Christy L. Erving, Tiffany R. Williams, Alexander J. Holt, Aigné Taylor
In an era of police brutality and the Black Lives Matter movement, many Black Americans believe that racism is a mainstay of U.S. culture. Even if not experiencing racial threats or violence directly, racial tension can induce stress via anticipatory race‐related stress (ARRS). Drawing from theories of social stress and the intersectionality framework, this study examined the association between ARRS and depressive symptoms among Black women attending a historically Black university (N = 207). Second, we investigated whether psychosocial resources (mastery, resilience, self‐esteem, and social support) moderated the association between ARRS and depressive symptoms. Study results revealed that anticipatory race‐related stress was positively associated with depressive symptoms. Mastery and resilience moderated the association between anticipatory race‐related stress and depressive symptoms; that is, the association between ARRS and depressive symptoms was weaker for those with elevated levels of mastery and resilience. In sum, building resilience and mastery among Black women may be effective coping strategies for combatting anticipatory race‐related stress. However, dismantling structural racism is necessary to eliminate the anticipation of racism.
{"title":"Anticipatory Race‐Related Stress and Depressive Symptoms Among U.S. Black Women Attending a Historically Black University: Are Psychosocial Resources Stress Buffers?","authors":"Christy L. Erving, Tiffany R. Williams, Alexander J. Holt, Aigné Taylor","doi":"10.1111/soin.12626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12626","url":null,"abstract":"In an era of police brutality and the Black Lives Matter movement, many Black Americans believe that racism is a mainstay of U.S. culture. Even if not experiencing racial threats or violence directly, racial tension can induce stress via anticipatory race‐related stress (ARRS). Drawing from theories of social stress and the intersectionality framework, this study examined the association between ARRS and depressive symptoms among Black women attending a historically Black university (<jats:italic>N</jats:italic> = 207). Second, we investigated whether psychosocial resources (mastery, resilience, self‐esteem, and social support) moderated the association between ARRS and depressive symptoms. Study results revealed that anticipatory race‐related stress was positively associated with depressive symptoms. Mastery and resilience moderated the association between anticipatory race‐related stress and depressive symptoms; that is, the association between ARRS and depressive symptoms was weaker for those with elevated levels of mastery and resilience. In sum, building resilience and mastery among Black women may be effective coping strategies for combatting anticipatory race‐related stress. However, dismantling structural racism is necessary to eliminate the anticipation of racism.","PeriodicalId":47699,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Inquiry","volume":"156 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142177964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Previous studies on the relationship between working time and health generally find that longer working hours are detrimental for health outcomes. An unexplored issue in prior research is how other social structures, such as income inequality, can influence the working time/health relationship. Integrating arguments on the health consequences of income inequality and working time, this study considers how income inequality moderates the relationship between working hours and average life expectancy. It is proposed that the effect of working hours on life expectancy is greater in places that have higher levels of income inequality due to the increased precarity, stress and anxiety associated with longer work hours. Examining data from all 50 US states from 2005 to 2018, results from two‐way fixed‐effect models suggest that states with longer average working hours tend to exhibit lower average life expectancy net of other important economic and demographic controls. The models also reveal that the effect of working time on life expectancy is larger in states with higher levels of income inequality. These findings suggest that there are complex linkages between working time and inequality that negatively impact population health.
{"title":"Working Time, Income Inequality, and Life Expectancy: A Longitudinal Analysis of US States, 2005–2018","authors":"Jared Berry Fitzgerald","doi":"10.1111/soin.12630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12630","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies on the relationship between working time and health generally find that longer working hours are detrimental for health outcomes. An unexplored issue in prior research is how other social structures, such as income inequality, can influence the working time/health relationship. Integrating arguments on the health consequences of income inequality and working time, this study considers how income inequality moderates the relationship between working hours and average life expectancy. It is proposed that the effect of working hours on life expectancy is greater in places that have higher levels of income inequality due to the increased precarity, stress and anxiety associated with longer work hours. Examining data from all 50 US states from 2005 to 2018, results from two‐way fixed‐effect models suggest that states with longer average working hours tend to exhibit lower average life expectancy net of other important economic and demographic controls. The models also reveal that the effect of working time on life expectancy is larger in states with higher levels of income inequality. These findings suggest that there are complex linkages between working time and inequality that negatively impact population health.","PeriodicalId":47699,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Inquiry","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142177965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article explores the identity of students at an elite high school and how it contributes to privilege and inequality. Thirty‐two students from an elite high school in Israel were interviewed to examine two main questions: What characterizes these students' identity? How does their identity impact the cultivation and fostering of privilege and inequality? The findings identify three components of the elite student identity: (1) entitlement, as a natural experience of privilege and a developed awareness of rights; (2) the emotional burden of a competitive culture, leading to pressure to attain mind and body perfection and evoking feelings of hyper‐self‐consciousness; and (3) consequences of this burden, including pursuing corrective treatments, engaging in ethical transgressions and hazardous behaviors, and internal feelings of emptiness. The discussion interprets these characteristics of the elite student's identity in the context of their learning experience at an elite school, highlighting the consequences of these characteristics for cultivating and maintaining class privilege and social inequality.
{"title":"“We May Look Like Cream‐of‐the‐Crop Kids, but it's Tough Here”: Elite Identity, Emotional Burden, and Ethical Transgressions Among Students at an Elite High School","authors":"Miri Aviram, Avihu Shoshana","doi":"10.1111/soin.12629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12629","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the identity of students at an elite high school and how it contributes to privilege and inequality. Thirty‐two students from an elite high school in Israel were interviewed to examine two main questions: What characterizes these students' identity? How does their identity impact the cultivation and fostering of privilege and inequality? The findings identify three components of the elite student identity: (1) entitlement, as a natural experience of privilege and a developed awareness of rights; (2) the emotional burden of a competitive culture, leading to pressure to attain mind and body perfection and evoking feelings of hyper‐self‐consciousness; and (3) consequences of this burden, including pursuing corrective treatments, engaging in ethical transgressions and hazardous behaviors, and internal feelings of emptiness. The discussion interprets these characteristics of the elite student's identity in the context of their learning experience at an elite school, highlighting the consequences of these characteristics for cultivating and maintaining class privilege and social inequality.","PeriodicalId":47699,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Inquiry","volume":"109 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142177966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Museums can provide valuable benefits for children, but children from low socioeconomic (SES) backgrounds are less likely to have exposure to such institutions. We draw on interviews with 52 low‐SES parents to explore how perceptions of museums influence whether parents would consider bringing their children there. Respondents express a clear preference for enriching activities for their children. However, our findings reveal a tension between this general desire and parents' impressions of what museums are and how their children will experience them. We illustrate how limited familiarity with museums produces a circumscribed view of the range of experiences available at different kinds of museums and influences parents' perceptions of their child‐appropriateness, thus demonstrating the role of class‐based cultural knowledge in shaping the choices parents make about out‐of‐school activities. Our findings complicate the binary narrative that attributes parental investments to either preferences or resources and highlights how cultural knowledge about such activities may contribute to social inequality. The study also offers insights for cultural institutions that wish to attract a more socioeconomically diverse base of visitors.
{"title":"“Don't Touch!”: The Role of Cultural Knowledge in Low‐SES Parents' Perceptions of Museums","authors":"Shelley M. Kimelberg, Watoii Rabii","doi":"10.1111/soin.12628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12628","url":null,"abstract":"Museums can provide valuable benefits for children, but children from low socioeconomic (SES) backgrounds are less likely to have exposure to such institutions. We draw on interviews with 52 low‐SES parents to explore how perceptions of museums influence whether parents would consider bringing their children there. Respondents express a clear preference for enriching activities for their children. However, our findings reveal a tension between this general desire and parents' impressions of what museums are and how their children will experience them. We illustrate how limited familiarity with museums produces a circumscribed view of the range of experiences available at different kinds of museums and influences parents' perceptions of their child‐appropriateness, thus demonstrating the role of class‐based cultural knowledge in shaping the choices parents make about out‐of‐school activities. Our findings complicate the binary narrative that attributes parental investments to either preferences or resources and highlights how cultural knowledge about such activities may contribute to social inequality. The study also offers insights for cultural institutions that wish to attract a more socioeconomically diverse base of visitors.","PeriodicalId":47699,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Inquiry","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142177968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, we analyzed the effects of emigration on a high‐trust population's trust in other people. Our object of study was the Swedish‐speaking Finns, a homogenous national language minority of Finland with a relatively high proportion of emigrants. Using two highly comparable random sample surveys, one among Finland‐Swedes who had emigrated and one among Finland‐Swedes residing in Finland, we used emigration as a quasi‐experiment for explaining change in social trust. Theoretically, our aim was to test the symmetry of the experiential theory that, in similar studies but with low‐trust populations emigrating to higher trusting countries, has been found to explain an increase in trust. We distinguished between highly similar destinations and destinations that have lower levels of social trust. With the entropy balancing technique of weighting the covariates of the control group, we constructed two conditionally identical groups. The average difference in outcome of the weighted groups shows that the emigrants lost some of their trust when moving to countries with lower levels of trust. The effect was, however, time indifferent, which casts doubt on the assimilation hypothesis. The findings indicate that the experiential theory can explain also the loss of trust but that this comes with some restrictions.
{"title":"Does Social Trust Travel? Comparing Resident and Non‐resident Citizens from a High‐Trusting Country","authors":"Isak Vento, Staffan Himmelroos, Maria Bäck","doi":"10.1111/soin.12625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12625","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we analyzed the effects of emigration on a high‐trust population's trust in other people. Our object of study was the Swedish‐speaking Finns, a homogenous national language minority of Finland with a relatively high proportion of emigrants. Using two highly comparable random sample surveys, one among Finland‐Swedes who had emigrated and one among Finland‐Swedes residing in Finland, we used emigration as a quasi‐experiment for explaining change in social trust. Theoretically, our aim was to test the symmetry of the experiential theory that, in similar studies but with low‐trust populations emigrating to higher trusting countries, has been found to explain an increase in trust. We distinguished between highly similar destinations and destinations that have lower levels of social trust. With the entropy balancing technique of weighting the covariates of the control group, we constructed two conditionally identical groups. The average difference in outcome of the weighted groups shows that the emigrants lost some of their trust when moving to countries with lower levels of trust. The effect was, however, time indifferent, which casts doubt on the assimilation hypothesis. The findings indicate that the experiential theory can explain also the loss of trust but that this comes with some restrictions.","PeriodicalId":47699,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Inquiry","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141942337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, U.S. states have relaxed their laws to permit the operation of a commercial cannabis market despite enduring federal criminalization. While media outlets commonly point to money as the primary motivator for working in the newly regulated cannabis industry, this article advances the alternative view that becoming a cannabis professional is linked to a broader process of drug‐related identity formation. Interviews with cannabis professionals reveal that commercial cannabis careers are facilitated through diverse moral meanings associated with this plant regardless of economic success. These meanings are filtered through imagined futures of the cannabis trade that draw people to cannabis occupations, increase their job commitment, and formalize their professional identities. In the spirit of reflecting on cannabis policy at the twilight of drug prohibition, this article sketches out new directions for studying the regulated cannabis trade and advocates for greater attention to the projective element of capitalism in the operation of legally contested markets.
{"title":"Becoming a Cannabis Professional","authors":"Alexander B. Kinney","doi":"10.1111/soin.12627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12627","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, U.S. states have relaxed their laws to permit the operation of a commercial cannabis market despite enduring federal criminalization. While media outlets commonly point to money as the primary motivator for working in the newly regulated cannabis industry, this article advances the alternative view that becoming a cannabis professional is linked to a broader process of drug‐related identity formation. Interviews with cannabis professionals reveal that commercial cannabis careers are facilitated through diverse moral meanings associated with this plant regardless of economic success. These meanings are filtered through imagined futures of the cannabis trade that draw people to cannabis occupations, increase their job commitment, and formalize their professional identities. In the spirit of reflecting on cannabis policy at the twilight of drug prohibition, this article sketches out new directions for studying the regulated cannabis trade and advocates for greater attention to the projective element of capitalism in the operation of legally contested markets.","PeriodicalId":47699,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Inquiry","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141886269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As a result of the COVID‐19 pandemic, significant disruptions were experienced in the 2020 school year. Transitions to remote teaching and student dismissal from campuses contributed to higher rates of stress, anxiety, depression, and uncertainty about student futures. Many educational institutions in the U.S. had to cancel or modify commencement ceremonies in response to social distancing mandates. For emerging adults in college, those ages 18–25, the loss of a traditional graduation event made the transition out of school and into adult roles and responsibilities more challenging. This study, based on qualitative surveys of 38 graduates from the class of 2020 who attended a private liberal arts college and experienced a virtual graduation ceremony, reveals that without the formal closure on the liminal period of emerging adulthood and the college years, many graduates were struggling to feel a sense of being ready to move on to graduate school or adult working roles. The life course perspective is employed to examine the impacts of the disruptions to the educational experience and put the loss of rituals in context for emerging adults today.
{"title":"Craving Closure: The Challenges of a Canceled Commencement During the COVID‐19 Pandemic","authors":"Erin K. Anderson","doi":"10.1111/soin.12622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12622","url":null,"abstract":"As a result of the COVID‐19 pandemic, significant disruptions were experienced in the 2020 school year. Transitions to remote teaching and student dismissal from campuses contributed to higher rates of stress, anxiety, depression, and uncertainty about student futures. Many educational institutions in the U.S. had to cancel or modify commencement ceremonies in response to social distancing mandates. For emerging adults in college, those ages 18–25, the loss of a traditional graduation event made the transition out of school and into adult roles and responsibilities more challenging. This study, based on qualitative surveys of 38 graduates from the class of 2020 who attended a private liberal arts college and experienced a virtual graduation ceremony, reveals that without the formal closure on the liminal period of emerging adulthood and the college years, many graduates were struggling to feel a sense of being ready to move on to graduate school or adult working roles. The life course perspective is employed to examine the impacts of the disruptions to the educational experience and put the loss of rituals in context for emerging adults today.","PeriodicalId":47699,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Inquiry","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141611843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The United States has often been lauded for its reputation as a melting pot, embracing diverse cultures and backgrounds. However, beneath this outward display of diversity lies a more intricate reality illuminated by the experiences of immigrants. This study, which involved 19 interviews with first‐generation Korean immigrants operating small businesses in the United States, examines the diverse forms of discrimination and hate crime encountered by participants from various demographic backgrounds and immigration histories. These diverse perspectives, influenced by factors such as duration in the United States, gender, and age, contribute to a nuanced understanding of the challenges faced by immigrants before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The study also explores participants' experiences attributing the sources of challenges to neighborhood safety, grappling with issues related to racial background and language barriers, and contending with cultural precarity. The narratives vividly depict the multifaceted challenges within the business setting and daily lives of Korean immigrants. Significantly, these occurrences transcend differences in residency duration, age, gender, and personal experiences, emphasizing the need for nuanced and inclusive approaches to address discrimination effectively. Recognizing the shared impact of discriminatory practices across diverse individuals fosters a collective understanding, informing targeted interventions for a more inclusive and equitable society for Asian immigrants. Based on firsthand accounts and perceptions, the study discerns policy implications to comprehensively address these challenges among Korean/Asian immigrants in the United States.
{"title":"Finding ‘Home’ and Navigating ‘Cultural Precarity’: Grey Areas Between Racism and ‘Hate Crime’ Victimization Among Korean Businesses","authors":"Claire Seungeun Lee, Hannarae Lee, Insun Park","doi":"10.1111/soin.12623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12623","url":null,"abstract":"The United States has often been lauded for its reputation as a melting pot, embracing diverse cultures and backgrounds. However, beneath this outward display of diversity lies a more intricate reality illuminated by the experiences of immigrants. This study, which involved 19 interviews with first‐generation Korean immigrants operating small businesses in the United States, examines the diverse forms of discrimination and hate crime encountered by participants from various demographic backgrounds and immigration histories. These diverse perspectives, influenced by factors such as duration in the United States, gender, and age, contribute to a nuanced understanding of the challenges faced by immigrants before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The study also explores participants' experiences attributing the sources of challenges to neighborhood safety, grappling with issues related to racial background and language barriers, and contending with cultural precarity. The narratives vividly depict the multifaceted challenges within the business setting and daily lives of Korean immigrants. Significantly, these occurrences transcend differences in residency duration, age, gender, and personal experiences, emphasizing the need for nuanced and inclusive approaches to address discrimination effectively. Recognizing the shared impact of discriminatory practices across diverse individuals fosters a collective understanding, informing targeted interventions for a more inclusive and equitable society for Asian immigrants. Based on firsthand accounts and perceptions, the study discerns policy implications to comprehensively address these challenges among Korean/Asian immigrants in the United States.","PeriodicalId":47699,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Inquiry","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141568507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mary Blair‐Loy, Olga V. Mayorova, Rana Hegazy, Olivia A. Graeve, Pamela C. Cosman
Previous research has shown that gendered societal expectations are adopted by students as seemingly personal and individualistic self‐assessments and preferences, which then lead to gender‐normative choices about college majors and careers. This study examines one seemingly objective mechanism, which millions use each year for guidance on college majors and careers. We examine two Career Assessment Tools (CATs) with deep institutional presence: O*NET and Traitify. Analyzing an exemplar case of engineering majors, we find that CATs are less likely to recommend engineering occupations to women, even after controlling for GPA, satisfaction with the major, and planned persistence. Even in our sample of engineering majors, CATs apparently use small differences in students' gender‐normative self‐expressive preferences to drive sharply different occupational recommendations, thereby solidifying pathways toward gender‐segregated occupations and reinforcing men's dominance of engineering. If women similar to our study participants take CATs, they are likely to be steered away from engineering occupations or majors. More broadly, CATs illustrate how taken‐for‐granted, seemingly neutral technologies can reinforce gender segregation.
{"title":"Steering Women out of Engineering: Career Assessment Tools as a Technology of Self‐Expressive Segregation","authors":"Mary Blair‐Loy, Olga V. Mayorova, Rana Hegazy, Olivia A. Graeve, Pamela C. Cosman","doi":"10.1111/soin.12612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12612","url":null,"abstract":"Previous research has shown that gendered societal expectations are adopted by students as seemingly personal and individualistic self‐assessments and preferences, which then lead to gender‐normative choices about college majors and careers. This study examines one seemingly objective mechanism, which millions use each year for guidance on college majors and careers. We examine two Career Assessment Tools (CATs) with deep institutional presence: O*NET and Traitify. Analyzing an exemplar case of engineering majors, we find that CATs are less likely to recommend engineering occupations to women, even after controlling for GPA, satisfaction with the major, and planned persistence. Even in our sample of engineering majors, CATs apparently use small differences in students' gender‐normative self‐expressive preferences to drive sharply different occupational recommendations, thereby solidifying pathways toward gender‐segregated occupations and reinforcing men's dominance of engineering. If women similar to our study participants take CATs, they are likely to be steered away from engineering occupations or majors. More broadly, CATs illustrate how taken‐for‐granted, seemingly neutral technologies can reinforce gender segregation.","PeriodicalId":47699,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Inquiry","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141063389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cannabis had been illicitly cultivated for over half a century in the isolated tri‐county region of far northern California known in drugs lore as the “Emerald Triangle.” The regional industry gained legitimacy and experienced a significant boom in the 1990s when California legalized medical cannabis. In 2016, California legalized cannabis possession, use, and cultivation generally, and recreational sales for adults aged 21+ began in 2018. Drawing from 95 archived news reports published between 2018 and 2022 on California's move to legalize recreational cannabis as experienced in Humboldt County – the most populous in the region – I highlight how recreational legalization has invited opportunities for “soft” criminalization, while further legitimating the spectacle of police intervention into the illicit cannabis market. Soft criminalization has occurred via an onerous labyrinth of permitting laws that place untenable financial pressure on legacy cannabis growers. Entrenched forms of criminalization remain dependent on the trope of dangerous drug gangs, violence, and supposed ecological devastation.
{"title":"Recreational Cannabis and Recriminalization in the “Emerald Triangle”","authors":"Philip R. Kavanaugh","doi":"10.1111/soin.12609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12609","url":null,"abstract":"Cannabis had been illicitly cultivated for over half a century in the isolated tri‐county region of far northern California known in drugs lore as the “Emerald Triangle.” The regional industry gained legitimacy and experienced a significant boom in the 1990s when California legalized medical cannabis. In 2016, California legalized cannabis possession, use, and cultivation generally, and recreational sales for adults aged 21+ began in 2018. Drawing from 95 archived news reports published between 2018 and 2022 on California's move to legalize recreational cannabis as experienced in Humboldt County – the most populous in the region – I highlight how recreational legalization has invited opportunities for “soft” criminalization, while further legitimating the spectacle of police intervention into the illicit cannabis market. Soft criminalization has occurred via an onerous labyrinth of permitting laws that place untenable financial pressure on legacy cannabis growers. Entrenched forms of criminalization remain dependent on the trope of dangerous drug gangs, violence, and supposed ecological devastation.","PeriodicalId":47699,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Inquiry","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141063316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：