Pub Date : 1997-12-01DOI: 10.1080/10439463.1997.9964782
G. Crandon, S. Dunne
Within the U.K. police authorities recognise the importance of information management as a function of good public relations and the detection of crime. The immediate recipients of this information management, the news media, recognise the police as a valuable and constant source of raw materials for news message. Seeking to question the myth of “independent” media wherein “objective” journalism flourishes, and focusing on a particular police authority, this paper examines: firstly, the contextual environments of crime news gathering, why police information on crime is so heavily included in the media; secondly, evidence of police influence on the numbers and contents of messages contained in the media; thirdly, the attitudes of journalists to news nformation derived from police press offices; and concludes finally, that the police/press interface will continue and flourish, mitigating against objective journalism, whence public perceptions of crime and policing may be largely incomplete or inaccurate.
{"title":"Symbiosis or vassalage? The media and the law enforcers ‐ the case of Avon and Somerset police","authors":"G. Crandon, S. Dunne","doi":"10.1080/10439463.1997.9964782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.1997.9964782","url":null,"abstract":"Within the U.K. police authorities recognise the importance of information management as a function of good public relations and the detection of crime. The immediate recipients of this information management, the news media, recognise the police as a valuable and constant source of raw materials for news message. Seeking to question the myth of “independent” media wherein “objective” journalism flourishes, and focusing on a particular police authority, this paper examines: firstly, the contextual environments of crime news gathering, why police information on crime is so heavily included in the media; secondly, evidence of police influence on the numbers and contents of messages contained in the media; thirdly, the attitudes of journalists to news nformation derived from police press offices; and concludes finally, that the police/press interface will continue and flourish, mitigating against objective journalism, whence public perceptions of crime and policing may be largely incomplete or inaccurate.","PeriodicalId":47763,"journal":{"name":"Policing & Society","volume":"14 1","pages":"77-91"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1997-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77076099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-08-01DOI: 10.1080/10439463.1997.9964776
R. Mawby, Z. Ostrihanska, D. Wójcik
While police structures and functions have changed dramatically in post‐communist societies, as yet little research has been carried out to either evaluate these changes or monitor victims’ perceptions of the ‘new’ police. Here we report on an exploratory study that monitors the experiences of 398 burglary victims in Poland, and compare the findings with those from England. While Polish victims perceived the police as having changed in a number of ways, and were especially positive about the improved ‘victim‐proneness’ of the police, they were generally far more critical of the police than were their English counterparts. This to some extent reflects differences in police procedures and to this extent is amienable to change, but our tentative conclusion is that criticism of the police is more a reflection of the rising crime rate and public feelings that if crime is out of control then the police are to blame. If our view is correct then it would appear that public evaluation of the police will be unlikel...
{"title":"Police response to crime: The perceptions of victims from two polish cities","authors":"R. Mawby, Z. Ostrihanska, D. Wójcik","doi":"10.1080/10439463.1997.9964776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.1997.9964776","url":null,"abstract":"While police structures and functions have changed dramatically in post‐communist societies, as yet little research has been carried out to either evaluate these changes or monitor victims’ perceptions of the ‘new’ police. Here we report on an exploratory study that monitors the experiences of 398 burglary victims in Poland, and compare the findings with those from England. While Polish victims perceived the police as having changed in a number of ways, and were especially positive about the improved ‘victim‐proneness’ of the police, they were generally far more critical of the police than were their English counterparts. This to some extent reflects differences in police procedures and to this extent is amienable to change, but our tentative conclusion is that criticism of the police is more a reflection of the rising crime rate and public feelings that if crime is out of control then the police are to blame. If our view is correct then it would appear that public evaluation of the police will be unlikel...","PeriodicalId":47763,"journal":{"name":"Policing & Society","volume":"26 1","pages":"235-252"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1997-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90938453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-08-01DOI: 10.1080/10439463.1997.9964775
Martha K. Huggins
An examination of the socio‐organizational roots of death squads in Brazil's military state and their persistence during the redemocratization period (post‐1985). Through several Brazilian case examples we explore a possible symbiosis between formal police systems and informal death squads, particularly death squads’ origins in, and connections to, the state and the criminal justice system. The thesis on devolution proposes that death squads are a product of a consequent ‐ if not fully intended ‐ process of state deconstruction, where part of the formal control system splits off, debureaucratizes, and increasingly carries out violence clandestinely and extralegally. Four sources of devolution are found: (a) in formal organization ‐ particularly in the bureaucratic centralization, specialization, and competition associated with a war model of policing; (b) an outgrowth of state‐related illegalities ‐ where devolution spawns further devolution into decentralization and loss of state control; which, in turn,...
{"title":"From bureaucratic consolidation to structural devolution: Police death squads in Brazil","authors":"Martha K. Huggins","doi":"10.1080/10439463.1997.9964775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.1997.9964775","url":null,"abstract":"An examination of the socio‐organizational roots of death squads in Brazil's military state and their persistence during the redemocratization period (post‐1985). Through several Brazilian case examples we explore a possible symbiosis between formal police systems and informal death squads, particularly death squads’ origins in, and connections to, the state and the criminal justice system. The thesis on devolution proposes that death squads are a product of a consequent ‐ if not fully intended ‐ process of state deconstruction, where part of the formal control system splits off, debureaucratizes, and increasingly carries out violence clandestinely and extralegally. Four sources of devolution are found: (a) in formal organization ‐ particularly in the bureaucratic centralization, specialization, and competition associated with a war model of policing; (b) an outgrowth of state‐related illegalities ‐ where devolution spawns further devolution into decentralization and loss of state control; which, in turn,...","PeriodicalId":47763,"journal":{"name":"Policing & Society","volume":"207 1","pages":"207-234"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1997-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73743095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-08-01DOI: 10.1080/10439463.1997.9964779
A. Hills
Using examples from sub‐Saharan Africa, the paper examines what happens to the police, policing and enforcement when low intensity conflict (LIC) is endemic. It argues that the nature of policing and enforcement is shown by such circumstances because it is no longer obscured by routine government processes. State police action is based on legitimised coercion predicated on an ability to translate power into authority. The brutality and state fragmentation frequently accompanying LIC do not preclude this but, in general, low status and inadequate training mean the police cannot operate in the absence of a recognised national regime. In addition, factors such as LIC and a fragile infrastructure have led areas to disengage from the political centre, mobilise local resources, and establish their own forms of policing. The police thus become peripheral as security is privatised. In spite of this, police systems are robust and survive LIC.
{"title":"Policing, enforcement and low intensity conflict","authors":"A. Hills","doi":"10.1080/10439463.1997.9964779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.1997.9964779","url":null,"abstract":"Using examples from sub‐Saharan Africa, the paper examines what happens to the police, policing and enforcement when low intensity conflict (LIC) is endemic. It argues that the nature of policing and enforcement is shown by such circumstances because it is no longer obscured by routine government processes. State police action is based on legitimised coercion predicated on an ability to translate power into authority. The brutality and state fragmentation frequently accompanying LIC do not preclude this but, in general, low status and inadequate training mean the police cannot operate in the absence of a recognised national regime. In addition, factors such as LIC and a fragile infrastructure have led areas to disengage from the political centre, mobilise local resources, and establish their own forms of policing. The police thus become peripheral as security is privatised. In spite of this, police systems are robust and survive LIC.","PeriodicalId":47763,"journal":{"name":"Policing & Society","volume":"55 1","pages":"291-308"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1997-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88311031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-08-01DOI: 10.1080/10439463.1997.9964777
Peter B. Kraskaa, Derek J. Paulsenb
Police studies have paid almost no attention to the increase in the number of and significant changes in the use of police paramilitary units (PPUs) in the United States ‐ commonly known as SWAT teams. This research examines a self‐proclaimed community policing department's past and current use of its PPU using participant‐observation, in‐depth interviews, and quantitative data. The quantitative data document the increased use of the unit and the trend toward normalizing it into mainstay policing functions. The qualitative data reveal several cultural themes unique to these types of units, including a pronounced militaristic culture, a preoccupation with danger, a high level of pleasure from engaging in paramilitary activities, and an active construction of PPU's status as the “elite” police.
{"title":"Grounded research into U.S. paramilitary policing: Forging the iron fist inside the velvet glove","authors":"Peter B. Kraskaa, Derek J. Paulsenb","doi":"10.1080/10439463.1997.9964777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.1997.9964777","url":null,"abstract":"Police studies have paid almost no attention to the increase in the number of and significant changes in the use of police paramilitary units (PPUs) in the United States ‐ commonly known as SWAT teams. This research examines a self‐proclaimed community policing department's past and current use of its PPU using participant‐observation, in‐depth interviews, and quantitative data. The quantitative data document the increased use of the unit and the trend toward normalizing it into mainstay policing functions. The qualitative data reveal several cultural themes unique to these types of units, including a pronounced militaristic culture, a preoccupation with danger, a high level of pleasure from engaging in paramilitary activities, and an active construction of PPU's status as the “elite” police.","PeriodicalId":47763,"journal":{"name":"Policing & Society","volume":"7 1","pages":"253-270"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1997-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89300891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-08-01DOI: 10.1080/10439463.1997.9964778
C. Harfield
Expecting community consultation structures of doubtful effectiveness devised for one purpose in 1984 to be able simultaneously to meet very different demands in 1994 is unrealistic. The role for community consultation groups is considered within the context of the Enforcement, Service and Community Models of policing and within the philosophy of New Public Management. Community consultation is examined alongside other democratic values pertinent to policing. More honest expectations of what consultation can realistically achieve are advocated because community consultation structures cannot reliably be used as a basis for setting policing objectives, and indeed are largely impotent in the objective‐setting process.
{"title":"Consent, consensus or the management of dissent?: Challenges to community consultation in a new policing environment","authors":"C. Harfield","doi":"10.1080/10439463.1997.9964778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.1997.9964778","url":null,"abstract":"Expecting community consultation structures of doubtful effectiveness devised for one purpose in 1984 to be able simultaneously to meet very different demands in 1994 is unrealistic. The role for community consultation groups is considered within the context of the Enforcement, Service and Community Models of policing and within the philosophy of New Public Management. Community consultation is examined alongside other democratic values pertinent to policing. More honest expectations of what consultation can realistically achieve are advocated because community consultation structures cannot reliably be used as a basis for setting policing objectives, and indeed are largely impotent in the objective‐setting process.","PeriodicalId":47763,"journal":{"name":"Policing & Society","volume":"240 1","pages":"271-289"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1997-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76439734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-03-01DOI: 10.1080/10439463.1997.9964770
I. Loader
Against a backdrop of uncertainty created by an escalating and unmet public demand for police protection, and the reemergence of unregulated commercial security, this paper has three aims. First, it outlines the developments in security provision currently unfolding in Britain and reviews some of the responses that have been made. It then develops a critique of recent suggestions that private security is best countered by introducing novel ways of meeting the public demand for a visible police patrol presence. Finally, it proffers an alternative way of responding to the commodification of security, one suggesting that the concept of private security is in fact an oxymoron.
{"title":"Private security and the demand for protection in contemporary britain","authors":"I. Loader","doi":"10.1080/10439463.1997.9964770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.1997.9964770","url":null,"abstract":"Against a backdrop of uncertainty created by an escalating and unmet public demand for police protection, and the reemergence of unregulated commercial security, this paper has three aims. First, it outlines the developments in security provision currently unfolding in Britain and reviews some of the responses that have been made. It then develops a critique of recent suggestions that private security is best countered by introducing novel ways of meeting the public demand for a visible police patrol presence. Finally, it proffers an alternative way of responding to the commodification of security, one suggesting that the concept of private security is in fact an oxymoron.","PeriodicalId":47763,"journal":{"name":"Policing & Society","volume":"2016 1","pages":"143-162"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1997-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86567924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-03-01DOI: 10.1080/10439463.1997.9964772
A. Hills
Recent discussion about the functions and roles of the British police has (with a few major exceptions) characterised policing in terms of either care or control, with the two characteristics seen as not only separate but exclusive and existing in a state of tension. The article illustrates, by reference to the police role in extreme circumstances, that although both are expected of the police by central government, the public and the police themselves, the efficient provision of care cannot exist without control. The relationship of the two is closer than that of simple combination because both are integral parts of the role, though not necessarily of the technical function, played by the police.
{"title":"Care and control: The role of the UK police in extreme circumstances","authors":"A. Hills","doi":"10.1080/10439463.1997.9964772","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.1997.9964772","url":null,"abstract":"Recent discussion about the functions and roles of the British police has (with a few major exceptions) characterised policing in terms of either care or control, with the two characteristics seen as not only separate but exclusive and existing in a state of tension. The article illustrates, by reference to the police role in extreme circumstances, that although both are expected of the police by central government, the public and the police themselves, the efficient provision of care cannot exist without control. The relationship of the two is closer than that of simple combination because both are integral parts of the role, though not necessarily of the technical function, played by the police.","PeriodicalId":47763,"journal":{"name":"Policing & Society","volume":"13 1","pages":"177-190"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1997-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74344282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-03-01DOI: 10.1080/10439463.1997.9964771
A. Scripture
Two hundred and eighty six serving Metropolitan Police officers were surveyed by way of anonymous questionnaire and their views obtained in respect of capital punishment, the right to strike, the right to active political involvement, opinions of levels of public support, and their recent voting habits. The results were then compared between sample groups based on various demographic variables: age, gender, occupational location, rank, familial policing connections, previous occupations, and academic qualifications. It was found that despite apparent variations, there were few statistically significant differences between the sample groups. Overall, it was found that although police were traditionally more likely to vote Conservative, there has been a sharp downturn in this area, and that overall, police attitudes appear to be similar to those of the general public, suggesting that police may be closer to the societal norm than has been opined.
{"title":"The sources of police culture: Demographic or environmental variables?","authors":"A. Scripture","doi":"10.1080/10439463.1997.9964771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.1997.9964771","url":null,"abstract":"Two hundred and eighty six serving Metropolitan Police officers were surveyed by way of anonymous questionnaire and their views obtained in respect of capital punishment, the right to strike, the right to active political involvement, opinions of levels of public support, and their recent voting habits. The results were then compared between sample groups based on various demographic variables: age, gender, occupational location, rank, familial policing connections, previous occupations, and academic qualifications. It was found that despite apparent variations, there were few statistically significant differences between the sample groups. Overall, it was found that although police were traditionally more likely to vote Conservative, there has been a sharp downturn in this area, and that overall, police attitudes appear to be similar to those of the general public, suggesting that police may be closer to the societal norm than has been opined.","PeriodicalId":47763,"journal":{"name":"Policing & Society","volume":"5 1","pages":"163-176"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1997-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90856521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-03-01DOI: 10.1080/10439463.1997.9964773
Coretta Phillips, David C. Brown
Since the 1960s, social researchers have conducted a number of studies of police behavior and operational practice, and some of these have included an observational component. This paper reviews some of the methodological and ethical difficulties involved in conducting observational research in police stations. It then considers the advantages of using this type of research technique, and ends with suggestions for conducting this type of research which take account of these methodological and ethical issues.
{"title":"Observational studies in police custody areas: Some methodological and ethical issues considered","authors":"Coretta Phillips, David C. Brown","doi":"10.1080/10439463.1997.9964773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.1997.9964773","url":null,"abstract":"Since the 1960s, social researchers have conducted a number of studies of police behavior and operational practice, and some of these have included an observational component. This paper reviews some of the methodological and ethical difficulties involved in conducting observational research in police stations. It then considers the advantages of using this type of research technique, and ends with suggestions for conducting this type of research which take account of these methodological and ethical issues.","PeriodicalId":47763,"journal":{"name":"Policing & Society","volume":"1 1","pages":"191-205"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"1997-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73897121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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