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The Intersections between Sociology and STS: A Big Data Approach 社会学与STS的交叉:一种大数据方法
IF 2.4 3区 社会学 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-05-11 DOI: 10.1177/07311214231167170
Maria Amuchastegui, K. Birch, W. Kaltenbrunner
This paper charts the changing intersections between sociology and science and technology studies (STS) using computational textual analysis. We characterize this “quali-quantitative” approach as a Big Data method, as this calls attention to the commixture of textual and numeric data that characterizes Big Data. The term Big Data, too, calls attention to the increasing privatization of both data and data analytics tools. The data mining was done using a commercial analytics tool, IBM SPSS Modeler, that to the best of our knowledge has not yet been used for STS or sociological research. The identification of intersections occurred as part of a larger project to analyze political-economic and epistemic changes within STS, focusing on academic publishing. These epistemic changes were identified qualitatively, through 76 interviews with STS scholars, and quantitatively, through a computational analysis of three decades of STS journals (1990–2019).
本文使用计算文本分析绘制了社会学和科学技术研究(STS)之间不断变化的交叉点。我们将这种“定性”方法描述为大数据方法,因为这引起了人们对大数据特征中文本数据和数字数据混合的关注。“大数据”一词也引起了人们对数据和数据分析工具日益私有化的关注。数据挖掘是使用商业分析工具IBM SPSS Modeler进行的,据我们所知,该工具尚未用于STS或社会学研究。交叉点的识别是一个更大项目的一部分,该项目旨在分析STS内部的政治、经济和认识变化,重点是学术出版。通过对STS学者的76次采访,定性地确定了这些认知变化,并通过对三十年STS期刊(1990-2019)的计算分析,定量地确定了它们。
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引用次数: 0
Environing Innovation: Toward an Ecological Pragmatism of Scientific Practice 环境创新:走向科学实践的生态实用主义
IF 2.4 3区 社会学 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-04-26 DOI: 10.1177/07311214231167173
Natalie B. Aviles
Studies of scientific innovation that theorize the complex social and material influences on scientific inquiry and innovation can benefit from explicit theoretical attention to meso-level practices embedded in formal organizations. Combining insights separately developed by pragmatist perspectives in sociology and Science and Technology Studies (STS), I introduce an ecological pragmatist approach to scientific practice that helps account for the meso-level environments in which scientists innovate. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, I reanalyze classic works in sociology and STS on cancer research innovation to show how the distinct concerns for accountability in one formal organization—the U.S. National Cancer Institute—helped constitute the material and conceptual scaffolding that went on to shape individual innovations and macro-level institutional transformations. I conclude by suggesting ecological pragmatism offers a valuable perspective on recent efforts in sociology to conceptualize culture as cognition.
将复杂的社会和物质对科学探究和创新的影响理论化的科学创新研究,可以受益于对正式组织中嵌入的中观实践的明确理论关注。结合社会学和科学技术研究(STS)中实用主义观点的见解,我介绍了一种生态实用主义的科学实践方法,有助于解释科学家创新的中观环境。为了证明这种方法的实用性,我重新分析了社会学和STS关于癌症研究创新的经典著作,以展示一个正式组织(美国国家癌症研究所)对问责制的不同关注如何帮助构建了物质和概念框架,这些框架随后塑造了个人创新和宏观层面的制度转型。最后,我认为生态实用主义为社会学最近将文化概念化为认知的努力提供了一个有价值的视角。
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引用次数: 0
The American Public’s Views about Legal Immigration: The Case of the Diversity Visa Lottery Program 美国公众对合法移民的看法——以多样性签证彩票项目为例
IF 2.4 3区 社会学 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-04-21 DOI: 10.1177/07311214231167175
Daniel K. Pryce, Joselyne L. Chenane
This study assesses contemporary attitudes toward the Diversity Visa Lottery program. Specifically, we examine the public’s views about the Diversity Visa Lottery, an immigrant visa program that was criticized by former President Donald Trump. Using a data set that approximates a nationally representative sample of U.S. residents, we found evidence that those who voted for Donald Trump in 2016, those who did not vote for president in 2016, those who identified as conservative/very conservative, and older citizens favor eliminating the Diversity Visa Lottery program. On the contrary, Blacks, the more highly educated, and those who identified as very liberal/liberal oppose eliminating the Diversity Visa Lottery program. The implications of our findings for group relations, policy, and future research are discussed.
这项研究评估了当代人对多元化签证彩票计划的态度。具体来说,我们研究了公众对多样性签证彩票的看法,这是一项移民签证计划,曾受到前总统唐纳德·特朗普的批评。使用一个接近全国代表性美国居民样本的数据集,我们发现有证据表明,2016年投票给唐纳德·特朗普的人、2016年没有投票给总统的人、保守派/非常保守的人以及老年人都赞成取消多样性签证彩票计划。相反,受过高等教育的黑人和那些认为自己非常自由/自由的人反对取消多样性签证彩票计划。讨论了我们的研究结果对群体关系、政策和未来研究的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Disentangling Social Class–based Inequality: How Social Position Affects Evaluations of Economic and Cultural Markers of Social Class 解开基于社会阶级的不平等:社会地位如何影响社会阶级的经济和文化标志的评价
IF 2.4 3区 社会学 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-02-15 DOI: 10.1177/07311214221146597
Beth Nichols
How do the economic and cultural components of social class separately contribute to social class–based inequality? I argue that one approach to disentangle the effects of economic and cultural markers is to consider how decision-makers’ own social positions influence their evaluations of others in micro-level processes. I posit that decision-makers’ social positions influence their understandings and evaluations of the economic and cultural components of social class, giving rise to bias and inequality. In a series of original survey experiments, I manipulate the economic and cultural markers of a fictitious college applicant on subjects with elite and nonelite university degrees. The results show that the markers of social class affect individuals with elite degrees and individuals without elite degrees differently. I find that it is the cultural markers of social class, not the economic markers, that affect the judgments of evaluators with elite degrees. Applicants’ perceived competence and status help to explain the positive effect of cultural markers on evaluators with elite degrees. These results show the importance of social position and micro-level evaluation processes to help explain social class–based inequality.
社会阶级的经济和文化组成部分是如何分别导致基于社会阶级的不平等的?我认为,理清经济和文化标记影响的一种方法是考虑决策者自己的社会地位如何影响他们在微观过程中对他人的评价。我认为,决策者的社会立场会影响他们对社会阶层经济和文化组成部分的理解和评价,从而导致偏见和不平等。在一系列原始的调查实验中,我操纵了一个虚构的大学申请人在精英和非精英大学学位科目上的经济和文化标记。结果表明,社会阶层标记对具有精英学位的个体和没有精英学位的个人的影响不同。我发现,影响精英学位评估者判断的是社会阶层的文化标志,而不是经济标志。申请人的感知能力和地位有助于解释文化标记对具有精英学位的评估者的积极影响。这些结果表明了社会地位和微观评估过程的重要性,有助于解释基于社会阶级的不平等。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the Impact of Women’s Representation on the Professional Careers of Women of Color 探讨女性代表对有色人种女性职业生涯的影响
IF 2.4 3区 社会学 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-19 DOI: 10.1177/07311214221148452
Rana Abulbasal, Christy Glass, G. Marquez-Velarde, M. Martinez-Cola
While existing approaches to workplace stratification illuminate how relational and demographic processes impact workplace inequalities, little research has sought to disaggregate the experiences of professional women at the intersection of race and ethnicity. This study explores how workplace demography intersects with relationships among women to shape the experiences of women of color in professional careers. Relying on a mixed methods study of barriers to advancement among women lawyers, we find that the presence of women in an organization has little to no effect on the token pressures women of color experience in predominantly White-male organizations. We conclude increasing women’s overall representation is necessary but insufficient for addressing the challenges women of color face navigating professional careers.
虽然现有的工作场所分层方法阐明了关系和人口过程如何影响工作场所的不平等,但很少有研究试图将职业女性在种族和族裔交叉点的经历进行分类。这项研究探讨了工作场所人口学如何与女性之间的关系交叉,以塑造有色人种女性在职业生涯中的经历。基于对女律师晋升障碍的混合方法研究,我们发现,女性在一个组织中的存在对有色人种女性在以白人男性为主的组织中所经历的象征性压力几乎没有影响。我们得出的结论是,增加女性的总体代表性是必要的,但不足以应对有色人种女性在职业生涯中面临的挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Pride and Protest: Horizontal and Vertical Emotional Response in the Aftermath of the 2019 Chilean Spring 骄傲与抗议:2019年智利春季之后的水平和垂直情绪反应
IF 2.4 3区 社会学 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-12 DOI: 10.1177/07311214221146595
Francisco Olivos, Cristián Ayala, A. Leyton
A large body of literature has shown that emotions can motivate collective action. Nevertheless, the effect that collective actions could have on emotion has been less researched. This study examined the effect of protests on bystanders’ pride, using the case of the 2019 “Chilean Spring.” Our findings indicate that a set of indicators of pride, representing the country, the status quo, and the social structures, were negatively affected by the crisis, which suggests vertical emotional response. Protests’ frame signaled that not everything in the country was as thought, generating a moral shock that affected shared emotions about the country. However, pride toward fellow citizens was positively affected. Some of these effects are stronger for people with an intermediate educational level. These findings contribute to the literature on the impact of protests showing that unexpected, loosely organized, and massive movements can trigger generalized emotions.
大量文献表明,情绪可以激励集体行动。然而,集体行动可能对情绪产生的影响研究较少。这项研究以2019年“智利之春”为例,考察了抗议活动对旁观者自豪感的影响。我们的研究结果表明,一组代表国家、现状和社会结构的自豪感指标受到了危机的负面影响,这表明了垂直的情绪反应。抗议活动的框架表明,并非这个国家的一切都如人们所想,这引发了一场道德冲击,影响了人们对这个国家的共同情绪。然而,对同胞的自豪感受到了积极影响。对于中等教育水平的人来说,其中一些影响更大。这些发现有助于研究抗议活动影响的文献,表明出乎意料、组织松散和大规模的运动会引发普遍的情绪。
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引用次数: 0
Left-Behind Children’s Cognitive Development in China: Gain in Financial Capital Versus Loss in Parental Capital 中国留守儿童的认知发展:金融资本的获得与父母资本的损失
IF 2.4 3区 社会学 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-11 DOI: 10.1177/07311214221145059
Cheng Chen
This study proposes a framework combining economic improvement and the disruption within family interactions to disentangle the effect of parental migration on left-behind children’s development. We proposed a concept of parental capital, which refers to the cultivated interactions between the primary caregiver and the child. The disruption effect is theorized here as loss in parental capital, that the decrease in frequency and stability of interactions between children and the primary caregiver caused by parental migration. This research draws on the 2012 China Urbanization and Labor Migration Survey (CULMS), a nationally representative dataset including a substantial migrant population. Our results show that the loss in parental capital mediates almost all of the adverse effects of parental absence. In addition, parental capital doesn’t significantly mediate the effect of father migration on children’s cognitive development, but it has substantial explaining power in the disadvantage of children with dual-parent migration.
这项研究提出了一个结合经济改善和家庭互动中断的框架,以理清父母移民对留守儿童发展的影响。我们提出了父母资本的概念,指的是主要照顾者和孩子之间培养的互动。破坏效应在这里被理论化为父母资本的损失,即父母迁移导致儿童与主要照顾者之间互动的频率和稳定性下降。这项研究借鉴了2012年中国城市化和劳动力迁移调查(CULMS),这是一个具有全国代表性的数据集,包括大量的移民人口。我们的研究结果表明,父母资本的损失几乎调解了父母缺席的所有不利影响。此外,父母资本对父亲迁移对儿童认知发展的影响没有显著的中介作用,但对双亲迁移儿童的不利处境有很大的解释力。
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引用次数: 0
Motherhood and Mentoring Networks: The Unequal Impact of Overwork on Women’s Workplace Mentoring Networks 母性与师徒网络:过度工作对女性职场师徒网络的不平等影响
IF 2.4 3区 社会学 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-12-13 DOI: 10.1177/07311214221139445
Hwaji Shin, Soohan Kim
Using longitudinal data on 1,711 female managers in South Korean firms, this study examines how time, culture, and workplace structure affect women’s mentoring networks. Our analyses demonstrate that women with fewer time constraints and who work longer hours are more likely to have a male mentor. However, when motherhood status is considered, work hours and time constraints are not significant predictors of having a mentor for mothers. Rather, organizational flexibility and work-life policies influence whether mothers have mentors, but those mothers who work long hours and display minimal domestic commitments benefit the most from the availability of flexibility. Findings suggest that long work hours and time constraints affect women’s marginalization in workplace relationships, and corporate practices mitigating work hour expectations can alleviate this impact for women with children.
本研究利用韩国公司1711名女性经理的纵向数据,考察了时间、文化和工作场所结构对女性师徒网络的影响。我们的分析表明,时间限制较少、工作时间较长的女性更有可能拥有男性导师。然而,当考虑到母亲身份时,工作时间和时间限制并不是母亲有导师的显著预测因素。相反,组织灵活性和工作-生活政策会影响母亲是否有导师,但那些工作时间长、家务负担最少的母亲从灵活性中受益最大。研究结果表明,长时间工作和时间限制会影响女性在工作关系中的边缘化,而企业降低工作时间预期的做法可以减轻这种对有孩子的女性的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Threat, Latinx Racialization, and Grassroots Leadership: Understanding Mobilization in Southern California’s Anti-Gang Injunction Movement 威胁、拉丁裔种族化和基层领导:了解南加州反帮派禁令运动的动员
IF 2.4 3区 社会学 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-12-13 DOI: 10.1177/07311214221139487
Alexander Scott
Under what conditions do Latinx communities mobilize in response to threats of repressive policing? This article addresses this question by comparing three cases of community organizing against civil gang injunctions. Drawing on six years of ethnographic fieldwork, 20 semi-structured interviews, and analysis of news reports, my findings reveal that mobilization was achieved in low-income Latinx neighborhoods located within affluent White cities, where organizers drew upon strong ties to community insiders to combine analyses of the threat of citywide gang injunctions with critiques of White racism and political power. Conversely, mobilization did not occur when this strategy was used to organize a low-income Latinx neighborhood within a primarily working-class, Latinx city, where organizers confronted a more narrowly targeted gang injunction and had weaker ties to community insiders. I argue this lack of mobilization in the latter campaign cannot only be attributed to the insufficient threat posed by the gang injunction. Rather, local racial and ethnic dynamics, where Chicanx organizers struggled to develop grassroots leadership among community insiders, build solidarity with first-generation Latinx immigrants and link threats of repressive policing to anti-Latinx racism impeded mobilization. These findings highlight how popular mobilization against perceived threats of repressive policing is not race-neutral but instead depends upon racial and ethnic contexts where organizers can effectively link the issue to White racism.
拉丁裔社区在什么情况下会动员起来,以应对高压警察的威胁?本文通过比较三个社区组织反对民间帮派禁令的案例来解决这一问题。通过六年的人种学田野调查、20次半结构化访谈和对新闻报道的分析,我的发现表明,在富裕的白人城市中,低收入的拉丁裔社区实现了动员,组织者利用与社区内部人士的紧密联系,将全市帮派禁令的威胁分析与对白人种族主义和政治权力的批评结合起来。相反,当这种策略被用来在一个主要是工人阶级的拉丁裔城市中组织一个低收入的拉丁裔社区时,动员就不会发生,在那里,组织者面临的是更狭隘的帮派禁令,与社区内部人士的联系也更弱。我认为,后一运动缺乏动员,不能仅仅归因于帮派禁令所构成的威胁不足。相反,当地的种族和民族动态阻碍了动员,芝加哥人的组织者努力在社区内部发展基层领导,与第一代拉丁裔移民建立团结,并将镇压警察的威胁与反拉丁裔种族主义联系起来。这些发现突出表明,民众对高压警察威胁的动员不是种族中立的,而是取决于种族和民族背景,组织者可以有效地将问题与白人种族主义联系起来。
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引用次数: 0
“There’s the Black Woman Thing, and There’s the Age Thing”: Professional Black Women on the Downsides of “Black Don’t Crack” and Strategies for Confronting Ageism at Work “有黑人女性的事情,也有年龄的事情”:职业黑人女性在“黑人不崩溃”的缺点和应对工作中年龄歧视的策略
IF 2.4 3区 社会学 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-12-13 DOI: 10.1177/07311214221139441
Alicia Smith-Tran
This article problematizes the concept of “Black Don’t Crack” and challenges the universal desirability of youthfulness. This study is driven by two research questions: (1) How does the perceived youthfulness of professional Black workers shape their subjective experience of workplace interactions? and (2) What strategies do Black workers use to assert their expertise and legitimacy when confronted with prejudicial attitudes and interactions based on perceptions about their age? Drawing on 18 semi-structured interviews with professional Black women who are perceived as younger than they actually are, this article describes Black women’s experiences with ageism and their specific strategies for combating age bias in the workplace. The focus of this study diverges from most ageism studies focused on bias against older adults. Rather, this article contributes to our understanding of how gendered racism and ageism intersect when Black women’s chronological ages differ from how they are perceived.
这篇文章对“黑人不崩溃”的概念提出了质疑,并挑战了年轻人的普遍愿望。这项研究由两个研究问题驱动:(1)职业黑人工人的年轻感如何塑造他们在工作场所互动的主观体验?以及(2)当黑人工人面临基于对其年龄的偏见态度和互动时,他们会使用什么策略来维护自己的专业知识和合法性?本文通过对被认为比实际年龄年轻的职业黑人女性的18次半结构化采访,描述了黑人女性的年龄歧视经历,以及她们在工作场所对抗年龄偏见的具体策略。这项研究的重点与大多数针对老年人的偏见的年龄歧视研究不同。相反,这篇文章有助于我们理解当黑人女性的实际年龄与人们对她们的看法不同时,性别种族主义和年龄歧视是如何交叉的。
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引用次数: 0
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Sociological Perspectives
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