Pub Date : 1999-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10439463.1999.9964801
Willem Bart de Lint
Police in liberal democracies are both free citizens and accountable public agents. They are under strong restrictions of accountability in their exercise of authority but also have a powerful right to make decisions about individual freedoms; while labouring under tight legal and administrative constraints, they are themselves individually free. The unique role of the public police officer in this balance between private freedoms and public constraints has been an accomplishment which has required pro‐active policy. Such policy has had to maintain the police officer in the public/private divide while adapting broad transitions of liberal governance. This paper examines nineteenth century disciplinary reforms in policing in Canada and the prohibitions on the discourse between the police and the public. It is contended that this prohibition acted as a mechanism in the maintenance of the balance of this divide in police professionalization. The prohibition is consistent with Foucault's view of discipline as...
{"title":"Nineteenth century disciplinary reform and the prohibition against talking policemen","authors":"Willem Bart de Lint","doi":"10.1080/10439463.1999.9964801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.1999.9964801","url":null,"abstract":"Police in liberal democracies are both free citizens and accountable public agents. They are under strong restrictions of accountability in their exercise of authority but also have a powerful right to make decisions about individual freedoms; while labouring under tight legal and administrative constraints, they are themselves individually free. The unique role of the public police officer in this balance between private freedoms and public constraints has been an accomplishment which has required pro‐active policy. Such policy has had to maintain the police officer in the public/private divide while adapting broad transitions of liberal governance. This paper examines nineteenth century disciplinary reforms in policing in Canada and the prohibitions on the discourse between the police and the public. It is contended that this prohibition acted as a mechanism in the maintenance of the balance of this divide in police professionalization. The prohibition is consistent with Foucault's view of discipline as...","PeriodicalId":47763,"journal":{"name":"Policing & Society","volume":"64 1","pages":"33-58"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73606203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10439463.1999.9964803
D. Weatherburn, P. Grabosky
Despite the growth of interest in situational crime prevention, most approaches to property crime control, particularly in Australia, still place a heavy emphasis on the need for tougher sanctions and additional police. This article maintains that such approaches are neither effective nor efficient. It advocates a greater commitment by police to the strategic analysis of property crime, and the mobilisation of public/private partnerships to address those specific dimensions of the problem which are amenable to policy intervention. Police are encouraged to adopt a systematic approach to the task at hand. This will entail (1) identification of those specific components of the problem which are amenable to intervention, and (2) the development of partnerships with other governmental, non‐governmental and private institutions to address each specified components.
{"title":"Strategic approaches to property crime control","authors":"D. Weatherburn, P. Grabosky","doi":"10.1080/10439463.1999.9964803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.1999.9964803","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the growth of interest in situational crime prevention, most approaches to property crime control, particularly in Australia, still place a heavy emphasis on the need for tougher sanctions and additional police. This article maintains that such approaches are neither effective nor efficient. It advocates a greater commitment by police to the strategic analysis of property crime, and the mobilisation of public/private partnerships to address those specific dimensions of the problem which are amenable to policy intervention. Police are encouraged to adopt a systematic approach to the task at hand. This will entail (1) identification of those specific components of the problem which are amenable to intervention, and (2) the development of partnerships with other governmental, non‐governmental and private institutions to address each specified components.","PeriodicalId":47763,"journal":{"name":"Policing & Society","volume":"91 1","pages":"77-96"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80364203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-03-01DOI: 10.1080/10439463.1998.9964798
M. Neocleous
This article explores contrasting uses of the concept of police in the work of British and Continental writers in the eighteenth century. The shifting use of the term in the work of Adam Smith is placed in the wider context of debates concerning the nature of police in Britain and on the Continent. A comparison is made between the broad use of the concept in cameralism and police science in Europe and the far narrower meaning attached to the term as it becomes increasingly used in the British context. This acts as a springboard for some broader comments on the state‐civil society distinction, the limitations of liberalism, and the role that the police concept may play in conceptualising state power.
{"title":"Policing and pin‐making: Adam smith, police and the state of prosperity","authors":"M. Neocleous","doi":"10.1080/10439463.1998.9964798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.1998.9964798","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores contrasting uses of the concept of police in the work of British and Continental writers in the eighteenth century. The shifting use of the term in the work of Adam Smith is placed in the wider context of debates concerning the nature of police in Britain and on the Continent. A comparison is made between the broad use of the concept in cameralism and police science in Europe and the far narrower meaning attached to the term as it becomes increasingly used in the British context. This acts as a springboard for some broader comments on the state‐civil society distinction, the limitations of liberalism, and the role that the police concept may play in conceptualising state power.","PeriodicalId":47763,"journal":{"name":"Policing & Society","volume":"204 1","pages":"425-449"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1998-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77733909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-03-01DOI: 10.1080/10439463.1998.9964796
E. Mclaughlin, Karim Murji
The Police Federation has become an active and successful pressure group on policing and criminal justice issues in the U.K. This article traces the origins of the Federation through to two bitter and far reaching campaigns in the post‐war period. The first was the Federation's law and order and pay campaign in the 1970s, the second its battle against the Conservative government's reform proposals during 1993. It is argued that these campaigns represented ‘moments of truth’ when the Federation took it case to the public, appealing above the heads of government and senior officers in pursuit of its goals. A notable, and perhaps unique feature of these campaigns is shifting the ‘arena of negotiation’ through the use of press advertisements. The core textual and pictorial images and representations of the police and policework deployed during these campaigns are examined through use of the richly suggestive concept of ‘storylines’.
{"title":"Resistance through representation: 'storylines', advertising and police federation campaigns","authors":"E. Mclaughlin, Karim Murji","doi":"10.1080/10439463.1998.9964796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.1998.9964796","url":null,"abstract":"The Police Federation has become an active and successful pressure group on policing and criminal justice issues in the U.K. This article traces the origins of the Federation through to two bitter and far reaching campaigns in the post‐war period. The first was the Federation's law and order and pay campaign in the 1970s, the second its battle against the Conservative government's reform proposals during 1993. It is argued that these campaigns represented ‘moments of truth’ when the Federation took it case to the public, appealing above the heads of government and senior officers in pursuit of its goals. A notable, and perhaps unique feature of these campaigns is shifting the ‘arena of negotiation’ through the use of press advertisements. The core textual and pictorial images and representations of the police and policework deployed during these campaigns are examined through use of the richly suggestive concept of ‘storylines’.","PeriodicalId":47763,"journal":{"name":"Policing & Society","volume":"3 1","pages":"367-399"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1998-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91044005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-03-01DOI: 10.1080/10439463.1998.9964795
Peter Gill
A model of an intelligence ‘system’ is used to develop an exploratory map of specialist criminal intelligence units at municipal, provincial and federal levels in Canada. This involves part‐competing and part‐complementary structures, especially as represented by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police on the one hand and the Criminal Intelligence Service Canada on the other. Processes of targeting and priority‐setting are considered, including especially the role of ethnicity in identifying criminal organisations. Particular attention is given to the sharing of information between units and the fact that informal contacts between them frequently transcend formal agreements. There is discussion of the competing demands of ‘strategic’ and ‘tactical’ intelligence and the relationship of intelligence to police action. The interaction of processes of power and information within the partially fragmented structure of policing in Canada all mean that police intelligence processes will remain pre‐eminently examples of...
{"title":"Police intelligence processes: A study of criminal intelligence units in Canada","authors":"Peter Gill","doi":"10.1080/10439463.1998.9964795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.1998.9964795","url":null,"abstract":"A model of an intelligence ‘system’ is used to develop an exploratory map of specialist criminal intelligence units at municipal, provincial and federal levels in Canada. This involves part‐competing and part‐complementary structures, especially as represented by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police on the one hand and the Criminal Intelligence Service Canada on the other. Processes of targeting and priority‐setting are considered, including especially the role of ethnicity in identifying criminal organisations. Particular attention is given to the sharing of information between units and the fact that informal contacts between them frequently transcend formal agreements. There is discussion of the competing demands of ‘strategic’ and ‘tactical’ intelligence and the relationship of intelligence to police action. The interaction of processes of power and information within the partially fragmented structure of policing in Canada all mean that police intelligence processes will remain pre‐eminently examples of...","PeriodicalId":47763,"journal":{"name":"Policing & Society","volume":"160 1","pages":"339-365"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1998-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84988310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-03-01DOI: 10.1080/10439463.1998.9964797
A. Beck, K. Broadhurst
Prior to the election of the Labour Government in May 1997, plans were underway to introduce a national identity card scheme in the UK. The then Home Secretary, Michael Howard and representatives from the police and other groups had argued that amongst a wide range of benefits such a scheme would bring included improving police efficiency and helping to tackle a number of social problems. Others, however, raised concerns about the impact such a scheme may have on civil liberties and the relationship between the police and ethnic minority groups. This paper explores the potential effect the introduction of a national identity card scheme in the UK may have on the relationship between the police and ethnic minority groups. It draws on the experiences of other EU countries in the use of various types of identity card and suggests that the use of identity checks by police officers and other official agencies impact disproportionately on ethnic minority groups. It provides evidence that identity cards can be u...
{"title":"National identity cards: The impact on the relationship between the police and ethnic minority groups","authors":"A. Beck, K. Broadhurst","doi":"10.1080/10439463.1998.9964797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.1998.9964797","url":null,"abstract":"Prior to the election of the Labour Government in May 1997, plans were underway to introduce a national identity card scheme in the UK. The then Home Secretary, Michael Howard and representatives from the police and other groups had argued that amongst a wide range of benefits such a scheme would bring included improving police efficiency and helping to tackle a number of social problems. Others, however, raised concerns about the impact such a scheme may have on civil liberties and the relationship between the police and ethnic minority groups. This paper explores the potential effect the introduction of a national identity card scheme in the UK may have on the relationship between the police and ethnic minority groups. It draws on the experiences of other EU countries in the use of various types of identity card and suggests that the use of identity checks by police officers and other official agencies impact disproportionately on ethnic minority groups. It provides evidence that identity cards can be u...","PeriodicalId":47763,"journal":{"name":"Policing & Society","volume":"36 1","pages":"401-424"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1998-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74606606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-02-01DOI: 10.1080/10439463.1998.9964794
C. Birkbeck, Luis Gerardo Gabaldón
Whereas most research on police use of force has not found citizens’ social status to be a significant explanatory variable, we explore the alternative viewpoint that citizens’ social status may affect police decisions to use force against them, even after controlling for the effects of their behavior during the encounter. We argue that Venezuelan citizens’ respectability and influence is related to their ability to register a successful complaint against the police. Consequently, we hypothesize that officers are more likely to use force against lower status citizens, and are less likely to be influenced by their behavior during the encounter. The results of an attitudinal survey administered to 829 non‐commissioned officers in three Venezuelan cities show that officers are disposed to use more force against lower status citizens. We discuss the implications of these results for studies of police use of force, and for inquiry into the sociological significance of complaints against the police.
{"title":"The effect of citizens' status and behavior on Venezuelan police officers' decisions to use force","authors":"C. Birkbeck, Luis Gerardo Gabaldón","doi":"10.1080/10439463.1998.9964794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.1998.9964794","url":null,"abstract":"Whereas most research on police use of force has not found citizens’ social status to be a significant explanatory variable, we explore the alternative viewpoint that citizens’ social status may affect police decisions to use force against them, even after controlling for the effects of their behavior during the encounter. We argue that Venezuelan citizens’ respectability and influence is related to their ability to register a successful complaint against the police. Consequently, we hypothesize that officers are more likely to use force against lower status citizens, and are less likely to be influenced by their behavior during the encounter. The results of an attitudinal survey administered to 829 non‐commissioned officers in three Venezuelan cities show that officers are disposed to use more force against lower status citizens. We discuss the implications of these results for studies of police use of force, and for inquiry into the sociological significance of complaints against the police.","PeriodicalId":47763,"journal":{"name":"Policing & Society","volume":"38 1","pages":"315-338"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1998-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77010419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-02-01DOI: 10.1080/10439463.1998.9964793
Peter Gill
Writing and research into policing has concerned issues of police action much more than their information and intelligence activities. Police themselves are now paying more attention to the latter for a number of reasons including transnational policing developments such as Europol, a post Cold War increase in concern with ‘transnational organised crime’, the application of the ‘new public management’ to police, a search for new police strategies to ‘fight’ crime and developing policing networks. It is argued that the resulting shift towards ‘intelligence‐led’ policing can best be analysed within the context of a cybernetic model of police intelligence systems that relates the general shift towards governance with the more specific developments in policing. The main elements of the system ‐ targeting, gathering, analysis and dissemination ‐ are discussed and the conclusion indicates some of the research questions provoked.
{"title":"Making sense of police intelligence? The use of a cybernetic model in analysing information and power in police intelligence processes","authors":"Peter Gill","doi":"10.1080/10439463.1998.9964793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.1998.9964793","url":null,"abstract":"Writing and research into policing has concerned issues of police action much more than their information and intelligence activities. Police themselves are now paying more attention to the latter for a number of reasons including transnational policing developments such as Europol, a post Cold War increase in concern with ‘transnational organised crime’, the application of the ‘new public management’ to police, a search for new police strategies to ‘fight’ crime and developing policing networks. It is argued that the resulting shift towards ‘intelligence‐led’ policing can best be analysed within the context of a cybernetic model of police intelligence systems that relates the general shift towards governance with the more specific developments in policing. The main elements of the system ‐ targeting, gathering, analysis and dissemination ‐ are discussed and the conclusion indicates some of the research questions provoked.","PeriodicalId":47763,"journal":{"name":"Policing & Society","volume":"28 1","pages":"289-314"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1998-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84938256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-02-01DOI: 10.1080/10439463.1998.9964790
Peter Hall
In recent years the police have been increasingly channelled towards measures of effectiveness and efficiency. Within society there exists widespread desires for the policing of a universal, unitary form of order. In the arena of public order policing, however, these desires are obstructed by the pluralism of values, beliefs and interests contained within that same society. Members of the public are attracted towards the protection of their own specific and concrete interests, although they nonetheless attempt to invoke a universal and generalisable order to which ‘others’ should conform. In reality such a generalisable form of order is not possible. The police, when they engage in the actual maintenance of order, respond to these contradictory demands by attempting to produce orderliness by invoking concrete and pragmatic solutions which are informed by the specific circumstances. The consequent reality is a ‘good enough’ level of order which is viewed as workable and sufficient for the majority of the p...
{"title":"Policing order: Assessments of effectiveness and efficiency","authors":"Peter Hall","doi":"10.1080/10439463.1998.9964790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.1998.9964790","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years the police have been increasingly channelled towards measures of effectiveness and efficiency. Within society there exists widespread desires for the policing of a universal, unitary form of order. In the arena of public order policing, however, these desires are obstructed by the pluralism of values, beliefs and interests contained within that same society. Members of the public are attracted towards the protection of their own specific and concrete interests, although they nonetheless attempt to invoke a universal and generalisable order to which ‘others’ should conform. In reality such a generalisable form of order is not possible. The police, when they engage in the actual maintenance of order, respond to these contradictory demands by attempting to produce orderliness by invoking concrete and pragmatic solutions which are informed by the specific circumstances. The consequent reality is a ‘good enough’ level of order which is viewed as workable and sufficient for the majority of the p...","PeriodicalId":47763,"journal":{"name":"Policing & Society","volume":"254 1","pages":"225-252"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1998-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73216304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-02-01DOI: 10.1080/10439463.1998.9964791
D. Stevens
To examine the relationship between community and homicide, a series of societal indicators in 64 of the largest American cities were contrasted with homicide rates. Data show that there is a strong correlation between race and murder. One explanation of these findings is due in part to the inequities of law enforcement and in part to a lack of understanding by both the law enforcement community and the poor blacks residing in unstable female‐headed households that homicide is seen as an appropriate response in at‐risk environments. Social order must be affirmed through education should America wish to control future crime. This study calls for an examination of educated law enforcement and its effects on community response.
{"title":"Urban communities and homicide: Why American blacks resort to murder","authors":"D. Stevens","doi":"10.1080/10439463.1998.9964791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.1998.9964791","url":null,"abstract":"To examine the relationship between community and homicide, a series of societal indicators in 64 of the largest American cities were contrasted with homicide rates. Data show that there is a strong correlation between race and murder. One explanation of these findings is due in part to the inequities of law enforcement and in part to a lack of understanding by both the law enforcement community and the poor blacks residing in unstable female‐headed households that homicide is seen as an appropriate response in at‐risk environments. Social order must be affirmed through education should America wish to control future crime. This study calls for an examination of educated law enforcement and its effects on community response.","PeriodicalId":47763,"journal":{"name":"Policing & Society","volume":"4 1","pages":"253-267"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1998-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88819568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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