Pub Date : 1997-02-01DOI: 10.1080/10439463.1997.9964768
M. Gill, J. Hart
This paper, based on an empirical study, considers the characteristics of private investigation as a business enterprise. It reveals that private investigators most commonly work in small, autonomous units with very little centralisation and a largely informal structure that has changed little since Victorian times. There is currently no statutory regulation, little available training and recruitment is often based on knowing the right people. The article reports on how investigators are recruited and the types of professional experience that are valued, the age and size of businesses, and the steps taken to safeguard both their own interests and those of their clients. It ends by suggesting that most private investigation agencies can be classified as either ‘home‐based’, ‘high street’, ‘regional’, or ‘prestige’ and that despite their autonomous structures and the need to compete with each other, they can and do combine to offer clients a national and even international service which is rarely available ...
{"title":"Policing as a business: The organisation and structure of private investigation","authors":"M. Gill, J. Hart","doi":"10.1080/10439463.1997.9964768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.1997.9964768","url":null,"abstract":"This paper, based on an empirical study, considers the characteristics of private investigation as a business enterprise. It reveals that private investigators most commonly work in small, autonomous units with very little centralisation and a largely informal structure that has changed little since Victorian times. There is currently no statutory regulation, little available training and recruitment is often based on knowing the right people. The article reports on how investigators are recruited and the types of professional experience that are valued, the age and size of businesses, and the steps taken to safeguard both their own interests and those of their clients. It ends by suggesting that most private investigation agencies can be classified as either ‘home‐based’, ‘high street’, ‘regional’, or ‘prestige’ and that despite their autonomous structures and the need to compete with each other, they can and do combine to offer clients a national and even international service which is rarely available ...","PeriodicalId":47763,"journal":{"name":"Policing & Society","volume":"1000 ","pages":"117-141"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1997-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10439463.1997.9964768","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72506304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-02-01DOI: 10.1080/10439463.1997.9964766
G. Moon, K. Kelly, S. Savage, Y. Bradshaw
The work of the ‘police surgeon’ in Britain is characterised by role conflict with tensions between the medical/legal and therapeutic/evidential aspects of the role. This paper examines the dualisms which characterise the work of the police surgeon, and, on the basis of a national survey of police surgeons, provides data and analysis on the operation of the police surgeon service in England and Wales. It proceeds to focus more specifically and critically on the dilemmas of police surgeon work in three areas: ethical aspects of the police surgeon role; police surgeons’ treatment of victims of sexual assault; police surgeons’ decisions regarding mentally disordered persons.
{"title":"Divided loyalties?—the police surgeon and criminal justice","authors":"G. Moon, K. Kelly, S. Savage, Y. Bradshaw","doi":"10.1080/10439463.1997.9964766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.1997.9964766","url":null,"abstract":"The work of the ‘police surgeon’ in Britain is characterised by role conflict with tensions between the medical/legal and therapeutic/evidential aspects of the role. This paper examines the dualisms which characterise the work of the police surgeon, and, on the basis of a national survey of police surgeons, provides data and analysis on the operation of the police surgeon service in England and Wales. It proceeds to focus more specifically and critically on the dilemmas of police surgeon work in three areas: ethical aspects of the police surgeon role; police surgeons’ treatment of victims of sexual assault; police surgeons’ decisions regarding mentally disordered persons.","PeriodicalId":47763,"journal":{"name":"Policing & Society","volume":"23 1","pages":"79-98"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1997-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88308863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-02-01DOI: 10.1080/10439463.1997.9964767
Donald L. Yates, V. Pillai, Joel D. Humburg
A primary handicap of current community policing scholarship has been the failure of community policing research to incorporate comprehensive and broad dimensions of community policing. Such a lack of a rigorous assessment for the community policing concept has handicapped our ability to reliably assess community policing's benefits, as well as what constitute's its potential obstacles. This study adopts a broad dimension of community policing in evaluating the commitment levels of police officers both in the United States and in England to the roles and other responsibilities of community policing. Utilizing a multidimensional measure for assessing community policing attitudes, overall, the findings show broad support for the activities of community policing among patrol officers, constables, and police managers in England as well as in the United States.
{"title":"Committing to the new police‐community partnerships in the united states and england","authors":"Donald L. Yates, V. Pillai, Joel D. Humburg","doi":"10.1080/10439463.1997.9964767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.1997.9964767","url":null,"abstract":"A primary handicap of current community policing scholarship has been the failure of community policing research to incorporate comprehensive and broad dimensions of community policing. Such a lack of a rigorous assessment for the community policing concept has handicapped our ability to reliably assess community policing's benefits, as well as what constitute's its potential obstacles. This study adopts a broad dimension of community policing in evaluating the commitment levels of police officers both in the United States and in England to the roles and other responsibilities of community policing. Utilizing a multidimensional measure for assessing community policing attitudes, overall, the findings show broad support for the activities of community policing among patrol officers, constables, and police managers in England as well as in the United States.","PeriodicalId":47763,"journal":{"name":"Policing & Society","volume":"1 1","pages":"99-115"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1997-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75450320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10439463.1997.9964761
Mike Walker
This paper presents data from a case study of the 25 police officers comprising the Victim Recovery and Identification Team (VRIT) of the Metropolitan Police Service who were deployed at the site of the Lockerbie air crash in 1988. The purpose in presenting this case study is to review some of the conceptual and methodological issues identified in recent literature on stress amongst police officers. It looks at the distinction between stress and post‐traumatic stress and finds the distinction blurred. It considers the problems associated with gaining access to personally and professionally sensitive issues within the cultural context of police work and concludes that qualitative methods of research add an important dimension which is often missed by survey techniques. The implications are that we are more likely to under‐estimate rather than over‐estimate the incidence of stress amongst police officers.
{"title":"Conceptual and methodological issues in the investigation of occupational stress. A case study of police officers deployed on body recovery at the site of the Lockerbie air crash","authors":"Mike Walker","doi":"10.1080/10439463.1997.9964761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.1997.9964761","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents data from a case study of the 25 police officers comprising the Victim Recovery and Identification Team (VRIT) of the Metropolitan Police Service who were deployed at the site of the Lockerbie air crash in 1988. The purpose in presenting this case study is to review some of the conceptual and methodological issues identified in recent literature on stress amongst police officers. It looks at the distinction between stress and post‐traumatic stress and finds the distinction blurred. It considers the problems associated with gaining access to personally and professionally sensitive issues within the cultural context of police work and concludes that qualitative methods of research add an important dimension which is often missed by survey techniques. The implications are that we are more likely to under‐estimate rather than over‐estimate the incidence of stress amongst police officers.","PeriodicalId":47763,"journal":{"name":"Policing & Society","volume":"110 1","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77700462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10439463.1997.9964757
B. Hofstra, J. Shapland
The Netherlands have recently created a number of new agents of social control. These include the stadswachten (city wardens) and the politiesurveillanten (police patrollers). Both primarily patrol in city centres, with the police patrollers being a more junior rank in the regular police, but the city wardens a separate uniformed presence. Both have, primarily, an order maintenance and preventive/regulatory function. Summarising research on their structure, organization and effectiveness across a number of cities (including questionnaires to the general public and interviews with the social control agents and those who have had contact with them), it is suggested that though both seem to have a positive effect on fear of crime in these areas (and on some instances of nuisance/petty crime), city wardens find it is easier to interact with both police and public to do their job.
{"title":"Who is in control","authors":"B. Hofstra, J. Shapland","doi":"10.1080/10439463.1997.9964757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.1997.9964757","url":null,"abstract":"The Netherlands have recently created a number of new agents of social control. These include the stadswachten (city wardens) and the politiesurveillanten (police patrollers). Both primarily patrol in city centres, with the police patrollers being a more junior rank in the regular police, but the city wardens a separate uniformed presence. Both have, primarily, an order maintenance and preventive/regulatory function. Summarising research on their structure, organization and effectiveness across a number of cities (including questionnaires to the general public and interviews with the social control agents and those who have had contact with them), it is suggested that though both seem to have a positive effect on fear of crime in these areas (and on some instances of nuisance/petty crime), city wardens find it is easier to interact with both police and public to do their job.","PeriodicalId":47763,"journal":{"name":"Policing & Society","volume":"191 1","pages":"265-281"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74162275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10439463.1997.9964762
Beverley Milton-Edwards
This paper examines policing during the Palestinian uprising. It looks at the formation of the Palestinian Police Force (PPF) in 1993/94 under the framework of the Autonomy Agreement (Oslo Accords) signed on September 13, 1993 between the government of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). The paper explores the model of policing adopted under this framework suggesting that transition is allowing the perpetuation of an authoritarian approach to state‐society relations through this particular institution. I will also examine the role of the international donor community, training and recruitment and the debate about police‐community relations.
{"title":"Policing Palestinian Society","authors":"Beverley Milton-Edwards","doi":"10.1080/10439463.1997.9964762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.1997.9964762","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines policing during the Palestinian uprising. It looks at the formation of the Palestinian Police Force (PPF) in 1993/94 under the framework of the Autonomy Agreement (Oslo Accords) signed on September 13, 1993 between the government of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). The paper explores the model of policing adopted under this framework suggesting that transition is allowing the perpetuation of an authoritarian approach to state‐society relations through this particular institution. I will also examine the role of the international donor community, training and recruitment and the debate about police‐community relations.","PeriodicalId":47763,"journal":{"name":"Policing & Society","volume":"65 1","pages":"19-44"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81090081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10439463.1997.9964756
Willem Bart de Lint
For some time now the constable generalist has been a favoured model of the front‐line state‐funded general duty police officer. However, despite being favoured as an ideal, it has yet to be widely practiced. This paper seeks to address what impediments exist between the ‘model’ of the constable generalist and the reality of its widespread implementation. It is contended that the constable generalist can be broken down into three subtypes: the exemplary citizen, the networker, and the problem‐solver. Each of these variants are institutionally impeded from becoming practical realities. The constable generalist conceives police officers to be exemplary citizens, but law enforcement officers are tainted by crime‐taking exigencies. The constable generalist conceives the police to be networkers or network managers, but police as state representatives are traditionally seen as delimited in the information they have a right to act upon. The constable‐generalist conceives the police officer as an analyst and prob...
{"title":"The constable generalist as exemplary citizen, networker, and problem‐solver: Some implications","authors":"Willem Bart de Lint","doi":"10.1080/10439463.1997.9964756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.1997.9964756","url":null,"abstract":"For some time now the constable generalist has been a favoured model of the front‐line state‐funded general duty police officer. However, despite being favoured as an ideal, it has yet to be widely practiced. This paper seeks to address what impediments exist between the ‘model’ of the constable generalist and the reality of its widespread implementation. It is contended that the constable generalist can be broken down into three subtypes: the exemplary citizen, the networker, and the problem‐solver. Each of these variants are institutionally impeded from becoming practical realities. The constable generalist conceives police officers to be exemplary citizens, but law enforcement officers are tainted by crime‐taking exigencies. The constable generalist conceives the police to be networkers or network managers, but police as state representatives are traditionally seen as delimited in the information they have a right to act upon. The constable‐generalist conceives the police officer as an analyst and prob...","PeriodicalId":47763,"journal":{"name":"Policing & Society","volume":"63 1","pages":"247-264"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89677516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10439463.1997.9964758
K. Quinet, David J. Bordua, Wright L. Lassiter
Prior research in the U.S. has focused more on killings by police rather than of police. Additionally, previous research on felonious line‐of‐duty deaths (FLDD) of police has been limited because it has only covered certain time spans, cities or samples. This paper analyzes national trends in municipal, county and state officer deaths in the United States from 1960–1992. We examine several classes of variables in attempting to explain the trends: the number of officers, violence directed towards the police, general social violence and police practices. The present analyses finds an increase in FLDD from 1960–1971 and a paradoxical rather steady decline from 1971 to the present. Since 1989 (and in 1986), the U.S. male is more likely to be the victim of a homicide than is a line of duty police officer. Also, police are more likely to die as a result of an accident or suicide than a felonious (homicide) death. We conclude that the paradoxical decline may be explained partly by police practices of target hard...
{"title":"Line of duty police deaths: A paradoxical trend in felonious homicides in the United States","authors":"K. Quinet, David J. Bordua, Wright L. Lassiter","doi":"10.1080/10439463.1997.9964758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.1997.9964758","url":null,"abstract":"Prior research in the U.S. has focused more on killings by police rather than of police. Additionally, previous research on felonious line‐of‐duty deaths (FLDD) of police has been limited because it has only covered certain time spans, cities or samples. This paper analyzes national trends in municipal, county and state officer deaths in the United States from 1960–1992. We examine several classes of variables in attempting to explain the trends: the number of officers, violence directed towards the police, general social violence and police practices. The present analyses finds an increase in FLDD from 1960–1971 and a paradoxical rather steady decline from 1971 to the present. Since 1989 (and in 1986), the U.S. male is more likely to be the victim of a homicide than is a line of duty police officer. Also, police are more likely to die as a result of an accident or suicide than a felonious (homicide) death. We conclude that the paradoxical decline may be explained partly by police practices of target hard...","PeriodicalId":47763,"journal":{"name":"Policing & Society","volume":"11 1","pages":"283-296"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87657849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10439463.1997.9964763
E. Blaauw, R. Vermunt, A. Kerkhof
In 1992 the two police ministers in The Netherlands instated an advisory committee to formulate standards for the quality of detention circumstances in police stations. In 1992 and 1993 extensive and unique research was carried out in 60 Dutch police stations. This article describes the 126 standards that were formulated for detention circumstances in police stations and the degree to what these standards were met by the police stations. The majority of the standards proved to be feasible to meet, but were not unanimously met. In the Dutch police stations the quality of housing and facilities provided were better arranged than the quality of interaction and differentiation of treatment towards special groups of detained persons. The article deals with the value of the standards for police stations and other organisations in other countries and with possibilities for improving detention circumstances in police stations’ cellblocks.
{"title":"Detention circumstances in police stations: Towards setting the standards","authors":"E. Blaauw, R. Vermunt, A. Kerkhof","doi":"10.1080/10439463.1997.9964763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.1997.9964763","url":null,"abstract":"In 1992 the two police ministers in The Netherlands instated an advisory committee to formulate standards for the quality of detention circumstances in police stations. In 1992 and 1993 extensive and unique research was carried out in 60 Dutch police stations. This article describes the 126 standards that were formulated for detention circumstances in police stations and the degree to what these standards were met by the police stations. The majority of the standards proved to be feasible to meet, but were not unanimously met. In the Dutch police stations the quality of housing and facilities provided were better arranged than the quality of interaction and differentiation of treatment towards special groups of detained persons. The article deals with the value of the standards for police stations and other organisations in other countries and with possibilities for improving detention circumstances in police stations’ cellblocks.","PeriodicalId":47763,"journal":{"name":"Policing & Society","volume":"100 1","pages":"45-69"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74329331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10439463.1997.9964759
Neil S. Websdale, Byron R. Johnson
Two main lacunae in the literature on domestic violence and its policing set the stage for our research. The first is the absence of the “voices of women” and the publication of their opinions and perceptions of police performance at domestic disputes. The second is the failure to address rural domestic violence and its policing. Using ethnographic research as a starting point, we formulate two propositions that guide the current research project. This project involved conducting 510 structured interviews with a random sample of battered women residing in spouse abuse shelters in Kentucky. Findings indicate that when battered women present visible injuries to police officers, rural and urban women report few differences in the immediate provision of police services such as transporting women to shelters and arresting the abuser. In terms of rating police handling of domestics in their areas, urban battered women consistently evaluate police more highly. Finally, both urban and rural women rate the overall...
{"title":"The policing of domestic violence in rural and urban areas: The voices of battered women in Kentucky","authors":"Neil S. Websdale, Byron R. Johnson","doi":"10.1080/10439463.1997.9964759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.1997.9964759","url":null,"abstract":"Two main lacunae in the literature on domestic violence and its policing set the stage for our research. The first is the absence of the “voices of women” and the publication of their opinions and perceptions of police performance at domestic disputes. The second is the failure to address rural domestic violence and its policing. Using ethnographic research as a starting point, we formulate two propositions that guide the current research project. This project involved conducting 510 structured interviews with a random sample of battered women residing in spouse abuse shelters in Kentucky. Findings indicate that when battered women present visible injuries to police officers, rural and urban women report few differences in the immediate provision of police services such as transporting women to shelters and arresting the abuser. In terms of rating police handling of domestics in their areas, urban battered women consistently evaluate police more highly. Finally, both urban and rural women rate the overall...","PeriodicalId":47763,"journal":{"name":"Policing & Society","volume":"121 1","pages":"297-317"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73944880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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