Pub Date : 2021-08-11DOI: 10.1177/1097184X211038049
Gabriela Spector-Mersel, Ohad Gilbar
This study examines how Israeli men who are army veterans with combat-related post-traumatic stress and consequently participated in therapy engage “new masculinities” ideologies. Drawing from interview data with these veterans, we find changes in the men’s perceptions of masculinity and sense of themselves as men. They expressed this shift through criticisms of military masculinity and disassociating from the idea of man-as-fighter, disputing the sociocultural category of hegemonic masculinity, and performing practices identified as feminine. The men portrayed this movement, away from endorsing hegemonic military masculinity toward affirming “new masculinity” ideology rooted in therapeutic discourse, which emphasizes sensitivity, emotional disclosure, self-care, and seeking help, as intertwined with their mental recovery—and they attributed both to therapy. These findings suggest that new masculinity ideology embedded in therapeutic discourse, can offer men suffering from post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) a template to reaffirm their status as men—although men of a different kind—and indicate the possibilities for therapy in this endeavor. However, while the men adopted new masculinity ideologies, they also conformed to hegemonic masculinity, constructing hybrid masculinities. The study joins growing evidence that hybrid masculinities may have positive effects in enabling men to overcome the limitations of hegemonic masculinity, while also conforming to its expectations more broadly and maintaining men’s power.
{"title":"From Military Masculinity toward Hybrid Masculinities: Constructing a New Sense of Manhood among Veterans Treated for PTSS","authors":"Gabriela Spector-Mersel, Ohad Gilbar","doi":"10.1177/1097184X211038049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X211038049","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines how Israeli men who are army veterans with combat-related post-traumatic stress and consequently participated in therapy engage “new masculinities” ideologies. Drawing from interview data with these veterans, we find changes in the men’s perceptions of masculinity and sense of themselves as men. They expressed this shift through criticisms of military masculinity and disassociating from the idea of man-as-fighter, disputing the sociocultural category of hegemonic masculinity, and performing practices identified as feminine. The men portrayed this movement, away from endorsing hegemonic military masculinity toward affirming “new masculinity” ideology rooted in therapeutic discourse, which emphasizes sensitivity, emotional disclosure, self-care, and seeking help, as intertwined with their mental recovery—and they attributed both to therapy. These findings suggest that new masculinity ideology embedded in therapeutic discourse, can offer men suffering from post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) a template to reaffirm their status as men—although men of a different kind—and indicate the possibilities for therapy in this endeavor. However, while the men adopted new masculinity ideologies, they also conformed to hegemonic masculinity, constructing hybrid masculinities. The study joins growing evidence that hybrid masculinities may have positive effects in enabling men to overcome the limitations of hegemonic masculinity, while also conforming to its expectations more broadly and maintaining men’s power.","PeriodicalId":47750,"journal":{"name":"Men and Masculinities","volume":"24 1","pages":"862 - 883"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41318490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-23DOI: 10.1177/1097184X211034549
C. Winer
In 2019, the #BoysDanceToo movement reacted in anger to controversial, misogynistic remarks made on the television program, Good Morning America. These reactions highlighted the challenges faced by men and boys in dance. Yet, previous studies have documented significant advantages for men in dance. In an analysis of the discourse used in online posts related to the #BoysDanceToo movement, I find that these broader structural gender inequalities are generally not examined. Responses also do not interrogate the antifemininity that fuels the stigma against boys and men who dance. Analysis suggests that this is due to an overreliance on the language of sex roles—which can mask the oppression of women (as a group) by men (as a group)—and the neglect of a relational understanding of gender. As a result, women are largely erased from a conversation about gender oppression.
{"title":"Sex Roles and the Erasure of Women from Conversations About Gender Oppression: The Case of #BoysDanceToo","authors":"C. Winer","doi":"10.1177/1097184X211034549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X211034549","url":null,"abstract":"In 2019, the #BoysDanceToo movement reacted in anger to controversial, misogynistic remarks made on the television program, Good Morning America. These reactions highlighted the challenges faced by men and boys in dance. Yet, previous studies have documented significant advantages for men in dance. In an analysis of the discourse used in online posts related to the #BoysDanceToo movement, I find that these broader structural gender inequalities are generally not examined. Responses also do not interrogate the antifemininity that fuels the stigma against boys and men who dance. Analysis suggests that this is due to an overreliance on the language of sex roles—which can mask the oppression of women (as a group) by men (as a group)—and the neglect of a relational understanding of gender. As a result, women are largely erased from a conversation about gender oppression.","PeriodicalId":47750,"journal":{"name":"Men and Masculinities","volume":"24 1","pages":"842 - 861"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1097184X211034549","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42336663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-13DOI: 10.1177/1097184X211031969
Zachary D. Palmer
Based on interviews with 30 men who are fans of My Little Pony and ethnographic observations at four My little Pony conventions, this article examines men’s engagement with feminized media as a form of hybrid masculinities. I identify two major subgroups of fans. The first utilized the brony community as a space that expanded the norms for men around emotional expression without challenging systemic inequality and distanced themselves from privilege by aligning themselves with a “gender defying” fandom. The second and dominant group expressed an aggrieved masculinity and engaged with the community as an explicitly antifeminist project, reinterpreting the show to assert hegemonic masculinity. This article contributes to understanding how men may articulate power through their engagement with feminized media and, more generally, expands the concept of hybrid masculinities.
{"title":"“I’m Going to Love and Tolerate the Shit Out of You”: Hybrid Masculinities in the Brony Community","authors":"Zachary D. Palmer","doi":"10.1177/1097184X211031969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X211031969","url":null,"abstract":"Based on interviews with 30 men who are fans of My Little Pony and ethnographic observations at four My little Pony conventions, this article examines men’s engagement with feminized media as a form of hybrid masculinities. I identify two major subgroups of fans. The first utilized the brony community as a space that expanded the norms for men around emotional expression without challenging systemic inequality and distanced themselves from privilege by aligning themselves with a “gender defying” fandom. The second and dominant group expressed an aggrieved masculinity and engaged with the community as an explicitly antifeminist project, reinterpreting the show to assert hegemonic masculinity. This article contributes to understanding how men may articulate power through their engagement with feminized media and, more generally, expands the concept of hybrid masculinities.","PeriodicalId":47750,"journal":{"name":"Men and Masculinities","volume":"25 1","pages":"87 - 105"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1097184X211031969","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47384344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.1177/1097184x211025577
R. Wyrod
{"title":"Book Review: Male Survivors of Wartime Sexual Violence: Perspectives from Northern Uganda","authors":"R. Wyrod","doi":"10.1177/1097184x211025577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184x211025577","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47750,"journal":{"name":"Men and Masculinities","volume":"25 1","pages":"345 - 346"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1097184x211025577","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41843577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-29DOI: 10.1177/1097184X211025578
Peter Mortensen
Gender is a key factor in shaping perceptions of environmental relationships, and moving toward sustainability requires that we rethink dominant ideas about both femininity and masculinity. Danish bilingual author Karen Blixen (1885–1962) wrote cryptic and convoluted stories under the male pseudonym Isak Dinesen, and while there is an abundance of feminist scholarship on Dinesen, her critique of masculine identity and her relevance to the emergent field of ecomasculinity studies have so far gone unnoticed. In this essay, I draw on feminist scholarship and cultural histories of male embodiment, as I analyze fluid masculine corporeality in “The Monkey” (1934) and “Ehrengard” (1962). In both her early and late narratives, I argue, Dinesen pushes back against the 20th century “metallization” of male bodies with baroque narratives and characters whose trajectories begin to produce novel and fruitful understandings of masculinity and the male body in relation to other bodies and the more-than-human world. More specifically, what I label “fluidification” designates recurring moments in Dinesen’s writing when corporeal boundaries are breached and male characters find themselves re-manned and re-environed by their bodies’ all-too-human participation in “transcorporeal” flows. The male bodies that populate Dinesen’s fiction, I find, diverge strikingly from the seamlessly solid, statuesque, and self-enclosed men of steel fantasized by contemporary fascists, communists, futurists, militarists, and machine-age modernists. While the hegemonic ideal of hard, dry, anti-ecological masculinity has persisted and even flourished to the present day, I approach Dinesen’s fictions as counterhegemonic sites where alternative earth-friendlier meanings of masculinity can become visible.
{"title":"“The Juices of the Body”: Ecomasculine Fluidification in Two Stories by Isak Dinesen","authors":"Peter Mortensen","doi":"10.1177/1097184X211025578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X211025578","url":null,"abstract":"Gender is a key factor in shaping perceptions of environmental relationships, and moving toward sustainability requires that we rethink dominant ideas about both femininity and masculinity. Danish bilingual author Karen Blixen (1885–1962) wrote cryptic and convoluted stories under the male pseudonym Isak Dinesen, and while there is an abundance of feminist scholarship on Dinesen, her critique of masculine identity and her relevance to the emergent field of ecomasculinity studies have so far gone unnoticed. In this essay, I draw on feminist scholarship and cultural histories of male embodiment, as I analyze fluid masculine corporeality in “The Monkey” (1934) and “Ehrengard” (1962). In both her early and late narratives, I argue, Dinesen pushes back against the 20th century “metallization” of male bodies with baroque narratives and characters whose trajectories begin to produce novel and fruitful understandings of masculinity and the male body in relation to other bodies and the more-than-human world. More specifically, what I label “fluidification” designates recurring moments in Dinesen’s writing when corporeal boundaries are breached and male characters find themselves re-manned and re-environed by their bodies’ all-too-human participation in “transcorporeal” flows. The male bodies that populate Dinesen’s fiction, I find, diverge strikingly from the seamlessly solid, statuesque, and self-enclosed men of steel fantasized by contemporary fascists, communists, futurists, militarists, and machine-age modernists. While the hegemonic ideal of hard, dry, anti-ecological masculinity has persisted and even flourished to the present day, I approach Dinesen’s fictions as counterhegemonic sites where alternative earth-friendlier meanings of masculinity can become visible.","PeriodicalId":47750,"journal":{"name":"Men and Masculinities","volume":"25 1","pages":"106 - 125"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1097184X211025578","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44881566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-16DOI: 10.1177/1097184X211023545
Maria N. Scaptura, Kaitlin M. Boyle
Using an original self-report survey of 18- to 30-year-old men, this study aims to understand gendered processes underlying men’s attitudes toward guns and aggressive behavior through two types of threats. We find that acceptance threat, a threat to an individual man’s sense of masculinity, and status threat, the belief that societal changes disadvantage men as a group, are positively associated with both men’s attraction to guns and their aggressive reactions to perceived disrespect. The effect of acceptance threat is amplified when a strong sense of status threat is also present, including attraction to guns and aggressive reaction to disrespect. These patterns are more pronounced among economically advantaged white men due to their precarious position in the race, class, and gender hierarchies. The racial and classed intersections amplify beliefs of status and acceptance threat for white men, channeling these threats into aggression and attraction to guns. We discuss how men’s economic and racial locations shape their responses to threats, and ultimately the consequences for men’s violence.
{"title":"Protecting Manhood: Race, Class, and Masculinity in Men’s Attraction to Guns and Aggression","authors":"Maria N. Scaptura, Kaitlin M. Boyle","doi":"10.1177/1097184X211023545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X211023545","url":null,"abstract":"Using an original self-report survey of 18- to 30-year-old men, this study aims to understand gendered processes underlying men’s attitudes toward guns and aggressive behavior through two types of threats. We find that acceptance threat, a threat to an individual man’s sense of masculinity, and status threat, the belief that societal changes disadvantage men as a group, are positively associated with both men’s attraction to guns and their aggressive reactions to perceived disrespect. The effect of acceptance threat is amplified when a strong sense of status threat is also present, including attraction to guns and aggressive reaction to disrespect. These patterns are more pronounced among economically advantaged white men due to their precarious position in the race, class, and gender hierarchies. The racial and classed intersections amplify beliefs of status and acceptance threat for white men, channeling these threats into aggression and attraction to guns. We discuss how men’s economic and racial locations shape their responses to threats, and ultimately the consequences for men’s violence.","PeriodicalId":47750,"journal":{"name":"Men and Masculinities","volume":"25 1","pages":"355 - 376"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1097184X211023545","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41490184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-28DOI: 10.1177/1097184X211019076
C. Skinner
Although normative constructions of masculinity in Palestine denote emotional suppression as an idealized attribute, extreme subjugation under the grinding realities of a colonial military occupation requires that this ideal is negotiated. This article explores Palestinian rap as a channel through which emotions related to individual and collective oppression are expressed within the (fluid) parameters of a particular emergent masculine performance. Through qualitative research with young Palestinian men living in a refugee camp, I argue that emotional expression within this musical culture both functions to reconfigure binary gendered dynamics, while simultaneously masculinizing emotionality through a dialogic performance of emotion, nationalism, resistance, and paternalism. In some ways, patriarchal gendered binaries are hence challenged in and through the performance of Palestinian rap, while in other ways these are reconfigured so that men’s emotional expression can be subsumed within them. This article, therefore, examines the negotiation of “masculinity as emotional suppression” through rap, in a context in which internal patriarchal powers are routinely threatened by colonial patriarchal forces.
{"title":"“There Was Something Inside of Me I Needed to Let Out”: Occupied Masculinities, Emotional Expression and Rap Music in a Palestinian Refugee Camp","authors":"C. Skinner","doi":"10.1177/1097184X211019076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X211019076","url":null,"abstract":"Although normative constructions of masculinity in Palestine denote emotional suppression as an idealized attribute, extreme subjugation under the grinding realities of a colonial military occupation requires that this ideal is negotiated. This article explores Palestinian rap as a channel through which emotions related to individual and collective oppression are expressed within the (fluid) parameters of a particular emergent masculine performance. Through qualitative research with young Palestinian men living in a refugee camp, I argue that emotional expression within this musical culture both functions to reconfigure binary gendered dynamics, while simultaneously masculinizing emotionality through a dialogic performance of emotion, nationalism, resistance, and paternalism. In some ways, patriarchal gendered binaries are hence challenged in and through the performance of Palestinian rap, while in other ways these are reconfigured so that men’s emotional expression can be subsumed within them. This article, therefore, examines the negotiation of “masculinity as emotional suppression” through rap, in a context in which internal patriarchal powers are routinely threatened by colonial patriarchal forces.","PeriodicalId":47750,"journal":{"name":"Men and Masculinities","volume":"25 1","pages":"292 - 309"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1097184X211019076","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45684760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-26DOI: 10.1177/1097184X211019086
D. Lawson
consistently careful not to assert that masculinity is, rather that it is constructed as, but this makes the insistence that masculinities can be grouped into open or closed forms more puzzling. Second, whilst the book deals with change, whether some of the trends she describes are either historically unique or progressive is questionable. Elliott states that “masculinities have traditionally been considered closed, bounded, unitary” (p.55). Leaving aside the issues in talking about “traditional masculinity,” the idea that men’s power has been derived solely from autonomy, rationality, and emotional stoicism overlooks how “authentic” emotional expression have also been seen as signs of freedom for young men particularly. The discussions of openness in Chapter 5 (young men realizing who they “really are” and leaving life behind to move to Berlin) echo tropes reminiscent of Goethe or Rousseau’s Confessions, 1950s beat authors’, or the 1980s “new man,” not to mention discourses around emotional authenticity, masculinity, freedom, and creativity as central to rock, romantic, or jazz cultures. Whilst this book details the complexities of young men navigating contemporary masculinities, it is primarily about the freedoms and anxieties of young, privileged men, who make up the majority of Elliott’s sample (something she notes on p.181). This is valuable. However, despite insisting that change in masculinity comes from the margins (p.27), this claim is only really substantiated by a lone German queer, working-class respondent, Manni, who is discussed in relation to “caring masculinities” in Chapter 6 and who is atypical of her sample. As such whilst she observes that moves toward openness are linked to class (p. 193), she leaves the issue of how material-cultural, rather than cultural factors alone, influence possibilities for openness, tantilisingly open-ended.
{"title":"Book Review: Are Men Animals? How Modern Masculinity Sells Men Short","authors":"D. Lawson","doi":"10.1177/1097184X211019086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X211019086","url":null,"abstract":"consistently careful not to assert that masculinity is, rather that it is constructed as, but this makes the insistence that masculinities can be grouped into open or closed forms more puzzling. Second, whilst the book deals with change, whether some of the trends she describes are either historically unique or progressive is questionable. Elliott states that “masculinities have traditionally been considered closed, bounded, unitary” (p.55). Leaving aside the issues in talking about “traditional masculinity,” the idea that men’s power has been derived solely from autonomy, rationality, and emotional stoicism overlooks how “authentic” emotional expression have also been seen as signs of freedom for young men particularly. The discussions of openness in Chapter 5 (young men realizing who they “really are” and leaving life behind to move to Berlin) echo tropes reminiscent of Goethe or Rousseau’s Confessions, 1950s beat authors’, or the 1980s “new man,” not to mention discourses around emotional authenticity, masculinity, freedom, and creativity as central to rock, romantic, or jazz cultures. Whilst this book details the complexities of young men navigating contemporary masculinities, it is primarily about the freedoms and anxieties of young, privileged men, who make up the majority of Elliott’s sample (something she notes on p.181). This is valuable. However, despite insisting that change in masculinity comes from the margins (p.27), this claim is only really substantiated by a lone German queer, working-class respondent, Manni, who is discussed in relation to “caring masculinities” in Chapter 6 and who is atypical of her sample. As such whilst she observes that moves toward openness are linked to class (p. 193), she leaves the issue of how material-cultural, rather than cultural factors alone, influence possibilities for openness, tantilisingly open-ended.","PeriodicalId":47750,"journal":{"name":"Men and Masculinities","volume":"24 1","pages":"905 - 907"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1097184X211019086","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42899843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-25DOI: 10.1177/1097184X211017186
Tony J. Silva
This article uses the 2011–2019 National Survey of Family Growth to explore how masculinity attitudes differ by rural, suburban, and urban contexts across three social axes: sexual identity, race/ethnicity, and education. It examines within-group differences based on spatial context among 17,944 men aged 15–44 who are straight, gay/bisexual, Black, white, and Latino, as well as among men with less than a bachelor’s, a bachelor’s, and more than a bachelor’s. This contributes to existing knowledge in several ways: it is the first project to build on important qualitative studies through the use of a nationally representative sample; it contributes to the scarce research on how rural gay/bisexual, Black, and Latino men understand masculinity; and it examines how education shapes the relationship between spatial context and attitudes about masculinity. Results indicate that spatial context has a stronger relationship to attitudes among white men, straight men, and men without a bachelor’s than among Black men, Latino men, gay/bisexual men, or men with a bachelor’s or above. Theoretically, what this shows is that spatial context is more strongly related to masculinity attitudes for men who are advantaged on the basis of sexuality or race than for men who are marginalized on these axes. When significant differences emerged, rural men were more conservative than urban and suburban men, and suburban men were more conservative than urban men. These results show that there is a relationship between spatial contexts and attitudes about masculinity, but that it depends on social identity and level of education.
{"title":"Masculinity Attitudes Across Rural, Suburban, and Urban Areas in the United States","authors":"Tony J. Silva","doi":"10.1177/1097184X211017186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X211017186","url":null,"abstract":"This article uses the 2011–2019 National Survey of Family Growth to explore how masculinity attitudes differ by rural, suburban, and urban contexts across three social axes: sexual identity, race/ethnicity, and education. It examines within-group differences based on spatial context among 17,944 men aged 15–44 who are straight, gay/bisexual, Black, white, and Latino, as well as among men with less than a bachelor’s, a bachelor’s, and more than a bachelor’s. This contributes to existing knowledge in several ways: it is the first project to build on important qualitative studies through the use of a nationally representative sample; it contributes to the scarce research on how rural gay/bisexual, Black, and Latino men understand masculinity; and it examines how education shapes the relationship between spatial context and attitudes about masculinity. Results indicate that spatial context has a stronger relationship to attitudes among white men, straight men, and men without a bachelor’s than among Black men, Latino men, gay/bisexual men, or men with a bachelor’s or above. Theoretically, what this shows is that spatial context is more strongly related to masculinity attitudes for men who are advantaged on the basis of sexuality or race than for men who are marginalized on these axes. When significant differences emerged, rural men were more conservative than urban and suburban men, and suburban men were more conservative than urban men. These results show that there is a relationship between spatial contexts and attitudes about masculinity, but that it depends on social identity and level of education.","PeriodicalId":47750,"journal":{"name":"Men and Masculinities","volume":"25 1","pages":"377 - 399"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1097184X211017186","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48722300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-21DOI: 10.1177/1097184X211017620
R. Levant, J. Martín-Fernández, Ryon C Mcdermott, E. Thompson
This study was designed to inquire into the effects of aging versus age cohort by examining how men and women representing four age cohorts across the life span endorse masculinity ideology. Ascertaining whether different groups (such as age cohorts) understand a scale in the same way by assessing measurement invariance is a fundamental but oft-ignored prerequisite to comparing their scores on the scale. The Male Role Norms Inventory-Short Form (MRNI-SF) is a multidimensional measure used to assess beliefs in specific norms of masculinity, as well as general beliefs in traditional masculinity ideology (TMI). A five-item unidimensional MRNI -Very Brief (MRNI-VB) has also been developed measuring TMI only. This study administered the MRNI-SF (which includes the five items for the MRNI-VB) to 1,352 men and women in four age cohorts: young, established, middle-aged, and older. Multi-group confirmatory factor analyses found support for partial strong invariance for the MRNI-SF across age cohorts. Support for partial strict invariance was found for the MRNI-VB across age cohorts. For both scales, the effect sizes of non-invariant parameters were small in magnitude, thus non-invariance may have little practical significance. These results suggest that the MRNI-SF and the MRNI-VB measure similar masculinity ideology constructs across men and women in four age cohorts. Mean scores on each instrument were therefore compared across age cohorts with confidence, finding that the age cohorts commonly did not endorse “traditional” masculinity ideology, but differed in the level of disagreement with the tenets of TMI in six out of nine comparisons. In five of those six, older adults hewed more strongly to TMI than younger adults, suggesting that age cohort was more determinative of masculinity beliefs than age.
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