Journal of Experimental Criminology最新文献_第8页

Private security for curbing unwanted sexual behaviours in train stations: a place-based randomised controlled trial 私人保安遏制火车站内不受欢迎的性行为：基于场所的随机对照试验

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2024-07-27 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09632-x

Barak Ariel, John Langton, Kerry Peters, Kim Webster, Noy Assaraf

Background

Unwanted sexual behaviours (USB) are widespread within mass transit networks worldwide. The present study examines the effectiveness of a place-based approach to tackle USB: repeated visits by capable guardians to prevent victimisation in train stations with a greater propensity for incidence of USB.

Methods

Pretest-posttest between groups randomised controlled trial on the effect of an intervention administered by a non-police security team at a prominent train operating company in England and Wales. Eligible hotspot stations (n = 51) were randomly assigned to two conditions: enhanced security measures, encompassing heightened presence of security staff, proactive interaction with possible victims, and pre-emptive efforts to prevent USB, and business-as-usual conditions. Negative binomial regression models estimate the treatment effect in terms of USB, violence, and all other incidents in the treatment compared to the control arms.

Findings

The implementation of heightened security measures led to significant reductions in reported incidents of USB at treatment stations compared to control stations. The intervention has also led to significant decreases in reported violent incidents but has had no significant effect on other reported incidents.

Conclusions

Security personnel have the potential to serve as efficient guardians in train stations, effectively reducing the risk of USB and violence. The findings highlight the efficacy of place-based interventions as measures against USB. However, the intervention comes with a significant opportunity cost as the security teams had limited capacity to deal with other crime types. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

背景不受欢迎的性行为（USB）在世界各地的公共交通网络中普遍存在。本研究探讨了一种基于地点的方法对解决 USB 问题的有效性：在 USB 发生率较高的火车站，由有能力的监护人反复访问以防止受害。符合条件的热点车站（n = 51）被随机分配到两种条件下：加强安保措施（包括提高安保人员的存在感、与可能的受害者积极互动、预防 USB 的先发制人的努力）和一切照旧的条件。负二项回归模型估算了治疗组与对照组在 USB、暴力和所有其他事件方面的治疗效果。结果与对照组相比，加强安保措施的实施使治疗站报告的 USB 事件显著减少。结论保安人员有可能成为火车站的有效监护人，有效降低 USB 和暴力事件的风险。研究结果凸显了以场所为基础的干预措施在应对 USB 方面的功效。然而，由于安保团队处理其他类型犯罪的能力有限，因此干预措施需要付出巨大的机会成本。本文讨论了未来研究和实践的意义。

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引用次数: 0

How exposure to natural landscapes can decrease the tendency toward delinquent behavior: the role of delay discounting 接触自然景观如何减少犯罪行为倾向：延迟贴现的作用

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09631-y

Yevvon Yi-Chi Chang, Wen Cheng, Wen-Bin Chiou

Objectives

We conducted two experiments to test the possibility that exposure to natural (versus urban) landscapes is associated with a lower tendency to perform delinquent acts.

Methods

Participants were randomly assigned to either the nature or urban exposure condition in both experiments. A discounting measure was then administered. The likelihood of cheating in a matrix task (Experiment 1) and the tendency toward delinquent choices (Experiment 2) served as the dependent measures.

Results

Participants in the nature exposure condition were less likely to cheat in a matrix task (Experiment 1), and less inclined to make delinquent choices (Experiment 2), compared with participants in the urban exposure condition. The discounting tendency mediated the link between exposure to nature and the inclination to engage in delinquent behavior.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that exposure to urban landscapes is more closely associated with delinquent behavior than previously thought.

我们进行了两项实验，以检验接触自然景观（相对于城市景观）是否会降低犯罪倾向。然后进行折现测量。结果与城市暴露条件下的参与者相比，自然暴露条件下的参与者在矩阵任务中作弊的可能性较低（实验 1），作出违法选择的倾向较低（实验 2）。结论我们的研究结果表明，暴露于城市景观与犯罪行为之间的关系比以前认为的更为密切。

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引用次数: 0

Assessing the impact of safe consumption sites on neighborhood crime in New York City: a synthetic control approach 评估安全消费场所对纽约市社区犯罪的影响：合成控制方法

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2024-07-09 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09630-z

John J. Hall, Jerry H. Ratcliffe

Objectives

The study analyzes the impact of supervised consumption sites (SCSs) on local crime in New York City (NYC), examining both violent and property crimes.

Methods

We use a count-based synthetic control approach to compare police administrative crime data before and after SCS establishment in two NYC neighborhoods. This quasi-experimental design was used to infer the causal effects of SCSs on neighborhood crime, using an evaluation framework across a range of local spatial bandwidths.

Results

We found a significant 167% increase in property crimes within 1000 feet of the Washington Heights SCS after it opened as an SCS. We did not see changes in violence or property crimes near the East Harlem site. These findings suggest a differential impact of SCSs on neighborhood crime, possibly moderated by local factors.

Conclusion

This research contributes to our understanding of how SCSs impact neighborhoods, suggesting that their effect on neighborhood crime is not uniform and may be dependent on local context. It underscores the need for further research to understand the interaction between public health interventions and local crime trends.

目标本研究分析了监督消费场所（SCS）对纽约市（NYC）当地犯罪的影响，包括暴力犯罪和财产犯罪。方法我们采用基于计数的合成控制方法，比较了纽约市两个社区在监督消费场所设立前后的警方行政犯罪数据。结果我们发现，在华盛顿高地的 SCS 启用后，其 1000 英尺范围内的财产犯罪率大幅上升了 167%。在东哈莱姆区附近，我们没有发现暴力或财产犯罪的变化。这些研究结果表明，"沙中线 "对邻里犯罪的影响各不相同，可能受到当地因素的影响。它强调了进一步研究的必要性，以了解公共卫生干预措施与当地犯罪趋势之间的相互作用。

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引用次数: 0

The impact of a youth-focused problem-oriented policing initiative on crime: findings from a randomized controlled trial in three cities 以青年为重点、以问题为导向的警务举措对犯罪的影响：三个城市的随机对照试验结果

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2024-07-06 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09629-6

Bruce G. Taylor, Weiwei Liu, Shalima Zalsha, Jackie Sheridan-Johnson, George Sabol, Clifton R. Lacy

Objectives

This study tests whether Problem-Oriented Policing (POP) in hot spots of crime reduces property and violent crime in three cities, comparing POP versus control hot spots. We also examined low-levels versus high-levels of POP versus control on crime separately for pre-, during- and post-intervention.

Methods

This paper reports on a randomized controlled trial of POP replicated in three communities over one year using Poisson and negative binomial regression models.

Results

We did not find any significant intervention effect on violent crimes post intervention in any of the three sites but observed some unintended iatrogenic/negative effect of lowlevel treatment on property crimes in two sites.

Conclusions

Due to difficulties experienced in implementing POP, we caution against concluding POP does not work. Instead, low level POP implementation during the era of post COVID-19 and anti-policing sentiment post the George Floyd murder may not be effective in reducing property and violent crime.

目标本研究比较了在三个城市的犯罪热点地区开展以问题为导向的警务活动（POP）与对照热点地区的情况，检验了在犯罪热点地区开展以问题为导向的警务活动是否会减少财产犯罪和暴力犯罪。我们还分别对干预前、干预期间和干预后的低水平和高水平 POP 与对照组的犯罪情况进行了研究。方法本文采用泊松和负二项回归模型，报告了在三个社区复制的为期一年的 POP 随机对照试验。结果我们在三个地点均未发现干预后对暴力犯罪有任何明显的干预效果，但在两个地点观察到低水平治疗对财产犯罪产生了一些意外的先天性/负面影响。相反，在后 COVID-19 时代和乔治-弗洛伊德谋杀案后的反治安情绪时代实施低水平的民意调查可能无法有效减少财产犯罪和暴力犯罪。

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引用次数: 0

Behind the yellow sticker: paradoxical effects of a visual warning of body-worn cameras on the use of police force 黄色贴纸的背后：随身摄像头的视觉警告对使用警力的矛盾影响

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2024-07-04 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09627-8

Noy Assaraf, Alejandro Mouro, Donald M. Papy, Noel Castillo, Barak Ariel

Objectives

Research on police body-worn cameras (BWCs) draws attention to the need for suspects to be aware of the devices for them to exert a deterrent, “civilising effect”, which can manifest as a reduction in the use of force in police-public interactions. This awareness can be manipulated audibly, visually, or both, yet no trials exist to test a visual stimulus that increases awareness of BWCs relative to BWCs without this function. In this field experiment, we test the effect of a visual warning of BWCs on use-of-force incidence.

Methods

A six-month cluster-randomised controlled trial involving spatiotemporal police units was conducted in Miami Beach, USA. The units were randomly assigned to the experimental group, which included officers who wore BWCs featuring multiple yellow stickers and “VIDEO & AUDIO” logo (used as a visual warning). Officers in the control group were equipped with BWCs without yellow stickers. Neither group was required to announce the presence of the BWCs, thus isolating the visual warning from the audial warning. Poisson regression models estimate the treatment effect, with confirmatory subgroup analyses based on the proactive versus reactive interactions.

Results

Statistically significant differences in the use of force by officers, but in the contrary direction: higher rate of use of force due to equipping officers with BWCs with yellow stickers relative to BWCs without the yellow stickers. Relative change analysis indicates that yellow stickers cause an increase in the rate of use of force in incidents involving proactive policing, with a less pronounced increase in reactive policing.

Conclusion

Without contextualising their use to citizens, raising awareness of the presence of BWCs can aggravate police-public encounters.

目的有关警用随身照相机（BWCs）的研究提醒人们注意，需要让犯罪嫌疑人意识到这些设备，它们才能发挥威慑和 "文明效应"，从而在警民互动中减少使用武力。这种意识可以通过声音、视觉或两种方式进行操控，但目前还没有试验来测试相对于无此功能的 BWC 而言，通过视觉刺激来提高对 BWC 的意识。在本现场实验中，我们测试了BWCs视觉警告对使用武力事件的影响。方法在美国迈阿密海滩进行了一项为期六个月的分组随机对照试验，涉及时空警察单位。这些单位被随机分配到实验组，其中包括佩戴带有多个黄色贴纸和 "VIDEO & AUDIO "标识（用作视觉警告）的 BWCs 的警官。对照组的警官则配备了没有黄色贴纸的 BWC。两组人员都无需宣布 BWCs 的存在，从而将视觉警告与声音警告区分开来。泊松回归模型估算了处理效果，并根据主动与被动的交互作用进行了确认性分组分析。结果在统计上，警员使用武力的情况存在显著差异，但方向相反：相对于没有黄色贴纸的 BWC，配备了黄色贴纸的 BWC 的警员使用武力的比例更高。相对变化分析表明，黄色贴纸会导致主动警务事件中的武力使用率上升，而被动警务事件中的武力使用率上升则不太明显。

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引用次数: 0

Can we Break the School to Prison Pipeline through Partnerships? A Quasi-experimental Evaluation of the Effects of School Justice Partnerships 我们能否通过合作打破从学校到监狱的通道？对学校司法合作效果的准实验评估

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2024-07-03 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09628-7

Ian A. Silver, Christopher P. Krebs, Debbie Dawes

Objectives

The over usage of exclusionary discipline to address school-based behaviors remains a substantive concern given the linkage between school discipline (e.g., suspensions, expulsions, and referrals to the juvenile justice system) and adulthood involvement in the legal system. Research on strategies to reduce the usage of exclusionary discipline remains limited, warranting the quasi-experimental evaluation of School Justice Partnerships (SJPs).

Methods

A statewide evaluation of the effects of SJPs on disciplinary actions for school-based behaviors at the county-level was conducted by estimating multi-level interrupted time series analyses using publicly available data.

Results

The results of the analyses suggested that the implementation of a SJP was associated with immediate and sustained reductions in the rate of complaints to juvenile justice, but immediate reductions in long-term suspensions that rebounded over time.

Conclusions

Improvements to the SJPs model should be implemented to ensure that the partnership is effective at reducing both referrals to juvenile justice and school disciplinary actions.

目标鉴于学校纪律（如停学、开除和移交少年司法系统）与成年后卷入法律系统之间的联系，过度使用排斥性纪律来处理校内行为仍然是一个值得关注的实质性问题。有关减少使用排斥性纪律处分的策略的研究仍然有限，因此有必要对学校司法合作计划（School Justice Partnerships，SJPs）进行准实验性评估。方法在全州范围内对学校司法合作计划对县级学校行为纪律处分的影响进行评估，利用公开数据进行多层次间断时间序列分析。结果分析结果表明，实施 "学校联合项目 "能立即并持续减少青少年司法投诉率，但长期停学率也能立即减少，且随着时间的推移会出现反弹。结论应改进 "学校联合项目 "模式，以确保该合作项目能有效减少青少年司法投诉和学校纪律处分。

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引用次数: 0

The mark of a felony conviction: How does the threat of a felony influence willingness to accept a plea? 重罪定罪的印记：重罪威胁如何影响认罪意愿？

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2024-06-22 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09626-9

Jacqueline G. Lee, Chae M. Jaynes

Objectives

Investigate how the threat of a possible felony conviction affects defendants’ willingness to accept a plea (WTAP) and whether perceptions of collateral consequences explain this influence.

Methods

We use a nationwide (N=659) vignette experiment which manipulated 1) guilt and 2) plea offer charge reduction (felony or misdemeanor) to determine their effect on WTAP. Respondents were also asked to rank the relative importance of common collateral consequences in their decision to plea (or not).

Results

A felony probation plea offer, relative to a misdemeanor probation offer, was associated with lower WTAP. Perceptions of collateral consequences did not account for this “felony effect” on WTAP.

Conclusions

While people want to avoid the “mark” of a felony conviction, it is not necessarily due to fear of specific collateral consequences; instead, it appears that people want to avoid the stigmatizing label.

目的研究可能被判重罪的威胁如何影响被告接受认罪求情的意愿（WTAP），以及对附带后果的看法是否可以解释这种影响。方法我们在全国范围内（N=659）进行了一项小实验，通过操纵 1）内疚感和 2）认罪求情提议的罪名减免（重罪或轻罪）来确定它们对 WTAP 的影响。受访者还被要求对他们决定认罪（或不认罪）的常见附带后果的相对重要性进行排序。结果相对于轻罪缓刑认罪提议，重罪缓刑认罪提议与较低的WTAP相关。结论虽然人们希望避免重罪定罪的 "印记"，但这并不一定是由于害怕具体的附带后果；相反，人们似乎希望避免被贴上污名标签。

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引用次数: 0

Does the public want the police to stop, stopping? An experimental look at the impact of outcome data on public perceptions of police discretionary traffic stops 公众希望警察停车吗？通过实验研究结果数据对公众对警方酌情拦截交通的看法的影响

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2024-06-19 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09625-w

Hunter M. Boehme, Sohee Jung, Irick A. Geary, Robert A. Brown, Peter Leasure

Objectives

To assess whether data on traffic stop outcomes causally impacts public approval of discretionary traffic stops as a crime control strategy.

Methods

We distributed an original online survey experiment randomly assigning respondents (N = 4740) into either the (1) contraband condition, (2) disparity condition, or (3) the control condition.

Results

In comparison to the control condition, the contraband condition significantly increased respondent support of discretionary traffic stops as a crime-fighting tool. Black respondents assigned the contraband treatment were significantly more likely to support the use of discretionary traffic stops compared to Black respondents assigned the control condition.

Conclusions

Although scrutiny exists regarding the efficacy of discretionary traffic stops, public opinion may be shifted if they are provided with information on the outcomes of such stops. Police agencies should consider coupling evidence-based strategies with data on the outcomes of crime control strategies, which may also address community desire for more transparency. Minority civilians may support crime control strategies if presented with data on such strategies’ effectiveness.

目标评估有关交通拦截结果的数据是否会影响公众对酌情拦截作为犯罪控制策略的认可。方法我们发布了一项原创在线调查实验，将受访者（N = 4740）随机分配到(1)违禁品条件、(2)差异条件或(3)控制条件中。结果与控制条件相比，违禁品条件显著提高了受访者对酌情拦截作为打击犯罪工具的支持率。与采用对照条件的黑人受访者相比，采用违禁品处理条件的黑人受访者支持酌情拦截交通的可能性明显增加。结论虽然酌情拦截交通的效果受到严格审查，但如果向公众提供有关此类拦截结果的信息，公众意见可能会发生转变。警察机构应考虑将以证据为基础的策略与犯罪控制策略的结果数据结合起来，这也可以满足社区对提高透明度的愿望。如果向少数族裔平民提供有关犯罪控制策略有效性的数据，他们可能会支持这些策略。

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引用次数: 0

Motivating a standardised approach to financial intelligence: a typological scoping review of money laundering methods and trends 推动金融情报标准化方法：洗钱方法和趋势的类型范围审查

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09623-y

Eray Arda Akartuna, Shane D. Johnson, Amy Thornton

Objectives

A comprehensive scoping review, followed by visual analyses of results, was conducted to understand the overall money laundering threat landscape.

Methods

A PRSIMA-ScR-compliant review of 105 money laundering ‘typologies and trends’ reports was conducted, coding different components of money laundering and addressing the often-inconsistent nature of typologies reporting.

Results

The review identified 16 typologies, over 200 value instruments, over 200 actors/entities and 2565 red-flag indicators relevant to money laundering. Results were visualised to identify aggregate trends, including the suspicious activities with which these actors/entities and value instruments are typically involved.

Conclusion

The review suggests that a more holistic and cross-typological approach to reporting money laundering-related financial intelligence can assist in fostering better data sharing and cooperation across jurisdictions. Implications are drawn for how ‘typologies’ can be reported and articulated across relevant stakeholders in a more standardised and effective manner to improve prevention measures.

方法对 105 份洗钱 "类型和趋势 "报告进行了符合 PRSIMA-ScR 标准的审查，对洗钱的不同组成部分进行了编码，并解决了类型报告经常不一致的问题。对审查结果进行了可视化处理，以确定总体趋势，包括这些行为者/实体和价值工具通常涉及的可疑活动。审查还提出了如何以更加标准化和有效的方式报告 "类型 "并在相关利益攸关方之间阐明，以改进预防措施。

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引用次数: 0

Police compliance with the social contract as an antecedent of police legitimacy, of satisfaction with the police, and of willingness to obey: findings from a two-stage vignette experiment 警察遵守社会契约是警察合法性、警察满意度和服从意愿的先决条件：两阶段小实验的结果

IF 3 2区社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Experimental Criminology

Pub Date : 2024-05-28 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09622-z

Tal Jonathan-Zamir, Gali Perry, Naomi Kaplan-Damary, David Weisburd

Objectives

Test the effects of police compliance with the restrictions on their authority embedded in Social Contract Theory (SCT) on police legitimacy, satisfaction with the police, and willingness to obey police officers.

Methods

A two-stage vignette experiment. In the first, 1356 participants were randomly assigned to one of four study conditions: control, procedural justice (PJ), police performance (PP), and compliance with the social contract (SC). In the follow-up stage, 660 participants were randomly assigned to either a control or proportionality/least restrictive alternative (PL) condition.

Results

Compared to the control condition, the SC manipulation improved evaluations of all three dependent variables. For legitimacy, its effect was no different than that of PJ and PP. For satisfaction, it was similar to that of PP and stronger than the effect of PJ. For willingness to obey, it was no different than the effect of PJ, but stronger than that of PP. The second stage of the experiment revealed that compared to the control condition, the two unique components of the SC model (PL) significantly improved the scores of all three DVs.

Conclusions

Police adherence to the SC, and particularly to its two unique components, is an important determinant of police legitimacy and other outcomes, and should thus be acknowledged by researchers and practitioners. Future research is encouraged to disentangle the relative effects of the “building blocks” making up PJ, PP, and compliance with the SC.

目的测试警察遵守社会契约论（Social Contract Theory，SCT）中对其权力的限制对警察合法性、对警察的满意度以及服从警察的意愿的影响。方法分两个阶段进行小实验。在第一阶段，1356 名参与者被随机分配到四种研究条件之一：控制、程序正义（PJ）、警察表现（PP）和遵守社会契约（SC）。在后续阶段，660 名参与者被随机分配到对照组或比例/最小限制性选择（PL）条件下。结果与对照组条件相比，SC 操作改善了对所有三个因变量的评价。在合法性方面，其效果与 PJ 和 PP 的效果无异。在满意度方面，SC 与 PP 的效果相似，但强于 PJ 的效果。在服从意愿方面，其效果与 PJ 的效果无异，但强于 PP。第二阶段的实验表明，与对照条件相比，SC 模式的两个独特组成部分（PL）显著提高了所有三个 DV 的得分。我们鼓励未来的研究将构成 PJ、PP 和遵守 SC 的 "构件 "的相对影响区分开来。

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引用次数: 0