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Body Size and Well-being in Adolescents: The Roles of Bullying Victimization and Body Image 青少年身体尺寸与幸福感:欺凌受害和身体形象的作用
IF 2.4 3区 社会学 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-12-13 DOI: 10.1177/07311214221139439
S. Ridgeway
This research investigates the association between body size and key indicators of well-being for adolescents (i.e., self-rated health, mental health, and life satisfaction), and simultaneously tests two social mechanisms that may explain these relationships: stigma enacted as bullying victimization and body image, representing the “outside” and “inside” views of the body, respectively. This study tested these relationships using the United States Health Behaviors in School-aged Children (HBSC) 2009/2010 data set (N = 12,210). Results demonstrated that larger body size is associated with reduced well-being on all the indicators studied as well as higher levels of bullying victimization and worse body image. However, body image predominantly mediates the relationship between body size and well-being. The study broadens the empirical base on whether body size is linked to well-being for adolescents, clarifies the role of two important social mechanisms, and indicates that body image is critical to understanding the effects of body size.
这项研究调查了青少年的体型与幸福感的关键指标(即自我评定的健康、心理健康和生活满意度)之间的关系,并同时测试了两种可能解释这些关系的社会机制:被视为欺凌受害者的污名和分别代表身体“外部”和“内部”观点的身体形象。本研究使用美国2009/2010年学龄儿童健康行为数据集(N=12210)测试了这些关系。结果表明,在所有研究指标上,体型越大,幸福感越低,欺凌受害程度越高,身体形象越差。然而,身体形象主要是调节体型和幸福感之间的关系。这项研究拓宽了体型是否与青少年幸福感相关的经验基础,阐明了两个重要社会机制的作用,并表明身体形象对理解体型的影响至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Ideology of Athletic Merit: Transmission of Privilege in College Athlete Admissions 运动成绩意识形态:大学运动员录取中的特权传递
IF 2.4 3区 社会学 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-12-06 DOI: 10.1177/07311214221134807
Kirsten Hextrum
Researchers critique athletic admissions, claiming that lower academic standards for athletes lead to disengagement, retention issues, and mission-drift. Yet few studies scrutinize the athletic standards utilized. Despite the concentration of Black men in football and basketball, overall, white and middle-class athletes receive the greatest admission advantages suggesting athletic merit aligns with privilege. Drawing on 47 life-history interviews with Division I college athletes from one elite university, I apply Althusserian ideology to examine how exceptionally admitted participants interpret and (re)enact their advantages. Narratives revealed the institutional conditions, rituals, and practices that link athleticism to college access. Across three themes—access, ascendance, and admission—I consider how athletes are interpellated into meritorious recipients of preferential treatment, obscuring the structural alignments undergirding university access.
研究人员批评了体育招生,声称对运动员的较低学术标准会导致不投入、保留率问题和任务漂移。然而,很少有研究仔细研究所使用的运动标准。尽管足球和篮球运动员主要是黑人,但总体而言,白人和中产阶级运动员获得的录取优势最大,这表明运动成绩与特权是一致的。通过对来自一所精英大学的47名一级大学运动员的生活史采访,我运用阿尔都塞的思想来研究例外录取的参与者如何解释和(重新)发挥他们的优势。叙事揭示了将运动能力与大学入学联系起来的制度条件、仪式和实践。通过三个主题——准入、优势和录取——我考虑了运动员是如何被要求获得优惠待遇的,模糊了大学准入的结构关系。
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引用次数: 1
Does Job Insecurity Motivate Protest Participation? A Multilevel Analysis of Working-Age People from 18 Developed Countries 工作不安全感是否促使抗议参与?18个发达国家劳动年龄人群的多层次分析
IF 2.4 3区 社会学 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-12-06 DOI: 10.1177/07311214221139291
Arman Azedi
In recent decades, social scientists have devoted increased attention to job insecurity, a highly prominent stressor for workers today. Although social movements literature has examined other economic threats as mobilizing agents, the potential for job insecurity to stoke protest participation remains unknown. To investigate this issue, I analyze survey data gathered by the European Social Survey (n = 35,891) via face-to-face interviews. Hierarchical logistic regressions reveal job insecurity is significantly associated with participation in protests and is more important for protest than any other individual economic indicator, such as poor income, unemployment, and negative perceptions of the wider economy. Its effect is modest compared with biographical and political factors, such as education and antigovernment beliefs. The mobilizing effect of job insecurity is more pronounced when combined with contextual factors that exacerbate insecurity, namely, working in unstable service and private sector jobs, or living in countries with poor social safety nets.
近几十年来,社会科学家越来越关注工作不安全,这是当今工人面临的一个非常突出的压力源。尽管社会运动文献已经将其他经济威胁作为动员因素进行了研究,但工作不安全引发抗议参与的可能性仍然未知。为了调查这个问题,我通过面对面的访谈分析了欧洲社会调查(n=35891)收集的调查数据。分层逻辑回归显示,工作不安全感与参与抗议活动密切相关,对抗议活动的重要性高于任何其他个人经济指标,如低收入、失业和对更广泛经济的负面看法。与教育和反政府信仰等传记和政治因素相比,它的影响是适度的。当与加剧不安全的背景因素相结合时,即在不稳定的服务和私营部门工作,或生活在社会安全网较差的国家,工作不安全的动员作用更为明显。
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引用次数: 1
Families and Financial Support: Comparing Black and Asian American College Students 家庭与经济支持:黑人和亚裔大学生的比较
IF 2.4 3区 社会学 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-12-06 DOI: 10.1177/07311214221134808
Yolanda M. Wiggins, Blair Harrington, N. Gerstel
Although many recognize that families shape the likelihood of getting into college, few examine variation in families’ involvement during college or its implications for sustaining inequalities. Using interviews with 51 Black and 61 Asian American college students, our analysis reveals that class and race jointly shape students’ perceptions of the financial assistance that they receive from and give to family—whether in the short term (during college) or their plans for the long term (post-college). Advantaged students across race receive more and provide less assistance than disadvantaged students. Both disadvantaged Black and Asian American students share future intentions of support, but only disadvantaged Black students give their families money during college. Race and class affect students’ framing of family and designation of the particular family members (whether parents, siblings, extended kin, or fictive kin) included in these exchanges. Lastly, we analyze the ways these different forms of assistance shape students’ college struggles; Black students experience the most strain due to their working and giving back during college. Drawing on and developing theories addressing the models and practices of familial diversity, this paper shows how class and race intersect to shape family assistance and its consequences for the persistence of inequality.
尽管许多人认识到家庭决定了进入大学的可能性,但很少有人研究家庭在大学期间参与程度的变化或其对维持不平等的影响。通过对51名黑人和61名亚裔美国大学生的采访,我们的分析表明,阶级和种族共同影响了学生对他们从家庭获得和给予家庭的经济援助的看法——无论是短期的(大学期间)还是长期的(大学后)计划。不同种族的优势学生比弱势学生获得的援助更多,提供的援助更少。弱势黑人和亚裔美国学生都有共同的未来支持意向,但只有弱势黑人学生在大学期间给家人钱。种族和阶级影响学生对家庭的界定,以及对这些交流中包括的特定家庭成员(无论是父母、兄弟姐妹、直系亲属还是虚构亲属)的指定。最后,我们分析了这些不同形式的资助对学生大学奋斗的影响;黑人学生在大学期间因工作和回馈而承受的压力最大。本文借鉴并发展了有关家庭多样性模式和实践的理论,展示了阶级和种族如何交叉影响家庭援助及其对不平等持续存在的影响。
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引用次数: 0
The Role of Institutional Trust in Industry, Government, and Regulators in Shaping Perceptions of Risk Associated with Hydraulic Fracturing in the United Kingdom 英国工业、政府和监管机构中的机构信托在形成水力压裂相关风险认知中的作用
IF 2.4 3区 社会学 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-10-22 DOI: 10.1177/07311214221125803
P. Stretesky, D. Short, Laurence Stamford
This study draws upon concepts of institutional trust and expendability to examine perceptions of risk associated with hydraulic fracturing or “fracking.” To study trust and risk, we collected data from a nationally representative sample of U.K. residents and analyzed it using multivariate regression. Perceptions of trust are measured for the oil and gas industry, central government, local government, and regulators while perceived risks are measured for seismicity, water quality, and hydraulic fracturing in general. Participants with high levels of trust in the oil and gas industry tend to perceive lower levels of risk associated with hydraulic fracturing. Levels of government and regulator trust are, however, largely unrelated to perceived risks. Importantly, trust in the oil and gas industry appears to mediate the relationship between political affiliation and perceptions of risk. Implications for theories of recreancy and environmental justice are explored.
这项研究借鉴了机构信任和可扩展性的概念,以检验对水力压裂或“水力压裂”相关风险的认知。为了研究信任和风险,我们从英国居民的全国代表性样本中收集数据,并使用多变量回归进行分析。衡量石油和天然气行业、中央政府、地方政府和监管机构对信任的感知,而衡量地震活动、水质和水力压裂的感知风险。对石油和天然气行业高度信任的参与者往往认为水力压裂的风险水平较低。然而,政府和监管机构的信任程度在很大程度上与感知到的风险无关。重要的是,对石油和天然气行业的信任似乎调解了政治派别和风险认知之间的关系。探讨了相互性和环境正义理论的启示。
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引用次数: 0
Collective Social Capital, Outgroup Threat, and Americans’ Preference for Restrictive Immigration 集体社会资本、外群体威胁与美国人对限制性移民的偏好
IF 2.4 3区 社会学 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-10-18 DOI: 10.1177/07311214221127935
H. Kim
Throughout parts of the Western world, populist nationalism has gained increasing momentum. Despite cross-national differences in populist leaders and parties, one common feature stands out: xenophobic prejudice. This paper examines in the U.S. context, first, a common assumption linking outgroup threat perception with support for restrictive immigration. Second, more importantly, this paper tests how and the extent to which collective (state-level) social capital independently influences the American citizens’ anti-immigrant attitudes, as well as whether it moderates the association between outgroup threat and preference for restricting immigration. Multilevel models based on a nationally representative sample show that people who hold higher perceptions of outgroup threat are indeed more likely to oppose immigration. By contrast, living in a state endowed with more social capital is associated with pro-immigration attitudes. Last, the association between security threat and anti-immigrant preference is weaker (stronger) in states with higher (lower) measures of social capital.
在西方世界的部分地区,民粹主义民族主义的势头越来越大。尽管民粹主义领导人和政党在全国范围内存在分歧,但有一个共同特点很突出:仇外偏见。本文在美国背景下研究了一个常见的假设,即将群体外威胁感知与支持限制性移民联系起来。其次,更重要的是,本文检验了集体(州级)社会资本如何以及在多大程度上独立影响美国公民的反移民态度,以及它是否调节了群体外威胁与限制移民偏好之间的联系。基于全国代表性样本的多层次模型显示,对群体外威胁认知较高的人确实更有可能反对移民。相比之下,生活在一个拥有更多社会资本的州与支持移民的态度有关。最后,在社会资本衡量标准较高(较低)的州,安全威胁与反移民偏好之间的联系较弱(较强)。
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引用次数: 0
Connecting Spaces: Gender, Video Games and Computing in the Early Teens 连接空间:青少年早期的性别、电子游戏和计算机
IF 2.4 3区 社会学 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-10-11 DOI: 10.1177/07311214221125802
Jennifer Ashlock, M. Stojnic, Zeynep Tufekci
Informed by evidence that computing attitudes may be uniquely constructed in informal contexts and that the early teens are a key period for academic decision-making, we investigate lines of practice that connect computing skills, attitudes, and videogames. We compare the relationship between computer skill, computer efficacy, and activities associated with gaming using a data set of 3,868 children in middle school. The time that children spend gaming has very modest association with skill and efficacy. Accounting for the frequency with which children modify games, engage in social gaming activities, and the salience of gamer identity explains the gender gap in computer skill and significantly narrows the gender gap in computer efficacy. We find support for the argument that computer skill and efficacy are dependent on children connecting often isolated social contexts, a socially embedded characteristic of the digital divide.
有证据表明,计算态度可能是在非正式环境中独特构建的,青少年早期是学术决策的关键时期,我们调查了将计算技能、态度和视频游戏联系起来的实践路线。我们使用3868名中学生的数据集比较了计算机技能、计算机效能和与游戏相关的活动之间的关系。孩子们玩游戏的时间与技能和效能之间的关系很小。考虑到儿童修改游戏、参与社交游戏活动的频率,以及玩家身份的显著性,可以解释计算机技能的性别差距,并显著缩小计算机效能的性别差距。我们发现这一论点得到了支持,即计算机技能和效能取决于儿童连接往往是孤立的社会环境,这是数字鸿沟的一个社会嵌入特征。
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引用次数: 0
Worth Less? Exploring the Effects of Subminimum Wages on Poverty among U.S. Hourly Workers 值得少吗?探索低于最低工资对美国小时工贫困的影响
IF 2.4 3区 社会学 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-09-29 DOI: 10.1177/07311214221124630
M. Maroto, D. Pettinicchio
The Fair Labor Standards Act’s minimum wage laws provide important protections for workers. However, it still permits employers to pay subminimum wages to youth under age 20, student-vocational learners, full-time students, individuals with disabilities, and tipped workers. This has important economic consequences, especially for economically vulnerable workers in the low-wage sector. Using 2009–2019 Current Population Survey–Merged Outgoing Rotation Group (CPS-MORG) data (n = 502,976), we find that 3.7 percent (about 1,565,805) of hourly workers were paid subminimum wages based on state minimum wage laws, and subminimum wages were associated with increases in family poverty by 1.4 percentage points. Importantly, the relationship between subminimum wages and poverty differed across workers with particularly telling results for disability. Unlike for youth and students for whom access to subminimum wage labor was associated with decreased family poverty, subminimum wage work compounded already high poverty rates for hourly workers with disabilities. Within a broader context of low-wage work, this research speaks to the impacts of subminimum pay on economic insecurity and poverty—an ongoing social problem disproportionately affecting people with disabilities.
《公平劳动标准法》的最低工资法为工人提供了重要的保护。然而,它仍然允许雇主支付低于最低标准的工资给20岁以下的年轻人、学生-职业学习者、全日制学生、残疾人和小费工人。这具有重要的经济后果,特别是对低收入部门经济脆弱的工人。利用2009-2019年当前人口调查合并离职轮换组(ps - morg)的数据(n = 502,976),我们发现3.7%(约1,565,805)的小时工的工资低于州最低工资法规定的最低工资,而低于最低工资与家庭贫困增加1.4个百分点相关。重要的是,低于最低工资与贫困之间的关系在不同的工人中有所不同,尤其是在残疾工人中。对青年和学生来说,获得低于最低工资的劳动与减少家庭贫困有关,但对残疾小时工来说,低于最低工资的工作加剧了本已很高的贫困率。在低工资工作的更广泛背景下,这项研究说明了低于最低工资对经济不安全和贫困的影响——这是一个持续存在的社会问题,对残疾人的影响尤为严重。
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引用次数: 1
Graduate School, Work, or Unclear? Gender Differences in Post-college Plans among China’s Recent College Students 读研究生,工作,还是不清楚?中国大学生毕业后计划的性别差异
IF 2.4 3区 社会学 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-09-29 DOI: 10.1177/07311214221124536
Man Yao
Women are becoming the majority in China’s universities and colleges. This study examines gender differences in post-college plans of China’s college students under the new social context. Drawing on survey data from college students across 15 universities in Beijing, this study identifies a gendered post-college planning process. Descriptive findings show that the majority of students plan to go to graduate school, while women are less likely to have a graduate school plan and more likely to be unclear about their future than men. Multivariate analyses show that these gender gaps can be partly attributed to women’s underrepresentation in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. Moreover, family socioeconomic resources and anticipated parenthood timing are associated with post-college plans, and these associations are more pronounced among women. This paper discusses the implications of these findings for research on the formation of gender stratification in education and career in the global context of women’s progress in education.
在中国的大学和学院里,女性正在成为多数。本研究考察了新社会背景下中国大学生毕业后计划的性别差异。根据对北京15所高校大学生的调查数据,这项研究确定了一个性别化的毕业后规划过程。描述性调查结果显示,大多数学生计划读研,而女性不太可能有读研计划,而且比男性更可能对自己的未来不清楚。多变量分析表明,这些性别差距可以部分归因于女性在科学、技术、工程和数学(STEM)领域的代表性不足。此外,家庭社会经济资源和预期生育时间与大学毕业后的计划有关,而这些联系在女性中更为明显。本文讨论了这些发现对在妇女教育进步的全球背景下研究教育和职业性别分层形成的意义。
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引用次数: 1
PSA Presidential Address: The New Normal and the Redefinition of Deviance PSA总统演讲:新常态与偏差的重新定义
IF 2.4 3区 社会学 Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-09-21 DOI: 10.1177/07311214221124446
S. Davis
There are three major social issues that are identified and discussed as major contributors to the new normal and the redefinition of deviance. They include: 1) the political rise of the extreme right; 2) the renewed urgency to address issues of social, political, and environmental justice, including and racial inequalities and inequities; and 3) COVID and its effects on society and culture. Sociologists must be key players in the identification and resolution of these issues. In so doing, we impact the reframing and redefinition of what is deviant and what constitutes the new normal.
有三个主要的社会问题被确定和讨论为新常态和偏差重新定义的主要贡献者。它们包括:1)极右翼的政治崛起;2) 再次迫切需要解决社会、政治和环境正义问题,包括种族不平等和不平等问题;3)新冠肺炎及其对社会和文化的影响。社会学家必须是识别和解决这些问题的关键人物。在这样做的过程中,我们影响了对什么是偏差和什么构成新常态的重新定义。
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引用次数: 0
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