Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1632/s0030812923000421
Karen Van Dyck
Abstract Modern Greek poets often imagine interlingual translation as intralingual—that is, as rewording within the same language when two distinct languages are involved. George Seferis and Yannis Ritsos provide two cases, Seferis in translating Ancient Greek poetry and Ritsos in translating Romanian, Czech, and Slovakian poetry. For these poet-translators on opposite sides of the political spectrum, the claim of intralingualism responds to different experiences of exile: Seferis as a refugee from Asia Minor and then as an overseas diplomat, Ritsos as a political prisoner and then as a Communist Party emissary. Intralingual translation assuages xenitia , the pain of not being able to go home, but it also masks interlingual differences that serve other cultural and political functions, whether imagining a national language that continues a valuable cultural past or serving as a transnational vehicle for unifying minor cultures.
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Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1632/s0030812923000743
Vanessa Lopes Lourenço Hanes
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Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1632/s0030812923000779
Kaiama L. Glover
KAIAMA L. GLOVER is professor of African American studies and French at Yale University. She is the author of A Regarded Self: Caribbean Womanhood and the Ethics of Disorderly Being (Duke UP, 2021) and of Haiti Unbound: A Spiralist Challenge to the Postcolonial Canon (Liverpool UP, 2011), among other publications, and the prizewinning translator of several works of Haitian prose fiction and francophone nonfiction. Her scholarly and translation work has been supported by the Columbia Institute for Ideas and Imagination in Paris, the New York Public Library Cullman Center, the PEN/Heim Foundation, the National Endowment for the Arts, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the Mellon Foundation. She is a regular contributor to the New York Times Book Review and is the cohost of Writing Home: American Voices from the Caribbean. My experience of translation has been, for the most part, unburdened. Translating has not been my principal professional occupation, nor has it beenmy field of study. It has become, however, a singularly integral praxis for me over the last decade—one of the most important expressions of what I do with what I know as a researcher and professor. I came to translation organically. In 2013, the editor of a small independent press commissioned me to translate the Haitian Spiralist author Frankétienne’s 1968 novel Mûr à crever (Ready to Burst) from French into English. I had published the first full-length scholarly monograph on Spiralism three years earlier, and so I welcomed the opportunity to return to Frankétienne’s work and to the worlds it had opened up for me. Taking on the translation aligned entirely with the intention that animated the earlier work I had done on Spiralism: to shed greater light on and encourage a wider readership of Frankétienne’s writing and that of the two other authors I considered in my study. I jumped into that first translation project untrained, unstudied, and guided loosely by a confidence that I knew enough about Haitian literature and was proficient enough in French and in Haitian Creole to do a decent job of it. This was true, for the most part, but the experience ultimately was as much one of learning as of doing. In approaching Ready to Burst as a scholar, I had always left the book intact in a certain kind of way; I entered into public conversation, even debated with it, probing and questioning it in the hopes of excavating its layers. But in every aspect of this critical work, Frankétienne remained always and unequivocally The Author and I remained The Reader. In bringing his novel into the academic arena through carefully chosen fragments, with curated elements spotlighted and mined for the formal and conceptual treasures they contained,
{"title":"Toward Afrofluency","authors":"Kaiama L. Glover","doi":"10.1632/s0030812923000779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1632/s0030812923000779","url":null,"abstract":"KAIAMA L. GLOVER is professor of African American studies and French at Yale University. She is the author of A Regarded Self: Caribbean Womanhood and the Ethics of Disorderly Being (Duke UP, 2021) and of Haiti Unbound: A Spiralist Challenge to the Postcolonial Canon (Liverpool UP, 2011), among other publications, and the prizewinning translator of several works of Haitian prose fiction and francophone nonfiction. Her scholarly and translation work has been supported by the Columbia Institute for Ideas and Imagination in Paris, the New York Public Library Cullman Center, the PEN/Heim Foundation, the National Endowment for the Arts, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the Mellon Foundation. She is a regular contributor to the New York Times Book Review and is the cohost of Writing Home: American Voices from the Caribbean. My experience of translation has been, for the most part, unburdened. Translating has not been my principal professional occupation, nor has it beenmy field of study. It has become, however, a singularly integral praxis for me over the last decade—one of the most important expressions of what I do with what I know as a researcher and professor. I came to translation organically. In 2013, the editor of a small independent press commissioned me to translate the Haitian Spiralist author Frankétienne’s 1968 novel Mûr à crever (Ready to Burst) from French into English. I had published the first full-length scholarly monograph on Spiralism three years earlier, and so I welcomed the opportunity to return to Frankétienne’s work and to the worlds it had opened up for me. Taking on the translation aligned entirely with the intention that animated the earlier work I had done on Spiralism: to shed greater light on and encourage a wider readership of Frankétienne’s writing and that of the two other authors I considered in my study. I jumped into that first translation project untrained, unstudied, and guided loosely by a confidence that I knew enough about Haitian literature and was proficient enough in French and in Haitian Creole to do a decent job of it. This was true, for the most part, but the experience ultimately was as much one of learning as of doing. In approaching Ready to Burst as a scholar, I had always left the book intact in a certain kind of way; I entered into public conversation, even debated with it, probing and questioning it in the hopes of excavating its layers. But in every aspect of this critical work, Frankétienne remained always and unequivocally The Author and I remained The Reader. In bringing his novel into the academic arena through carefully chosen fragments, with curated elements spotlighted and mined for the formal and conceptual treasures they contained,","PeriodicalId":47559,"journal":{"name":"PMLA-PUBLICATIONS OF THE MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135516325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1632/s0030812923000573
Shaden M. Tageldin
Abstract In the Ottoman-Palestinian intellectual Muḥammad Rūḥī al-Khālidī's Tārīkh ʿIlm al-Adab ʿind al-Ifranj wa-l-ʿArab, wa-Fīktūr Hūkū (1904, 2nd ed. 1912; History of the Science of Literature among the Europeans and the Arabs, and Victor Hugo ), the figure of Victor Hugo marks the uneven chime and dissonance of select notes in Arabic and French literary epistemes and histories. Tracing Hugo's dictum that poetry inheres not in forms but in ideas to Arab-Islamic antiquity, al-Khālidī incarnates in Hugo the lost “nature” to which a fallen, “artificial” Arabic literature must return. In this regime of comparability, words must be cut to the measure of their meaning, and meter—poetic measure—tuned to the “natural” rhythms of speech. With al-Khālidī's translations of meter across time and language, this essay reads his translations of Hugo's theory and poetry (“Grenade”) to argue that the underlying concept of measure encodes a drive to equate the world's literatures and empires.
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Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1632/s0030812923000755
Michael Cronin
{"title":"Translating Gaia: Translation and the More-Than-Human","authors":"Michael Cronin","doi":"10.1632/s0030812923000755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1632/s0030812923000755","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47559,"journal":{"name":"PMLA-PUBLICATIONS OF THE MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135516334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1632/s0030812923000640
{"title":"MLA volume 138 issue 3 Cover and Front matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1632/s0030812923000640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1632/s0030812923000640","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47559,"journal":{"name":"PMLA-PUBLICATIONS OF THE MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135516345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1632/S0030812923000196
W. D. Du Bois, M. Patterson
On 13 December 1895, less than three months after Booker T. Washington gave his Atlanta Exposition Address and was hailed as the nation’s first nationally known New Negro, W. E. B. Du Bois published “A Creed for the ‘New Negro.’” At this point in his career, Du Bois, whowas teaching atWilberforce University, had not yet publicly voiced objections to Washington’s worldview and, in fact, had congratulated Washington on his “phenomenal success at Atlanta—it was a word fitly spoken” (Correspondence 39). Before being published in the Iowa State Bystander, Du Bois’s “Creed” first appeared in a now lost issue of the New York Age, whose editor, T. Thomas Fortune, was well known in the early 1890s Black press for his militant campaign against lynching and for civil rights (Thornbrough 117–25). Founded in Des Moines in 1894, the Black-owned, “fighting” Bystander relied on more established Black newspapers for its national coverage (Cotton 1; see 23). By calling his list of principles a “creed,”DuBois appealed to the religiosity and fortitude Black people drew on towithstand escalating degradations and violence within the “nadir” of Jim Crow (see Logan). The first five years of the 1890s witnessed over seven hundred documented lynchings of African Americans, continual efforts to disenfranchise Black voters, and the proliferation of laws segregating transportation and public facilities in southern states, culminating in the Supreme Court decision Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896 (Johnson; Seguin and Rigby). In its emphasis onmoral purity, self-reliance, and “industrial training and cooperation,” as well as its accedence to social segregation, Du Bois’s creed reads like one Washington would endorse. Yet Du Bois, even this early in his career, distinguishes his position fromWashington’s. In addition to industrial education, DuBois emphasized the need for “the cultivation of our best intellectual ability.” He calls for the “founding of a university of the negro,” later realized in the formation of Alexander Crummell’s American Negro Academy (1897), in which Du Bois served aprominent role. Inurging the “preservationofourbest racecharacteristics and products” as expressed inBlackmusic and folklore, he celebrates Black culture in itself rather than as measured by white achievement. Finally,
1895年12月13日，在布克·t·华盛顿在亚特兰大博览会上发表演讲并被誉为美国第一个全国知名的新黑人不到三个月后，w·e·b·杜波依斯出版了《新黑人的信条》。在他职业生涯的这个阶段，在威尔伯福斯大学任教的杜波依斯还没有公开表示反对华盛顿的世界观，事实上，他祝贺华盛顿“在亚特兰大取得了非凡的成功——这是一个恰如其分的词”(《通信》39)。在《爱荷华州旁观者》上发表之前，杜波依斯的《信条》首先出现在《纽约时代》(New York Age)上，现在已经失传了。《纽约时代》的编辑t·托马斯·福恩(T. Thomas Fortune)在19世纪90年代早期的黑人新闻界因其反对私刑和争取民权的激进运动而闻名(Thornbrough 117-25)。1894年在得梅因成立，黑人拥有的“战斗”旁观者依靠更成熟的黑人报纸进行全国报道(棉花1;看到23)。杜波依斯称他的一系列原则为“信条”，呼吁黑人依靠宗教信仰和坚韧不拔的精神来抵御吉姆·克劳“最低谷”时期不断升级的堕落和暴力。在19世纪90年代的头五年里，有记载的对非裔美国人的私刑超过700起，剥夺黑人选民选举权的努力持续不断，南方各州在交通和公共设施上实行种族隔离的法律激增，最高法院在1896年的普莱西诉弗格森案中达到高潮(约翰逊;Seguin和Rigby)。杜波依斯的信条强调道德的纯洁、自力更生、“工业培训与合作”，以及对社会隔离的认同，读起来就像华盛顿会赞同的信条。然而，杜波依斯，即使在他职业生涯的早期，也将他的立场与华盛顿区分开来。除了工业教育，杜波依斯还强调需要“培养我们最好的智力能力”。他呼吁“建立一所黑人大学”，这一点后来在亚历山大·克拉姆尔的美国黑人学院(1897年)的成立中得以实现，杜波依斯在其中发挥了重要作用。他敦促“保留我们最好的种族特征和产品”，正如黑人音乐和民间传说所表达的那样，他颂扬黑人文化本身，而不是用白人的成就来衡量。最后,
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Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1632/S0030812923000263
Nasia Anam
NASIA ANAM is assistant professor of English and the 2022–24 Joe Crowley Distinguished Professor of the Humanities at the University of Nevada, Reno. She is completing a book manuscript entitled “Muslim Heterotopias: Colonial Logics of Space in Literatures of Migration.” Abdulrazak Gurnah’s 2001 novel, By the Sea, begins with the interrogation of a Zanzibari Muslim, Saleh Omar, who arrives with false papers at Gatwick Airport. Having escaped possible imprisonment in Zanzibar, he hides his knowledge of English culture and language, only responding with thewords refugee and asylum to questions about the purpose and circumstances of his travel. A contemporary reader may be inclined to anticipate anti-Islamic insinuations of terrorism from the suspicious border agent—a now routine expectation for manyMuslim travelers. But the events in the novel, publishedmonths before the attacks on the World Trade Center, begin well before the global post-9/11 border regime had become a quotidian aspect of international travel. By the Sea expands outward temporally and spatially from late-twentieth-century Britain to make the astonishing historical connections that distinguish Gurnah’s oeuvre, both in broad temporal sweeps and in minute interpersonal disputes. The hostility with which the border agent responds to Omar’s asylum request indexes a much longer history, reminding us that the twenty-first-century “crises” of mass refugee migration and Islamophobia in the Global North are mired in ideologies and institutions of subjugation whose origins can be traced back through hundreds of years of colonialism. Published two decades later, Gurnah’s most recent novel, Afterlives (2021), offers something of a prehistory of Omar’s predicament in By the Sea. It relates the story of two young Tanzanian soldiers, Hamza and Ilyas, recruited into the German colonial Schutztruppe—the military regiments that operated in the German East African colonies from the late nineteenth century until the end of World War I. Gurnah chronicles Hamza’s and Ilyas’s fates
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Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1632/s0030812923000299
{"title":"MLA volume 138 issue 2 Cover and Front matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1632/s0030812923000299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1632/s0030812923000299","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47559,"journal":{"name":"PMLA-PUBLICATIONS OF THE MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75027124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1632/s0030812923000329
Nan Z. Da
{"title":"Aesthetic Bearings – ADDENDUM","authors":"Nan Z. Da","doi":"10.1632/s0030812923000329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1632/s0030812923000329","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47559,"journal":{"name":"PMLA-PUBLICATIONS OF THE MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77800359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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