Pub Date : 2023-04-24DOI: 10.1177/02685809231165908
Alia Kassem
Based on qualitative phenomenological research alongside village dwellers in Lebanon, this article identifies village-ness – an experience of being labelled as ‘non-urban’ with an upbringing and habitus considered to be ‘of the village’ – as difference and lack. I accordingly argue for the recognition of a hierarchization between those considered ‘city people’ and ‘village people’ in mainstream Lebanese imaginary that establishes experiences of discrimination, prejudice, and assault. Developing this, the article explores participants’ understandings of transformation improving these conditions. (Western-style) education, (capitalist) employment, (modern) technology, and a deepened connectivity to the city emerge as key variables in this respect. This change, my analysis shows, is conceptualised as ‘becoming urban’ understood as ‘becoming modern’, where Modernity is specifically framed as a Western-centric formation with discourses of ‘civility’, linear time, ‘development’, and ‘progress’ dominant. Accordingly, the article posits that the construction, inferiorisation, and assault of village-ness is a key site of the establishment and (re)production of a Eurocentric ‘urban modernity’ at the level of everyday lived experiences. Recognising that this phenomenon extends far beyond Lebanon, I posit the need to seriously bring the ‘urban question’ into anti/post/decolonial thought.
{"title":"Village-ness, discrimination, and urban modernity: Thinking alongside ‘village people’ in Lebanon","authors":"Alia Kassem","doi":"10.1177/02685809231165908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02685809231165908","url":null,"abstract":"Based on qualitative phenomenological research alongside village dwellers in Lebanon, this article identifies village-ness – an experience of being labelled as ‘non-urban’ with an upbringing and habitus considered to be ‘of the village’ – as difference and lack. I accordingly argue for the recognition of a hierarchization between those considered ‘city people’ and ‘village people’ in mainstream Lebanese imaginary that establishes experiences of discrimination, prejudice, and assault. Developing this, the article explores participants’ understandings of transformation improving these conditions. (Western-style) education, (capitalist) employment, (modern) technology, and a deepened connectivity to the city emerge as key variables in this respect. This change, my analysis shows, is conceptualised as ‘becoming urban’ understood as ‘becoming modern’, where Modernity is specifically framed as a Western-centric formation with discourses of ‘civility’, linear time, ‘development’, and ‘progress’ dominant. Accordingly, the article posits that the construction, inferiorisation, and assault of village-ness is a key site of the establishment and (re)production of a Eurocentric ‘urban modernity’ at the level of everyday lived experiences. Recognising that this phenomenon extends far beyond Lebanon, I posit the need to seriously bring the ‘urban question’ into anti/post/decolonial thought.","PeriodicalId":47662,"journal":{"name":"International Sociology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48508151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-24DOI: 10.1177/02685809231168579
Piotr A. Chomczyński, R. Guy, Elena Azaola
Mexican drug trafficking organizations have experienced rapid attrition resulting in a continual need for personnel since 2006. However, the process by which these criminal organizations absorb new members remains obscure. In this article, we report on the social context of recruitment and motivational pathways into Mexican drug trafficking organizations through in-depth interviews with current and former cartel members (N = 79). We find that recruits are motivated by aspirations of financial success and notions of masculinity, but also influenced by attachment to social groups and jointly shared experiences that we term a collective trajectory. We argue that individual decisions to join criminal organizations are viewed in collective terms, or being connected with members of their immediate social group. We conclude with the applications of challenges of collective trajectory for sociological criminology.
{"title":"Beyond money, power, and masculinity: Toward an analytical perspective on recruitment to Mexican drug trafficking organizations","authors":"Piotr A. Chomczyński, R. Guy, Elena Azaola","doi":"10.1177/02685809231168579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02685809231168579","url":null,"abstract":"Mexican drug trafficking organizations have experienced rapid attrition resulting in a continual need for personnel since 2006. However, the process by which these criminal organizations absorb new members remains obscure. In this article, we report on the social context of recruitment and motivational pathways into Mexican drug trafficking organizations through in-depth interviews with current and former cartel members (N = 79). We find that recruits are motivated by aspirations of financial success and notions of masculinity, but also influenced by attachment to social groups and jointly shared experiences that we term a collective trajectory. We argue that individual decisions to join criminal organizations are viewed in collective terms, or being connected with members of their immediate social group. We conclude with the applications of challenges of collective trajectory for sociological criminology.","PeriodicalId":47662,"journal":{"name":"International Sociology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49193752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-24DOI: 10.1177/02685809231168135
Patricia Frericks, Martin Gurín, Julia Höppner
Redistribution is one of the fundamental characteristics of developed societies. While societal redistribution between working and non-working citizens has been studied intensively, redistribution in terms of family has been analysed mainly as private redistribution. In this contribution, we study societal redistribution in terms of family by systematically analysing its regulation and simulating its results. We map family-related redistribution in Europe by analysing to whom financial resources are granted (benefits) and from whom resources are demanded (obligations) to identify the degree and logic of family-related redistribution. We compare 68 family forms in 27 European countries based on the micro-simulation model EUROMOD. The findings show that there are clear country-clusters of redistribution in terms of family. They differ, though, as to benefits and obligations. The degree of redistribution reveals that in most countries, societal redistribution is highest towards low-income, single-parent families and lowest towards low-income family forms without children.
{"title":"Mapping redistribution in terms of family: A European comparison","authors":"Patricia Frericks, Martin Gurín, Julia Höppner","doi":"10.1177/02685809231168135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02685809231168135","url":null,"abstract":"Redistribution is one of the fundamental characteristics of developed societies. While societal redistribution between working and non-working citizens has been studied intensively, redistribution in terms of family has been analysed mainly as private redistribution. In this contribution, we study societal redistribution in terms of family by systematically analysing its regulation and simulating its results. We map family-related redistribution in Europe by analysing to whom financial resources are granted (benefits) and from whom resources are demanded (obligations) to identify the degree and logic of family-related redistribution. We compare 68 family forms in 27 European countries based on the micro-simulation model EUROMOD. The findings show that there are clear country-clusters of redistribution in terms of family. They differ, though, as to benefits and obligations. The degree of redistribution reveals that in most countries, societal redistribution is highest towards low-income, single-parent families and lowest towards low-income family forms without children.","PeriodicalId":47662,"journal":{"name":"International Sociology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46450542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-14DOI: 10.1177/02685809231166575
O. Zelinska
Political allies, for example, parties, politicians, and civil society organizations, could be influential in grassroots mobilization. Yet, there are few empirical observations of whether and how these influential allies perform this role. I empirically examine the relationship between the influential allies and activists in Ukraine’s Maidan. I focus on mobilizing structures at the local level, that is, ‘local Maidans’, that arose in 2013–2014. In this mixed-methods study, I combine administrative and protest event data to generalize across cases, and I use interviews with activists, party members, and knowledgeable observers in Ukraine’s localities for conceptual and theoretical insights. The influential allies at the local level assisted in the mobilization of local Maidans across Ukraine. The presence of civil society organizations and opposition parties in localities, as well as interventions of local politicians created favorable conditions for mobilization, regardless of other factors such as the level of economic development.
{"title":"Influential allies and grassroots movement mobilization: Ukraine’s Maidan, 2013–2014","authors":"O. Zelinska","doi":"10.1177/02685809231166575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02685809231166575","url":null,"abstract":"Political allies, for example, parties, politicians, and civil society organizations, could be influential in grassroots mobilization. Yet, there are few empirical observations of whether and how these influential allies perform this role. I empirically examine the relationship between the influential allies and activists in Ukraine’s Maidan. I focus on mobilizing structures at the local level, that is, ‘local Maidans’, that arose in 2013–2014. In this mixed-methods study, I combine administrative and protest event data to generalize across cases, and I use interviews with activists, party members, and knowledgeable observers in Ukraine’s localities for conceptual and theoretical insights. The influential allies at the local level assisted in the mobilization of local Maidans across Ukraine. The presence of civil society organizations and opposition parties in localities, as well as interventions of local politicians created favorable conditions for mobilization, regardless of other factors such as the level of economic development.","PeriodicalId":47662,"journal":{"name":"International Sociology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49011751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-14DOI: 10.1177/02685809231164036
Xiaohua Xu, I. Sun, Yuning Wu
China’s massive rural to urban migration has created a vast number of left-behind children (LBC) whose parents moved to cities for work. Drawing upon data from LBC and non-left-behind children (NLBC) in three Chinese cities, this study tests the applicability of general strain theory in explaining deviant behavior among adolescents. The analysis results show that LBC status is directly related to lower involvement in deviant behavior, whereas it is also directly linked to academic difficulty and depression, leading to more deviant acts. Compared with NLBC, LBC have an overall lower risk of deviance. Male and middle school students and students experiencing parental abuse and family poverty are more inclined to express greater depression, subsequently promoting higher participation in deviance.
{"title":"Strain, depression, and deviant behavior among left-behind and non-left-behind adolescents in China","authors":"Xiaohua Xu, I. Sun, Yuning Wu","doi":"10.1177/02685809231164036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02685809231164036","url":null,"abstract":"China’s massive rural to urban migration has created a vast number of left-behind children (LBC) whose parents moved to cities for work. Drawing upon data from LBC and non-left-behind children (NLBC) in three Chinese cities, this study tests the applicability of general strain theory in explaining deviant behavior among adolescents. The analysis results show that LBC status is directly related to lower involvement in deviant behavior, whereas it is also directly linked to academic difficulty and depression, leading to more deviant acts. Compared with NLBC, LBC have an overall lower risk of deviance. Male and middle school students and students experiencing parental abuse and family poverty are more inclined to express greater depression, subsequently promoting higher participation in deviance.","PeriodicalId":47662,"journal":{"name":"International Sociology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48342611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1177/02685809231158845
Sari Hanafi
Influential in his writing about the Arab Spring, Azmi Bishara delivers a trilogy about the revolutions in Tunisia, Egypt and Syria which was first published in Arabic and then translated with some updates to English. while theoretically grounded, they are the outcome of extensive research and documentation of everyday events in these three countries and a reflection on the heated debates in the Arab world. Using a democratic transition theory perspective, Bishara thus explains the failure of the democratic transition and how it has impacted the Arab revolutions ever since. Despite the major setback in all these revolutions, Bishara, like myself, is still hopeful that this is the only dynamic that is possible to deliver long waiting changes.
{"title":"Understanding revolutions: About the trilogy of Azmi Bishara","authors":"Sari Hanafi","doi":"10.1177/02685809231158845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02685809231158845","url":null,"abstract":"Influential in his writing about the Arab Spring, Azmi Bishara delivers a trilogy about the revolutions in Tunisia, Egypt and Syria which was first published in Arabic and then translated with some updates to English. while theoretically grounded, they are the outcome of extensive research and documentation of everyday events in these three countries and a reflection on the heated debates in the Arab world. Using a democratic transition theory perspective, Bishara thus explains the failure of the democratic transition and how it has impacted the Arab revolutions ever since. Despite the major setback in all these revolutions, Bishara, like myself, is still hopeful that this is the only dynamic that is possible to deliver long waiting changes.","PeriodicalId":47662,"journal":{"name":"International Sociology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48084533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1177/02685809231158856a
Song Xu
{"title":"Charles Camic, Veblen: The Making of an Economist Who Unmade Economics","authors":"Song Xu","doi":"10.1177/02685809231158856a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02685809231158856a","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47662,"journal":{"name":"International Sociology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47121706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1177/02685809231158870
T. Olofsson
{"title":"Gary Alan Fine, The Hinge: Civil Society, Group Cultures, and the Power of Local Commitments","authors":"T. Olofsson","doi":"10.1177/02685809231158870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02685809231158870","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47662,"journal":{"name":"International Sociology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46087941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1177/02685809231158884
Alia Kassem
Transdisciplinary and brilliantly ethnographic, Women in Place is divided into three main case studies: Iran’s buses, parks, and football. In each, the ‘place of women’ is historicized, examined, and analysed exploring the formation, challenge, and change within state policies and women’s lived experiences. Through this, Women in Place offers a powerful intervention inviting us to re-think Iran, Islamism, and gender within the modern world. Not unlike other colonial and post-colonial contexts, the Iranian regime has sought to construct its identity – its ‘Islamic identity’ – on the bodies of ‘its’ women. This ‘Islamicness’, Women in Place argues, is primarily manufactured through mandatory hijab and gender segregation across buses, football stadiums, parks, and various institutions and spaces. Analysing the everyday lived experiences of women on whose bodies this unfolds, Shahrokni offers an in-depth analysis of the Islamic state itself. From public and personal safety, to health and wellbeing, to Islamic morality, and to national security, a large variety of different discourses are shown to have been mobilized by the Iranian state to justify and sell its various policies around the ‘women question’ over its 40-year history. Throughout, the state appears to create problems to then fashions itself as providing the solutions to these very problems including through a reformulation of such crises in a depoliticizing manner, for example, through technical or medical frames. Shahrokni’s analysis demonstrates the complexity of these discourses and, more importantly perhaps, the internal contradictions within and among them. The Iranian state accordingly emerges as ‘a flexible yet fragile’ heterogeneous body (p. 120) that has gone from revolutionary zeal to bureaucratic management. A pursuit of ‘balance’ and an attempt at ‘compromise’ here emerge as a key paradigm where the bodies of Iranian women persist as key sites upon which various political struggles are played. At times, these political struggles are within the state and among its various factions, but at others, it is with various non-state actors, such as the religious establishment, as well as international government and non-governmental bodies and organizations from Fédération internationale de football association 1158884 ISS0010.1177/02685809231158884International SociologyReviews: Sociology of Gender review-article2023
{"title":"Nazanin Shahrokni, Women in Place: The Politics of Gender Segregation in Iran","authors":"Alia Kassem","doi":"10.1177/02685809231158884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02685809231158884","url":null,"abstract":"Transdisciplinary and brilliantly ethnographic, Women in Place is divided into three main case studies: Iran’s buses, parks, and football. In each, the ‘place of women’ is historicized, examined, and analysed exploring the formation, challenge, and change within state policies and women’s lived experiences. Through this, Women in Place offers a powerful intervention inviting us to re-think Iran, Islamism, and gender within the modern world. Not unlike other colonial and post-colonial contexts, the Iranian regime has sought to construct its identity – its ‘Islamic identity’ – on the bodies of ‘its’ women. This ‘Islamicness’, Women in Place argues, is primarily manufactured through mandatory hijab and gender segregation across buses, football stadiums, parks, and various institutions and spaces. Analysing the everyday lived experiences of women on whose bodies this unfolds, Shahrokni offers an in-depth analysis of the Islamic state itself. From public and personal safety, to health and wellbeing, to Islamic morality, and to national security, a large variety of different discourses are shown to have been mobilized by the Iranian state to justify and sell its various policies around the ‘women question’ over its 40-year history. Throughout, the state appears to create problems to then fashions itself as providing the solutions to these very problems including through a reformulation of such crises in a depoliticizing manner, for example, through technical or medical frames. Shahrokni’s analysis demonstrates the complexity of these discourses and, more importantly perhaps, the internal contradictions within and among them. The Iranian state accordingly emerges as ‘a flexible yet fragile’ heterogeneous body (p. 120) that has gone from revolutionary zeal to bureaucratic management. A pursuit of ‘balance’ and an attempt at ‘compromise’ here emerge as a key paradigm where the bodies of Iranian women persist as key sites upon which various political struggles are played. At times, these political struggles are within the state and among its various factions, but at others, it is with various non-state actors, such as the religious establishment, as well as international government and non-governmental bodies and organizations from Fédération internationale de football association 1158884 ISS0010.1177/02685809231158884International SociologyReviews: Sociology of Gender review-article2023","PeriodicalId":47662,"journal":{"name":"International Sociology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47791001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1177/02685809231158853
Wenxing Zhou
The year 2023 marks the 10th anniversary of the Chinese government’s announcement of the strategy to build ‘new-type think tanks with Chinese characteristics’. As thousands of new think tanks launched across the country, has the Chinese government attained its strategic goals including advancing the scientific and democratic decision-making and the modernization of the national governance system and capacity? What key questions concerning think tanks remain unsolved? And what prospects on new think tanks could be expected? To answer these questions, this essay reviews five books written by representative Chinese think tank scholars and practitioners. It argues that while China has made progress in terms of quality, quantity, and institution building of new think tanks, as the books under review demonstrate, some major challenges remain. Among them, the most severe is that China has yet to develop a competitive idea market and cultivate an open think tank culture. This essay concludes by arguing that there is a long road ahead for China to shift from a big think tank country to a powerful think tank country.
{"title":"Think tanks with Chinese characteristics","authors":"Wenxing Zhou","doi":"10.1177/02685809231158853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02685809231158853","url":null,"abstract":"The year 2023 marks the 10th anniversary of the Chinese government’s announcement of the strategy to build ‘new-type think tanks with Chinese characteristics’. As thousands of new think tanks launched across the country, has the Chinese government attained its strategic goals including advancing the scientific and democratic decision-making and the modernization of the national governance system and capacity? What key questions concerning think tanks remain unsolved? And what prospects on new think tanks could be expected? To answer these questions, this essay reviews five books written by representative Chinese think tank scholars and practitioners. It argues that while China has made progress in terms of quality, quantity, and institution building of new think tanks, as the books under review demonstrate, some major challenges remain. Among them, the most severe is that China has yet to develop a competitive idea market and cultivate an open think tank culture. This essay concludes by arguing that there is a long road ahead for China to shift from a big think tank country to a powerful think tank country.","PeriodicalId":47662,"journal":{"name":"International Sociology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46321086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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