为认知负荷的独立来源还是工作记忆中的相关负荷资源。为此，研究人员检查了认知负荷类型、表现和工作记忆之间的关系。实验1显示，密切负荷与内在负荷之间不存在加性关系，而内在负荷与成绩呈显著负相关。因此，我们假设与学习相关的心理活动可能与工作记忆中的认知资源有关，而不是将其概念化为独立的认知负荷。后续研究(实验2)探讨了内在负荷与工作记忆资源的关系。结果表明，拥有更多工作记忆资源的学习者可以处理高内在负荷，同时仍有可用的学习资源，这表明努力的心理活动可能是由工作记忆中的相关资源而不是相关负荷决定的。本研究为认知负荷理论框架提供了初步证据，表明学习者在学习中的努力心理活动与相关资源有关，而不是由相关认知负荷定义的。

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引用次数: 0

The flexibility of the intermediate vs. wholistic/analytic styles – an eye tracking study 中间与整体/分析风格的灵活性——一项眼动追踪研究

IF 1.3 4区心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Journal of Cognitive Psychology

Pub Date : 2022-12-21 DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2022.2147187

Ortal Nitzan-Tamar, B. Kramarski, E. Vakil

ABSTRACT In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, the educational system is increasingly incorporating twenty-first-century skills, such as online learning, that require learners to demonstrate cognitive flexibility. Cognitive flexibility is the ability to quickly reconfigure our minds to meet the task demands. This study investigates the degree of cognitive flexibility of the wholistic-intermediate-analytic dimensions, by classifying patterns of Eye Movements (EM) and behavioural data. Using the E-CSA-W/A test, 113 participants were classified based on their tendency towards a particular style (wholistic/intermediate/analytic). Results indicate that wholistics and intermediates demonstrated greater cognitive flexibility in adapting to the task requirements than the analytics. Analytics were slower at completing the test and made more transitions between Areas of Interest than the other groups. Finally, while the behavioural data demonstrate quantitative differences between the groups, EM provides qualitative information regarding the cognitive process that leads to the response. Theoretical, methodological, and practical contributions are discussed.

在2019冠状病毒病大流行之后，教育系统越来越多地纳入21世纪技能，如在线学习，这需要学习者表现出认知灵活性。认知灵活性是快速重新配置我们的思维以满足任务要求的能力。本研究通过对眼动(EM)模式和行为数据进行分类，调查了整体-中间分析维度的认知灵活性程度。使用E-CSA-W/A测试，113名参与者根据他们对特定风格(整体/中间/分析)的倾向进行分类。结果表明，整体型和中间型学生在适应任务要求方面表现出比分析型学生更大的认知灵活性。与其他组相比，分析组完成测试的速度较慢，并且在感兴趣的领域之间进行了更多的转换。最后，虽然行为数据显示了两组之间的定量差异，但EM提供了有关导致反应的认知过程的定性信息。讨论了理论、方法和实践贡献。

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引用次数: 0

Fast logic and belief-bias: it’s less how smart you are than how you think 快速逻辑和信仰偏见：与其说你有多聪明，不如说你的想法

IF 1.3 4区心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Journal of Cognitive Psychology

Pub Date : 2022-12-19 DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2022.2153130

H. Markovits

ABSTRACT The Dual strategy model of reasoning, which distinguishes between Counterexample and Statistical strategies, predicts performance on a variety of forms of reasoning and judgment. At least part of the distinction between reasoning strategies has been shown to be attentional, suggesting that strategy use should be a strong predictor of the ability to reason logically under severe time constraint. Recent results have provided evidence that strategy use is a better predictor than IQ of the ability to make logically valid inferences with belief-biased syllogisms under severe time constraint. The following study extended this result to include other measures that correlate with reasoning ability, IQ, Cognitive Reflection Test and Acceptance of Open-minded Thinking. Results show that when given a very short time (5s), strategy use along with measures of CRT are strong predictors of logical reasoning, while IQ is not.

区分反例策略和统计策略的双策略推理模型预测了各种形式的推理和判断的表现。推理策略之间的区别至少有一部分是注意力，这表明策略的使用应该是在严格的时间限制下进行逻辑推理能力的有力预测因素。最近的研究结果提供了证据，表明在严格的时间限制下，策略使用比IQ更能预测在逻辑上有效的推理能力。以下研究扩展了这一结果，包括其他与推理能力、智商、认知反思测试和接受开放思维相关的指标。结果表明，当给予很短的时间（5s）时，策略使用和CRT测量是逻辑推理的有力预测因素，而IQ则不是。

引用次数: 0

The specific brain activity of dual task coordination: a theoretical conflict-control model based on a qualitative and quantitative review 双重任务协调的特定大脑活动：一个基于定性和定量综述的冲突控制理论模型

IF 1.3 4区心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Journal of Cognitive Psychology

Pub Date : 2022-12-19 DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2022.2143788

Yue Hu, Tianliang Liu, Sensen Song, Kaiyang Qin, W. Chan

ABSTRACT Concurrently coordinating two tasks at a time is a prerequisite or an essential competency for some occupations. However, evidence are mixed regarding the specific brain activity of dual task coordination. To this end, the present work systematically reviewed the evidence from the functional neuroimaging studies about dual-task-related brain activations by meta-analysis and narrative syntheses. 59 studies related to the brain activity of dual tasking among the healthy adult population were included in the systematic review, 24 studies among which employed three suitable analysis approaches were further included into the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis employing seed-based effect size mapping method found that the specific dual-task-related brain activations were in the medial part of superior frontal gyrus/middle cingulate cortex, right precuneus, and right inferior gyrus (familywise error (FWE)-corrected p < .01). The systematic qualitative and quantitative review suggested that dual task coordination might be specifically associated with the conflict-control brain circuit.

同时协调两项任务是一些职业的先决条件或基本能力。然而，关于双重任务协调的特定大脑活动的证据是混合的。为此，本研究采用meta分析和叙事综合的方法，系统地回顾了双任务相关脑激活的功能神经影像学研究证据。系统评价纳入健康成人双任务脑活动相关的59项研究，其中采用3种合适分析方法的24项研究进一步纳入meta分析。采用基于种子的效应大小映射方法进行meta分析发现，特定的双任务相关脑激活位于额上回/中扣带皮层内侧、右侧楔前叶和右侧下回(家庭误差(FWE)校正p < 0.01)。系统的定性和定量研究表明，双重任务协调可能与冲突控制脑回路有特定的联系。

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引用次数: 0

IF 1.3 4区心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Journal of Cognitive Psychology

Pub Date : 2022-12-15 DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2022.2154781

Kun Sun, Rong Wang

ABSTRACT This study uses semantic similarity and pointwise mutual information (PMI) to estimate and compute the relationship between topic and comment in dangling topic construction in Mandarin. It proposes three methods to calculate the semantic similarity between topic and comment. We also carry out experiments on human ratings of the acceptance degree for dangling topic constructions. The results show that PMI and three measures of semantic similarity can make good predictions for human-rated data. This is the first time that PMI and sentence-based semantic similarity are employed to predict how humans comprehend sentences as a whole. PMI and semantic similarity measures may further elucidate the concept of topic construction and to help in seeing how Chinese native speakers understand and process sentences. More importantly, this study creates a novel, effective and practical computational approach for predicting entire sentence comprehension/processing and syntactic analysis.

摘要本研究利用语义相似性和点互信息（PMI）来估计和计算普通话悬置话题结构中话题和评论之间的关系。提出了三种计算主题与评论语义相似度的方法。我们还进行了人类对悬挂主题结构接受度的评分实验。结果表明，PMI和三种语义相似性度量可以很好地预测人类评级数据。这是第一次使用PMI和基于句子的语义相似性来预测人类如何从整体上理解句子。PMI和语义相似性度量可以进一步阐明主题结构的概念，并有助于了解中国母语人士如何理解和处理句子。更重要的是，本研究为预测整个句子的理解/处理和句法分析创造了一种新颖、有效和实用的计算方法。

引用次数: 0

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