A rich body of literature has studied variances in motherhood wage penalties. Yet studies have not explored American rural–nonrural differences in this phenomenon. The spatial differences in women's experiences deserve exploration. Based on prior studies, rural mothers may experience greater wage penalties than nonrural mothers because of their high marriage rates, low educational levels, and the traditional gender attitudes and norms in rural communities. However, they may experience smaller penalties because rural job structures lack diversity and jobs there tend to be low‐paid. This paper uses fixed‐effects models to examine the rural–nonrural differences in motherhood wage penalties, with data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). The results show that although rural women reported lower education levels and higher marriage rates than nonrural women, they experienced smaller motherhood wage penalties than nonrural women partially because they were more likely to work in low‐paid occupations and industries.
{"title":"American Rural–Nonrural Differences in Motherhood Wage Penalties","authors":"Xiao Li","doi":"10.1111/soin.12610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12610","url":null,"abstract":"A rich body of literature has studied variances in motherhood wage penalties. Yet studies have not explored American rural–nonrural differences in this phenomenon. The spatial differences in women's experiences deserve exploration. Based on prior studies, rural mothers may experience greater wage penalties than nonrural mothers because of their high marriage rates, low educational levels, and the traditional gender attitudes and norms in rural communities. However, they may experience smaller penalties because rural job structures lack diversity and jobs there tend to be low‐paid. This paper uses fixed‐effects models to examine the rural–nonrural differences in motherhood wage penalties, with data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79). The results show that although rural women reported lower education levels and higher marriage rates than nonrural women, they experienced smaller motherhood wage penalties than nonrural women partially because they were more likely to work in low‐paid occupations and industries.","PeriodicalId":47699,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Inquiry","volume":"114 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140936610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Book Review: An Ugly Word: Rethinking Race in Italy and the United States, by AnnMorning and MarcelloManeri. New York, NY: Russel Sage Foundation. 2022. 284 pp. $37.50, Paperback or Ebook. ISBN: 978‐0‐87154‐678‐4","authors":"Samantha M. Frisk","doi":"10.1111/soin.12611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12611","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47699,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Inquiry","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140936608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lisa C. Kistler, Claire M. Renzetti, Diane R. Follingstad, Caihong R. Li
Persistently high rates of campus rape combined with changing legal landscapes surrounding reproductive health make student perceptions of the reproductive health consequences resulting from rape an important topic of research. In this study, we analyze student perceptions of a hypothetical campus rape in which a victim experiences no medical consequences, becomes pregnant, or contracts a sexually transmitted infection (STI) as a result of rape. Students in the sample recommended consistently severe punishment for the perpetrator across all three experimental conditions but viewed victim guilt and responsibility to be greatest for the rape resulting in pregnancy and least for the rape resulting in an STI. Qualitatively, students voiced strong sympathy for the victim due to the STI, yet rarely discussed the impact of pregnancy. We recommend that future research investigate the perceptions, prevalence, and consequences of reproductive health outcomes resulting from campus rape and suggest a reproductive justice framework for doing so.
{"title":"Student Perceptions of Reproductive Health Consequences Resulting from Rape","authors":"Lisa C. Kistler, Claire M. Renzetti, Diane R. Follingstad, Caihong R. Li","doi":"10.1111/soin.12608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12608","url":null,"abstract":"Persistently high rates of campus rape combined with changing legal landscapes surrounding reproductive health make student perceptions of the reproductive health consequences resulting from rape an important topic of research. In this study, we analyze student perceptions of a hypothetical campus rape in which a victim experiences no medical consequences, becomes pregnant, or contracts a sexually transmitted infection (STI) as a result of rape. Students in the sample recommended consistently severe punishment for the perpetrator across all three experimental conditions but viewed victim guilt and responsibility to be greatest for the rape resulting in pregnancy and least for the rape resulting in an STI. Qualitatively, students voiced strong sympathy for the victim due to the STI, yet rarely discussed the impact of pregnancy. We recommend that future research investigate the perceptions, prevalence, and consequences of reproductive health outcomes resulting from campus rape and suggest a reproductive justice framework for doing so.","PeriodicalId":47699,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Inquiry","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140810310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ashleigh Rushton, Suzanne Phibbs, Christine Kenney, Cheryl Anderson
This paper contributes to the emerging field of men, masculinities, and disasters by drawing on narratives of men's accounts of the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake, including how stories of the earthquake intersect with experiences and understandings of extreme weather and climate change. A qualitative methodology was employed, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 men who experienced the 7.8 magnitude earthquake. This article offers an examination of the complexity of disaster experiences and recovery, as well as how people make sense of hazards and risks. We argue that ongoing exposure to climate hazards informed participant's responses to other infrequent natural hazard events, such as the Kaikōura earthquake. The research identified that men construct their own understandings and responses to natural hazards through a hierarchy of risk perception and probability based on personal experience.
{"title":"The Interplay of Climate and Disaster in Men's Stories of the 2016 Kaikōura Earthquake in Aotearoa New Zealand1","authors":"Ashleigh Rushton, Suzanne Phibbs, Christine Kenney, Cheryl Anderson","doi":"10.1111/soin.12605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12605","url":null,"abstract":"This paper contributes to the emerging field of men, masculinities, and disasters by drawing on narratives of men's accounts of the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake, including how stories of the earthquake intersect with experiences and understandings of extreme weather and climate change. A qualitative methodology was employed, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 men who experienced the 7.8 magnitude earthquake. This article offers an examination of the complexity of disaster experiences and recovery, as well as how people make sense of hazards and risks. We argue that ongoing exposure to climate hazards informed participant's responses to other infrequent natural hazard events, such as the Kaikōura earthquake. The research identified that men construct their own understandings and responses to natural hazards through a hierarchy of risk perception and probability based on personal experience.","PeriodicalId":47699,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Inquiry","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140588945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite the recent surge in scholarly attention to anti‐Asian racism, what is largely missing in this growing body of literature is a bridge connecting studies on this subject to the broader field of race and ethnicity studies. In this special issue, we propose to use the concept of transculturality, which is defined as the process of cultural interaction, interpenetration, and hybridization that transcends the traditional borders of individual cultures, to establish this connection. In this introductory article, we first critically review the concepts of culture, interculturality, and multiculturality in the studies of race and ethnicity. Upon this review, we explain how transculturality advances the knowledge of racial and ethnic identity, ideas, and practices. This introduction concludes with an overview of each contribution, setting the stage for a comprehensive exploration of this complex and multifaceted issue. Collectively, this special issue aims to not only provide theoretical and empirical insights into the transculturality of anti‐Asian racism but also build a bridge between the studies of the Asian diaspora and the general research on race and ethnicity.
{"title":"Breaking Borders, Bridging Fields: Unveiling the Transculturality of Anti‐Asian Racism in a Global Context","authors":"Zhifan Luo, X. Alvin Yang, Muyang Li","doi":"10.1111/soin.12597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12597","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the recent surge in scholarly attention to anti‐Asian racism, what is largely missing in this growing body of literature is a bridge connecting studies on this subject to the broader field of race and ethnicity studies. In this special issue, we propose to use the concept of transculturality, which is defined as the process of cultural interaction, interpenetration, and hybridization that transcends the traditional borders of individual cultures, to establish this connection. In this introductory article, we first critically review the concepts of culture, interculturality, and multiculturality in the studies of race and ethnicity. Upon this review, we explain how transculturality advances the knowledge of racial and ethnic identity, ideas, and practices. This introduction concludes with an overview of each contribution, setting the stage for a comprehensive exploration of this complex and multifaceted issue. Collectively, this special issue aims to not only provide theoretical and empirical insights into the transculturality of anti‐Asian racism but also build a bridge between the studies of the Asian diaspora and the general research on race and ethnicity.","PeriodicalId":47699,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Inquiry","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140588946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As transgender and non‐binary (TNB) identities grow more visible in Western culture, some parents seek to ensure their children's gender self‐determination versus assuming their gender from birth. Such “gender‐open parenting” practices, however, can impact the parents' gender as much as the children's. Using interview data and thematic analysis from a larger project on gender‐open parenting, we examine a sub‐group of parents who started questioning their own gender identity after embarking on the practice. Parents also expressed concerns, however, about whether they were gender‐variant or non‐binary “enough” to claim a new label, echoing a growing literature on the limits of “transnormativity” and conventional identity development frameworks for encapsulating TNB experience. Instead of these frameworks, we turn to classical sociological models of the self to conceptualize parents' gender journeys, which emphasize the reflective, interactional processes of self‐development. Under these models, parents' identities are re‐born from the parenting work itself. We discuss the findings' implications for expanding understandings of gender identity throughout the life course, as well as for popular discourse and debates about who “counts” as TNB or gender‐variant in today's culture.
{"title":"Gender Identity Revisited among Gender‐Open Parents: New Perspectives from Classical Models of the Self","authors":"Elizabeth Rahilly, Andrew Seeber","doi":"10.1111/soin.12603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12603","url":null,"abstract":"As transgender and non‐binary (TNB) identities grow more visible in Western culture, some parents seek to ensure their children's gender self‐determination versus assuming their gender from birth. Such “gender‐open parenting” practices, however, can impact the <jats:italic>parents'</jats:italic> gender as much as the children's. Using interview data and thematic analysis from a larger project on gender‐open parenting, we examine a sub‐group of parents who started questioning their own gender identity after embarking on the practice. Parents also expressed concerns, however, about whether they were gender‐variant or non‐binary “enough” to claim a new label, echoing a growing literature on the limits of “transnormativity” and conventional identity development frameworks for encapsulating TNB experience. Instead of these frameworks, we turn to classical sociological models of the self to conceptualize parents' gender journeys, which emphasize the reflective, interactional processes of self‐development. Under these models, parents' identities are re‐born from the parenting work itself. We discuss the findings' implications for expanding understandings of gender identity throughout the life course, as well as for popular discourse and debates about who “counts” as TNB or gender‐variant in today's culture.","PeriodicalId":47699,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Inquiry","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140588981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents findings of qualitative analysis of female professors' views about the role of their parents' attitudes and family backgrounds in shaping their access to and participation in university education in Pakistan. Structural barriers in the form of lack of education, in particular, high education facilities and opportunities were linked to disadvantaged rural places of residence and geographical inequities, whereas parental values of believing in the importance of gaining professional education were commonly highlighted across the sample. Similarly, the family culture of encouraging and supporting children's education, and parental role in overcoming barriers in gaining access to university education were more likely reported than traditional gender role beliefs and gendered practices. Additionally, parents' positive and reinforcing attitudes toward their daughters' education played a mediating role in shaping study participants' academic dispositions and agencies that lead to their academic and career success. The analysis revealed that parents' positive educational values, encouraging attitudes, and supportive behaviors for their daughters were embedded in parents' personal histories and experiences of deprived status in education and occupational attainments.
{"title":"First‐Generation Female Professors from Low‐Income Families in Pakistan: The Influence of Parents on Access to and Involvement in Higher Education","authors":"Fouzia Sadaf, Shermeen Bano, Rahla Rahat","doi":"10.1111/soin.12601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12601","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents findings of qualitative analysis of female professors' views about the role of their parents' attitudes and family backgrounds in shaping their access to and participation in university education in Pakistan. Structural barriers in the form of lack of education, in particular, high education facilities and opportunities were linked to disadvantaged rural places of residence and geographical inequities, whereas parental values of believing in the importance of gaining professional education were commonly highlighted across the sample. Similarly, the family culture of encouraging and supporting children's education, and parental role in overcoming barriers in gaining access to university education were more likely reported than traditional gender role beliefs and gendered practices. Additionally, parents' positive and reinforcing attitudes toward their daughters' education played a mediating role in shaping study participants' academic dispositions and agencies that lead to their academic and career success. The analysis revealed that parents' positive educational values, encouraging attitudes, and supportive behaviors for their daughters were embedded in parents' personal histories and experiences of deprived status in education and occupational attainments.","PeriodicalId":47699,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Inquiry","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140151026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Book Review: Race at the Top: Asian Americans and Whites in Pursuit of the American Dream in Suburb Schools, by NatashaWarikoo. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. 2022. 232 pp. $23.99 Cloth: ISBN: 978‐0‐226‐63681‐8","authors":"Aradhana Singh","doi":"10.1111/soin.12602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12602","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47699,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Inquiry","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140151007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article challenges scholars to broaden their definition of anti‐Asian racism and whiteness through the lens of colorism theory. Existing literature on Asian Americans finds that the racial category is unique in its high percentage of foreign‐born individuals, yet little attention has been paid to how systems of discrimination and social stratification relevant in the Asian regional context have translated to or are relevant in the U.S. context. Through a systematic review of Asian American racialization literature, this article interrogates how the literature has continued to operate within a Black‐White binary and why the challenge to break out of said binary remains a timely one. Ultimately, this article encourages scholars to consider Global South perspectives on colorism and racism, thereby challenging scholars to orient away from Whiteness as it is understood in the limited U.S. racial context, and instead contend with the status of whiteness as it is understood in the Asian regional context. Such a theoretical reorientation promises to advance scholarly knowledge of intricate Asian American intra‐group dynamics and contribute to the growing literature on transnational anti‐Asian racism.
{"title":"Reorienting the Orient: Expanding upon Anti‐Asian Racism Scholarship through the Lens of Colorism Theory","authors":"Rachel Engel","doi":"10.1111/soin.12600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12600","url":null,"abstract":"This article challenges scholars to broaden their definition of anti‐Asian racism and whiteness through the lens of colorism theory. Existing literature on Asian Americans finds that the racial category is unique in its high percentage of foreign‐born individuals, yet little attention has been paid to how systems of discrimination and social stratification relevant in the Asian regional context have translated to or are relevant in the U.S. context. Through a systematic review of Asian American racialization literature, this article interrogates how the literature has continued to operate within a Black‐White binary and why the challenge to break out of said binary remains a timely one. Ultimately, this article encourages scholars to consider Global South perspectives on colorism and racism, thereby challenging scholars to orient away from Whiteness as it is understood in the limited U.S. racial context, and instead contend with the status of whiteness as it is understood in the Asian regional context. Such a theoretical reorientation promises to advance scholarly knowledge of intricate Asian American intra‐group dynamics and contribute to the growing literature on transnational anti‐Asian racism.","PeriodicalId":47699,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Inquiry","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140055923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fears of COVID‐19, alongside existing anti‐Asian sentiment, resulted in 11,467 documented hate incidents against Asians/Asian Americans in the United States between March 2020 and March 2022, per the Stop AAPI Hate Reporting Center. In response, #StopAsianHate and #StopAAPIHate were used on Twitter to increase public awareness. Considering anti‐Asian racism transcends geographic boundaries, we interrogate: how does engagement with these hashtags reflect the transculturality of responses to anti‐Asian racism in a digital environment? We analyzed 920,271 tweets between March 19, 2020, and May 31, 2022, containing either hashtag, defining a “spike” in engagement as any day with >5,000 tweets, and found that of 25 spikes, 11 immediately followed the 2021 Atlanta‐area shootings—however, another 12 spikes were related to South Korean megagroup BTS. We further compare the results of two topic modeling methods, LDA and NMF, to examine how the use of and engagement with these hashtags shift over time primarily due to BTS fans (“ARMY”). This work joins emerging scholarship on race, fandom, and activism through cultural production in order to advance our collective understanding of modern digital activism and racial politics. Overall, we interrogate fandom's contributions to combating anti‐Asian sentiment, build on existing literature exploring the potential for fandoms to advocate for social justice, and argue that the transculturality of BTS, ARMY, and their affective ties represent an opportunity for accessible global discourse about anti‐Asian racism.
{"title":"“We Are Bulletproof”: The Transcultural Power of Fandom in #StopAsianHate1","authors":"Amy Zhang, Christina Ong","doi":"10.1111/soin.12590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12590","url":null,"abstract":"Fears of COVID‐19, alongside existing anti‐Asian sentiment, resulted in 11,467 documented hate incidents against Asians/Asian Americans in the United States between March 2020 and March 2022, per the Stop AAPI Hate Reporting Center. In response, #StopAsianHate and #StopAAPIHate were used on Twitter to increase public awareness. Considering anti‐Asian racism transcends geographic boundaries, we interrogate: how does engagement with these hashtags reflect the transculturality of responses to anti‐Asian racism in a digital environment? We analyzed 920,271 tweets between March 19, 2020, and May 31, 2022, containing either hashtag, defining a “spike” in engagement as any day with >5,000 tweets, and found that of 25 spikes, 11 immediately followed the 2021 Atlanta‐area shootings—however, another 12 spikes were related to South Korean megagroup BTS. We further compare the results of two topic modeling methods, LDA and NMF, to examine how the use of and engagement with these hashtags shift over time primarily due to BTS fans (“ARMY”). This work joins emerging scholarship on race, fandom, and activism through cultural production in order to advance our collective understanding of modern digital activism and racial politics. Overall, we interrogate fandom's contributions to combating anti‐Asian sentiment, build on existing literature exploring the potential for fandoms to advocate for social justice, and argue that the transculturality of BTS, ARMY, and their affective ties represent an opportunity for accessible global discourse about anti‐Asian racism.","PeriodicalId":47699,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Inquiry","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140025008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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