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Fluctuations of immigration salience: testing alternative explanations of policy salience among US Latinos 移民显著性的波动:在美国拉丁裔中测试政策显著性的替代解释
IF 2.4 2区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-02-14 DOI: 10.1017/S0143814X23000016
Barbara Gomez-Aguinaga, Jason L. Morín, Gabriel R. Sanchez
Abstract What makes immigration a salient issue among Latinos? We focus on immigration – one of the most pressing issues facing the United States (US) – and evaluate the factors that motivate immigration salience among Latinos over several election cycles. Although immigration policy has been linked with the Latino electorate over the period of our study due to high foreign-born rates and mixed-status families within this community, immigration policy has actually not been the dominant issue for the majority of Latino voters over this time period. Using survey responses from the 2008, 2012 and 2016 elections, we test multiple theories of issue salience by exploring social, political and individual determinants of policy salience among Latino voters. We find that in addition to nativity, consumption of ethnic media and group identity are associated with reporting immigration as a salient issue. These findings provide a valuable addition to literature of public opinion on immigration and the origins of policy issue salience among ethno-racial minorities in the US.
摘要是什么让移民成为拉丁裔人的一个突出问题?我们关注移民问题——美国面临的最紧迫的问题之一——并评估在几个选举周期内促使拉丁裔移民突出的因素。尽管在我们的研究期间,由于该社区的外国出生率高和混合身份家庭,移民政策与拉丁裔选民联系在一起,但在这段时间内,移民政策实际上并不是大多数拉丁裔投票者的主要问题。利用2008年、2012年和2016年选举的调查结果,我们通过探索拉丁裔选民政策显著性的社会、政治和个人决定因素,检验了问题显著性的多种理论。我们发现,除了本土性,消费民族媒体和群体认同也与报道移民问题有关。这些发现为有关移民的舆论文献以及美国少数民族政策问题突出的起源提供了宝贵的补充。
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引用次数: 0
Salience, preference, and asylum outcomes in Germany and the UK, 2002–2019 2002-2019年德国和英国的突出程度、偏好和庇护结果
IF 2.4 2区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-24 DOI: 10.1017/S0143814X22000344
Alex Hartland
Abstract What explains different rates of positive asylum decisions in Western democracies? Legislators and bureaucrats respond to public preferences on immigration, though studies have not accounted for salience amplifying preferences. Using autoregressive models, I find relationships between salience, preferences, and asylum recognition rates in Germany and the UK, indicating that asylum administration responds to public opinion. High salience and more open immigration preferences are associated with increased asylum recognition rates in Germany, while lower rates in the UK follow high salience and restrictive preferences. Applications rejected under these adverse conditions precede increases in successful appeals, suggesting political pressure or their own preferences lead bureaucratic actors to reduce rates in the UK. These results do not support lobbying or a culture of disbelief as influences on immigration policies. Rather, they raise questions about Western democracies’ adherence to an international rules-based asylum system and highlight mechanisms by which policy responds to public opinion.
如何解释西方民主国家积极庇护决定的不同比率?立法者和官员对公众对移民的偏好做出了回应,尽管研究并没有解释显著性放大偏好的原因。使用自回归模型,我发现了德国和英国的显著性、偏好和庇护识别率之间的关系,表明庇护管理对公众舆论作出反应。在德国,高度突出和更开放的移民偏好与庇护认可率的提高有关,而在英国,较低的庇护认可率与高度突出和限制性偏好有关。在这些不利条件下,被拒的申请在成功上诉之前有所增加,这表明政治压力或他们自己的偏好导致英国的官僚行为体降低了利率。这些结果并不支持游说或怀疑文化对移民政策的影响。相反,它们对西方民主国家是否遵守以国际规则为基础的庇护制度提出了质疑,并强调了政策回应公众舆论的机制。
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引用次数: 0
Institutional earmarks: the earmark moratorium and federal highway spending 机构专项拨款:暂停专项拨款和联邦公路支出
IF 2.4 2区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-13 DOI: 10.1017/S0143814X2200037X
Peter T. McLaughlin
Abstract In 2010, the United States Congress placed a moratorium on earmarks – congressionally mandated spending projects. But did the earmark moratorium actually rid public policy of earmarks? I use earmark data and 2010–2020 state-level highway funding metrics to examine the relationship between previously expired transportation earmarks and federal highway funding during the earmark moratorium. Earmarks in the 2005 surface transportation law (SAFETEA-LU) continued to benefit certain states in 2020, even though the projects technically expired in 2009. This is because the funding “formulas” established by all post-2009 surface transportation laws were fully determined by the highway allocation percentage each state received in the preceding year, inclusive of earmarks. Further, I find the relationship between SAFETEA-LU earmarks and state funding disparities strengthened from 2010 to 2020, meaning the expired earmarks increased in policy significance during the moratorium. Highly earmarked states became even more advantaged after the earmarks were institutionalised into the highway funding formula.
摘要2010年,美国国会暂停了国会授权的专项拨款项目。但是,暂停专项拨款真的让公共政策摆脱了专项拨款吗?我使用专项拨款数据和2010-2020年州级公路资金指标来研究之前到期的交通专项拨款与暂停专项拨款期间联邦公路资金之间的关系。2005年地面运输法(SAFETEA-LU)中的拨款在2020年继续使某些州受益,尽管这些项目在技术上已于2009年到期。这是因为2009年后所有地面运输法制定的资金“公式”完全由各州在前一年获得的公路拨款百分比决定,包括专项拨款。此外,我发现,从2010年到2020年,SAFETA-LU专项拨款与国家资金差距之间的关系得到了加强,这意味着在暂停期间,过期的专项拨款在政策意义上有所增加。在专项拨款制度化为高速公路资金公式后,高度指定的州变得更加有利。
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引用次数: 0
Normative, rational, and relational motives in crosscoalition coordination for a VET refugee programme 职业教育培训难民方案跨联盟协调中的规范、理性和关系动机
IF 2.4 2区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-12-20 DOI: 10.1017/S0143814X22000290
Annatina Aerne, G. Bonoli
Abstract Shared beliefs are seen as a basis for policy coordination in the literature. Actors sharing beliefs coordinate their activities in order to translate their beliefs into policies. However, the literature shows that actors also coordinate for policy change across such belief coalitions for diverse reasons. Drawing on the literature on incentives in collective action organisations, we systematise these motives. We argue that rational motivations, such as access to material resources, as well as relational motivations, including power and reputation gains, may convince actors to coordinate. Based on 25 semi-structured expert interviews, we illustrate our propositions with a case study on the motivations that led actors to coordinate and support a vocational education and training (VET) programme for refugees in Switzerland. Coordination between a coalition of VET actors and a coalition of migration actors succeeded despite divergent policy beliefs, mainly due to rational motivations.
摘要在文献中,共同的信念被视为政策协调的基础。分享信仰的行动者协调他们的活动,以便将他们的信仰转化为政策。然而,文献表明,行动者也因各种原因在这些信仰联盟中协调政策变化。根据有关集体行动组织激励机制的文献,我们将这些动机系统化。我们认为,理性动机,如获得物质资源,以及关系动机,包括权力和声誉收益,可能会说服行为者进行协调。基于25次半结构化专家访谈,我们通过一个案例研究来说明我们的主张,该案例研究了促使行为者协调和支持瑞士难民职业教育和培训计划的动机。VET行动者联盟和移民行动者联盟之间的协调取得了成功,尽管主要由于理性动机,政策信念存在分歧。
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引用次数: 0
The effect of psychological bias on public officials’ attitudes towards the implementation of policy instruments: evidence from survey experiments 心理偏见对政府官员政策工具执行态度的影响:来自调查实验的证据
IF 2.4 2区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-12-12 DOI: 10.1017/S0143814X22000319
Bingsheng Liu, Zengqiang Qin, Jinfeng Zhang
Abstract As implementers, public officials have historically enjoyed substantial influence in the public policy process, but little attention has been paid to the effect of psychological elements on their attitudes towards implementing policy instruments. The authors argue that from a behavioural public administration perspective, public officials’ attitudes towards implementing certain policy instruments are not rational, but instead biased. Using two survey experiments on 1,024 Chinese public officials, this study examines the cognitive and motivational bias of public officials’ attitudes towards implementing policy instruments. The findings indicate that when public officials are presented with risk information in a negative framing, they are more reluctant to implement indirect policy instruments than direct ones, and this phenomenon becomes more pronounced when their public interest orientation is activated, rather than their personal interest orientation. The findings contribute to the theoretical understanding of the effect of psychological biases on public officials’ attitudes towards policy implementation.
摘要作为执行者,公职人员历来在公共政策过程中享有重大影响,但很少关注心理因素对其执行政策工具态度的影响。作者认为,从行为公共管理的角度来看,公职人员对执行某些政策文书的态度是不合理的,而是有偏见的。通过对1024名中国公职人员的两项调查实验,本研究考察了公职人员对执行政策工具态度的认知和动机偏见。研究结果表明,当公职人员在负面框架中获得风险信息时,他们更不愿意实施间接政策工具,而不是直接政策工具,当他们的公共利益取向而不是个人利益取向被激活时,这种现象变得更加明显。研究结果有助于从理论上理解心理偏见对公职人员政策执行态度的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Public sector innovation outcome-driven sustainable development in Bangladesh: applying the dynamic autoregressive distributed lag simulations and Kernel-based regularised least square machine learning algorithm approaches 孟加拉国公共部门创新成果驱动的可持续发展:应用动态自回归分布式滞后模拟和基于核的正则化最小二乘机器学习算法
IF 2.4 2区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-12-12 DOI: 10.1017/S0143814X22000368
Md. Monirul Islam, M. Tareque
Abstract This research investigates the role of public sector innovation outcomes, e.g. trademark innovation, information and communication technology (ICT), renewable energy, and governance, in the sustainable development of Bangladesh during 1980–2019. Utilising the dynamic autoregressive distributed lag (DARDL) simulation approach, this study divulges a favourable long-term influencing profile of public sector innovation outcomes, i.e. trademark innovation, ICT, and renewable energy on sustainable development, while governance has a heterogeneous impact. Besides, the findings from the DARDL simulations area plots display 10% counterfactual shocks to the public sector innovation outcomes on sustainable development. Furthermore, the Kernel-based regularised least square machine learning algorithm approach used in the study examines the marginal effects of the public sector innovation outcomes on sustainable development for robust findings. Therefore, the policy suggestions are solely concerned with the public sector’s adoption of more innovation dynamics through appropriate policy formulation.
摘要本研究调查了公共部门创新成果,如商标创新、信息和通信技术(ICT)、可再生能源和治理,在1980-2019年孟加拉国可持续发展中的作用。利用动态自回归分布滞后(DARDL)模拟方法,本研究揭示了公共部门创新成果(即商标创新、信息通信技术和可再生能源)对可持续发展的有利长期影响,而治理具有异质性影响。此外,DARDL模拟区域图的结果显示,公共部门创新成果对可持续发展产生了10%的反事实冲击。此外,研究中使用的基于核的正则化最小二乘机器学习算法方法考察了公共部门创新成果对可持续发展的边际影响,以获得稳健的结果。因此,政策建议只关注公共部门通过适当的政策制定,采用更多的创新动力。
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引用次数: 1
Greenwashing and public demand for government regulation 洗绿和公众要求政府监管
IF 2.4 2区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-12-12 DOI: 10.1017/S0143814X22000277
Dennis Kolcava
Abstract Environmental governance in many high-income democracies relies to some extent on self-regulation by the private sector. Yet, this policy mode is contested and proponents of top-down government regulation argue that voluntary corporate sustainability commitments remain shallow and rarely are more than greenwashing. I assess to what extent firms’ business conduct is subject to societal checks and balances, in particular, whether public support for regulation constitutes a control mechanism of corporate contributions to environmental goods. I rely on an original survey experiment (N = 2112) conducted with a representative sample of the Swiss voting population. The analysis shows that accusing firms of greenwashing reduces both citizens’ perceived effectiveness of self-regulation and perceived synergy of corporate profits and environmental protection. However, this attitudinal shift only translates into modest updates in respondents’ policy preferences. As a result, short-run shifts in public support for regulation are an unlikely societal control mechanism of business conduct.
许多高收入民主国家的环境治理在一定程度上依赖于私营部门的自我监管。然而,这种政策模式受到了质疑,自上而下的政府监管的支持者认为,企业自愿的可持续发展承诺仍然很肤浅,很少比“漂绿”更多。我评估了企业的商业行为在多大程度上受到社会制衡,特别是公众对监管的支持是否构成了企业对环境产品贡献的控制机制。我依靠的是一项原始调查实验(N = 2112),该实验是用瑞士投票人口的代表性样本进行的。分析表明,指责企业洗绿既降低了公民对自我监管有效性的感知,也降低了公民对企业利润与环境保护协同效应的感知。然而,这种态度的转变只能转化为受访者政策偏好的适度更新。因此,公众对监管支持的短期转变不太可能成为一种对商业行为的社会控制机制。
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引用次数: 1
Public policies and social progress: two evaluation models 公共政策与社会进步:两种评价模型
IF 2.4 2区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-12-12 DOI: 10.1017/S0143814X22000289
Reynaldo Fernandes
Abstract The article presents two models of public policy evaluation: one named idealistic and the other named pragmatic. In the former, social progress occurs when changes in the form of how society is organised bring us closer to social institutions and public authority conduct considered ideal. In the latter, social progress occurs if the prevailing social state (postchanges) is taken to be better than the previous social state (prechanges), according to certain pre-established judgement criteria. It is argued that the adoption of different models is one of the main obstacles to clarity in the public debate on the implementation of public policies, namely, that of making the points of disagreement explicit. The article presents a defence of the pragmatic model, which is considered more compatible with the use of scientific criteria in order to assess the effectiveness of policies.
摘要本文提出了两种公共政策评估模型:理想主义模型和实用主义模型。在前者中,当社会组织形式的变化使我们更接近被认为是理想的社会制度和公共权力行为时,社会进步就发生了。在后一种情况下,如果根据某些预先建立的判断标准,认为当前的社会状态(后变)比之前的社会状态(前变)更好,就会发生社会进步。有人认为,采用不同的模式是公共政策执行公开辩论中明确的主要障碍之一,即使分歧点明确。这篇文章提出了对实用主义模型的辩护,它被认为更符合使用科学标准来评估政策的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
The use of the abuse policy narrative in asylum debates and its effects on citizens’ opinion formation 虐待政策叙事在庇护辩论中的运用及其对公民舆论形成的影响
IF 2.4 2区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-12-12 DOI: 10.1017/S0143814X22000356
David Kaufmann, L. Bernhard
Abstract Asylum seekers are often portrayed as “bogus refugees” who try to abuse a destination country’s generosity and protection. We scrutinise the use and effect of such a constructed abuse policy narrative in Swiss asylum referendums by examining the conveyance of this narrative by political elite actors (meso-level) and its effect on citizens’ opinion formation (micro-level). On the meso-level, our analysis shows that political organisations rely more strongly on the abuse policy narrative (1) if a referendum proposal contains more tightening as opposed to streamlining policies and (2) if their political ideology is to the right. While the first finding also applies at the micro-level, voters from both the right and the centre are likely to base their decision on the abuse policy narrative. The fact that this narrative is convincing for centrist voters is particularly important as they usually play a decisive role in the outcome of asylum referendums.
摘要寻求庇护者经常被描绘成“虚假难民”,他们试图滥用目的国的慷慨和保护。我们通过研究政治精英行为者(微观层面)对这种叙事的传达及其对公民意见形成的影响(微观层面上),来仔细研究这种构建的虐待政策叙事在瑞士庇护公投中的使用和效果。在微观层面上,我们的分析表明,政治组织更强烈地依赖滥用政策的叙事:(1)如果公投提案包含更多的紧缩政策,而不是精简政策;(2)如果他们的政治意识形态是正确的。虽然第一个发现也适用于微观层面,但来自右翼和中间派的选民可能会根据虐待政策的叙述做出决定。这种说法对中间派选民来说是令人信服的,这一事实尤其重要,因为他们通常在庇护公投的结果中发挥决定性作用。
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引用次数: 0
Hate, amplified? Social media news consumption and support for anti-Muslim policies. 仇恨,放大了吗?社交媒体新闻消费和对反穆斯林政策的支持
IF 2.4 2区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-12-01 Epub Date: 2022-07-15 DOI: 10.1017/s0143814x22000083
Nazita Lajevardi, Kassra A R Oskooii, Hannah Walker

Research finds that social media platforms' peer-to-peer structures shape the public discourse and increase citizens' likelihood of exposure to unregulated, false, and prejudicial content. Here, we test whether self-reported reliance on social media as a primary news source is linked to racialised policy support, taking the case of United States Muslims, a publicly visible but understudied group about whom significant false and prejudicial content is abundant on these platforms. Drawing on three original surveys and the Nationscape dataset, we find a strong and consistent association between reliance on social media and support for a range of anti-Muslim policies. Importantly, reliance on social media is linked to policy attitudes across the partisan divide and for individuals who reported holding positive or negative feelings towards Muslims. These findings highlight the need for further investigation into the political ramification of information presented on contemporary social media outlets, particularly information related to stigmatised groups.

摘要研究发现,社交媒体平台的对等结构塑造了公共话语,并增加了公民接触不受监管、虚假和有偏见内容的可能性。在这里,我们测试了自我报告的对社交媒体作为主要新闻来源的依赖是否与种族主义政策支持有关,以美国穆斯林为例。美国穆斯林是一个公开可见但研究不足的群体,这些平台上充斥着大量虚假和有偏见的内容。根据三项原始调查和Nationscape数据集,我们发现对社交媒体的依赖与对一系列反穆斯林政策的支持之间存在着强烈而一致的联系。重要的是,对社交媒体的依赖与跨越党派分歧的政策态度以及对穆斯林持积极或消极情绪的个人有关。这些发现突出表明,有必要进一步调查当代社交媒体上呈现的信息的政治分支,特别是与污名化群体有关的信息。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Public Policy
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