Journal of Transport & Health最新文献_第10页

Qualitative perspectives of bike share schemes in melbourne, Australia 澳大利亚墨尔本共享单车计划的定性视角

IF 3.6 3区工程技术 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

Journal of Transport & Health

Pub Date : 2024-06-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.jth.2024.101840

Robyn Gerhard

Background

Bike share schemes are operational in many countries and aim to encourage modal shift from sedentary to active modes of transport. Understanding user experiences of bike share schemes can contribute to knowledge of motivations to use the schemes and barriers to use. Qualitative research into user experiences of bike share schemes in Australia has been conducted in Brisbane but not Melbourne, and most bike share scheme research is non-peer reviewed literature. This study describes experiences of bike share schemes in Melbourne.

Methods

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 bike riders in Melbourne, Australia some of whom used bike share schemes and some who did not. Interviewees were asked about their experiences using bike share schemes in Melbourne.

Results

Bike share schemes provide a way for non-users to try bike riding without needing to purchase a bicycle. E-bike schemes are beneficial to people with health issues. User experiences of bike share schemes are not only related to the service itself, but also interactions with other road users and the overall bike riding environment. Mandatory helmet legislation was a barrier to using bike share schemes due to hygiene and convenience concerns.

Conclusions

Bike share schemes act as an entry to bike riding for people who do not own a bicycle. E-bike fleets are more accessible to people with health or mobility issues. Mandatory helmet legislation could be limiting bike riding's mode share in Melbourne. These findings are relevant to policy makers aiming to increase bike riding's mode share, introduce or expand bike share schemes or mandatory helmet legislation, or a combination of the two.

背景自行车共享计划已在许多国家投入使用，旨在鼓励人们从久坐不动的交通方式向积极的交通方式转变。了解共享单车的用户体验有助于了解用户使用共享单车的动机和障碍。在澳大利亚，对共享单车用户体验的定性研究只在布里斯班进行过，墨尔本没有，而且大多数共享单车研究都是非同行评议的文献。本研究描述了墨尔本共享单车计划的使用体验。方法对澳大利亚墨尔本的 21 名自行车骑行者进行了半结构式访谈，其中一些人使用了共享单车计划，另一些人则没有使用。受访者被问及他们在墨尔本使用共享单车计划的经历。结果共享单车计划为非用户提供了一种无需购买自行车即可尝试骑车的方式。电动自行车计划对有健康问题的人有益。用户对共享单车计划的体验不仅与服务本身有关，还与其他道路使用者的互动以及整个自行车骑行环境有关。出于卫生和便利性的考虑，强制性头盔立法是使用共享单车计划的一个障碍。电动自行车车队更便于有健康或行动问题的人使用。强制性头盔立法可能会限制墨尔本的自行车骑行模式。这些研究结果对旨在提高自行车骑行模式份额、引入或扩大自行车共享计划或强制性头盔立法或两者结合的政策制定者很有意义。

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引用次数: 0

“By the time I'm home, I'm not stressed anymore”: A qualitative exploration of enablers of active commuting among office workers "当我回到家时，我已经没有压力了"：对上班族积极通勤促进因素的定性研究

IF 3.6 3区工程技术 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

Journal of Transport & Health

Pub Date : 2024-05-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.jth.2024.101841

Anthony L. Walsh , Tracy Sherwood Washington , Nick Petrunoff , Kristiann C. Heesch

Background and rationale

Promoting active commuting (AC; walking, running, or cycling between home and work) is gaining popularity as a strategy for increasing physical activity among working adults. Previous research has identified predictors of AC, with a focus on barriers, with minimal exploration of workers’ lived experiences and motivations of office workers who choose active commuting modes. This research aimed to qualitatively explore the factors that enable active commuting among office workers.

Methods

Fifty-one volunteers were recruited from three office-based workplaces in Brisbane, Australia, via convenience sampling, to participate in focus groups. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify key themes.

Results

The study included six focus groups of six to 10 participants. They were office workers from a private engineering firm, a government department, and a university campus, with usual commute modes including public transport, cycling, walking, running and private motor vehicle (as driver or passenger). Nearly all commuters, irrespective of their chosen mode of commuting, highlighted that financial cost and travel time considerations played a significant role in determining their mode choice. Physical and mental health (e.g., stress management), convenience, predictability and flexibility were also important factors influencing the choice of active modes. High quality end-of-trip facilities were identified as a potential facilitator of AC, especially among women.

Conclusions

This research reveals areas of focus for future interventions, both behavioural and built environment. The results suggest that interventions to promote AC should highlight the mental health benefits, substantial money savings through reduced transport costs, and improvements in predictability of travel time. Improving the quality of end-of-trip facilities, so that users have a “business class” experience, may also encourage uptake of AC.

提倡积极通勤（AC；步行、跑步或骑自行车往返于家庭和工作地点之间）作为一种增加上班族体育锻炼的策略，正日益受到欢迎。以往的研究确定了积极通勤的预测因素，重点是障碍，但对选择积极通勤模式的上班族的生活经历和动机的探讨却很少。本研究旨在从定性角度探讨促使上班族积极通勤的因素。研究人员从澳大利亚布里斯班的三个办公场所通过便利抽样的方式招募了 51 名志愿者参加焦点小组。我们进行了主题分析，以确定关键主题。研究包括六个焦点小组，每组 6 至 10 人。他们是来自一家私人工程公司、一个政府部门和一所大学校园的上班族，通常的通勤方式包括公共交通、骑自行车、步行、跑步和私家车（作为司机或乘客）。几乎所有通勤者，无论选择哪种通勤方式，都强调经济成本和出行时间是决定其通勤方式选择的重要因素。身心健康（如压力管理）、便利性、可预测性和灵活性也是影响选择积极出行方式的重要因素。高质量的终点站设施被认为是选择 AC 的潜在促进因素，尤其是对女性而言。这项研究揭示了未来干预的重点领域，包括行为干预和建筑环境干预。研究结果表明，促进 AC 的干预措施应突出心理健康的益处、通过降低交通成本而节省的大量资金以及旅行时间可预测性的改善。提高旅行结束设施的质量，使用户获得 "商务舱 "的体验，也可以鼓励人们使用交流汽车。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring walking behaviour and perceived walkability of older adults in London 探究伦敦老年人的步行行为和对步行环境的感知

IF 3.6 3区工程技术 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

Journal of Transport & Health

Pub Date : 2024-05-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jth.2024.101832

Guanhua Zhao , Mengqiu Cao , Jonas De Vos

Introduction

There is an emerging imperative to design walkable communities catering to older adults, particularly given the context of an increasingly aging population. However, studies of how older citizens perceive walkability remain scarce. Therefore, this study aims to identify the factors that influence walking behaviours and perceived walkability among senior citizens, whilst also illuminating the associations between them.

Methods

A quantitative analysis was conducted on 200 older individuals living in Ealing, London, an area with a large proportion of senior citizens. Utilising the self-developed Neighbourhood Environment Walkability Scale for Older Adults (NEWS-OA), based on the abbreviated version of NEWS, both linear and logistic regression models were employed to decode the data.

Results

Our results show that NEWS-OA is appropriate for assessing perceived walkability among senior citizens and reveal concerns regarding traffic safety. Communities with high walkability are likely to encourage an extended distance, duration, and frequency of walks. However, socioeconomic status (SES) was found to have a less pronounced effect on walking frequency and distance. The study further demonstrates that perceptions of safety were lower among older adults with a high SES. We found that positive perceptions of all the variables tested, except Aesthetics, encouraged walking. Furthermore, the study reveals the crucial influence of these perceptions on older adults’ inclination to walk for various purposes, such as the role of perceived safety in terms of social interaction.

Conclusions

This study offers insights that can be used to make London a more age-friendly and walkable city. It can also serve as a reference for other cities to enhance inclusiveness.

导言：设计适合老年人步行的社区已成为当务之急，尤其是在人口老龄化日益严重的背景下。然而，有关老年公民如何看待步行环境的研究仍然很少。因此，本研究旨在确定影响老年人步行行为和感知步行便利性的因素，同时阐明两者之间的关联。结果我们的研究结果表明，NEWS-OA 适用于评估老年人的步行感知，并能揭示他们对交通安全的担忧。步行便利性高的社区可能会鼓励人们延长步行距离、时间和频率。然而，研究发现社会经济地位（SES）对步行频率和距离的影响并不明显。研究进一步表明，社会经济地位高的老年人对安全的感知较低。我们发现，除美学因素外，对所有测试变量的积极认知都会促进步行。此外，这项研究还揭示了这些观念对老年人出于各种目的步行的倾向所产生的重要影响，例如安全感在社交互动方面所起的作用。这项研究还可为其他城市提高包容性提供参考。

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引用次数: 0

A scoping review of available interventions to improve transportation access for chronic stroke survivors 对改善慢性中风幸存者交通出行的现有干预措施进行范围审查

IF 3.6 3区工程技术 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

Journal of Transport & Health

Pub Date : 2024-05-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.jth.2024.101820

Margaret L. McNamara , Sarah Grace H. Dalton

Introduction

Chronic stroke survivors live with a wide range of disabilities that impact activities of daily living. One of these is transportation and mobility, which is a key link to the world around them and has implications for health and quality of life. This review sought to answer the question “What interventions are available for chronic stroke survivors to improve their transportation and/or community access?”

Methods

A scoping literature review was carried out, identifying 27,650 abstracts (after removal of duplicates) from five databases. After review and extraction, 41 articles were included for analysis, focusing on quantitative papers that tested a transportation intervention.

Results

While emergency transportation in the acute domain is well-represented in the literature, the chronic (≥6 months post-stroke) timeline is less studied. Of the 41 included articles, the vast majority (N = 35) addressed motor deficits related to walking. Three addressed driving ability. Only two studies addressed public transportation use despite it being an important link in the transportation system that does not require the ability to drive.

Conclusions

There are clear gaps in the literature for interventions aiming to improve transportation access and community mobility for chronic stroke survivors. In particular, more attention can be paid to visual, cognitive, and communication-related deficits as they relate to transportation access.

导言慢性脑卒中幸存者在生活中会出现各种残疾，影响日常生活活动。其中之一就是交通和行动能力，这是与周围世界联系的关键环节，对健康和生活质量都有影响。本综述试图回答 "有哪些干预措施可用于改善慢性中风幸存者的交通和/或社区访问？"方法进行了范围性文献综述，从五个数据库中识别出 27650 篇摘要（去除重复内容后）。结果虽然急性期的紧急交通在文献中占有很大比例，但对慢性期（中风后≥6 个月）的研究较少。在收录的 41 篇文章中，绝大多数（N = 35）涉及与行走相关的运动障碍。三篇文章涉及驾驶能力。尽管公共交通是交通系统中不需要驾驶能力的重要环节，但只有两项研究涉及公共交通的使用。特别是，可以更多地关注视觉、认知和交流相关的缺陷，因为它们与交通可达性有关。

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引用次数: 0

Influencing transport-health interactions through incentivised mode switch using new data and models 利用新数据和模型，通过激励性交通模式转换影响交通与健康之间的相互作用

IF 3.6 3区工程技术 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

Journal of Transport & Health

Pub Date : 2024-05-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.jth.2024.101830

Gillian Harrison, Yuanxuan Yang, Keiran Suchak, Susan M. Grant-Muller, Simon Shepherd, Frances C. Hodgson

Introduction

In this study we present a ‘proof-of-concept’ model using novel model integration and new forms of data that addresses the research question, How does incentivising a change in travel mode to reduce personal car use impact health? We focus on simple transport-health interactions between switching between car and bus: the exposure to activity and pollution linked to these modes and how these changes effect health status, which in turn influences the mode choice.

Methods

We identify a basic causal loop diagram of key conceptual feedback between mode choice and health status (related to exposure to activity and pollution). From this we build a simple system dynamics stock and flow simulation model, with data input from spatial micro-simulation synthetic populations derived from ‘track and trace’ data as the output from an agent-based model. We then analyse scenarios of mode shift incentivised by bus fare reduction and bus frequency increase.

Results

In the tested scenarios of this novel modelling approach, we identify that a reduction in bus fare or increase in bus frequency could incentivise a shift from car to bus which would result in a small decrease in relative risk of all causes mortality. Reducing bus fare in particular could provide both health and financial benefits for the most deprived communities.

Conclusions

This modelling approach presented in this data is a promising new method for the study of complex transport-health interactions. From our prototype model we have identified the impacts of mode shift on health status through exposure to pollution and activity, using unique feedbacks that are unaccounted for in conventional models.

导言在本研究中，我们提出了一个 "概念验证 "模型，利用新颖的模型集成和新形式的数据来解决研究问题：鼓励改变出行方式以减少个人汽车使用对健康有何影响？我们将重点放在汽车和公交车之间简单的交通-健康相互作用上：与这些模式相关的活动和污染暴露，以及这些变化如何影响健康状况，而健康状况又反过来影响模式选择。在此基础上，我们建立了一个简单的系统动力学存量和流量模拟模型，数据输入来自空间微观模拟合成人口，这些合成人口来自基于代理的模型输出的 "跟踪和追踪 "数据。然后，我们分析了通过降低公共汽车票价和增加公共汽车班次来激励模式转变的情景。结果在这种新颖建模方法的测试情景中，我们发现降低公共汽车票价或增加公共汽车班次可以激励人们从汽车转向公共汽车，从而使所有原因导致的死亡的相对风险略有下降。降低公交车票价尤其可以为最贫困的社区带来健康和经济效益。通过我们的原型模型，我们利用传统模型未考虑到的独特反馈，确定了模式转换通过暴露于污染和活动对健康状况的影响。

{"title":"Influencing transport-health interactions through incentivised mode switch using new data and models","authors":"Gillian Harrison, Yuanxuan Yang, Keiran Suchak, Susan M. Grant-Muller, Simon Shepherd, Frances C. Hodgson","doi":"10.1016/j.jth.2024.101830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2024.101830","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>In this study we present a ‘proof-of-concept’ model using novel model integration and new forms of data that addresses the research question, <em>How does incentivising a change in travel mode to reduce personal car use impact health?</em> We focus on simple transport-health interactions between switching between car and bus: the exposure to activity and pollution linked to these modes and how these changes effect health status, which in turn influences the mode choice.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We identify a basic causal loop diagram of key conceptual feedback between mode choice and health status (related to exposure to activity and pollution). From this we build a simple system dynamics stock and flow simulation model, with data input from spatial micro-simulation synthetic populations derived from ‘track and trace’ data as the output from an agent-based model. We then analyse scenarios of mode shift incentivised by bus fare reduction and bus frequency increase.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>In the tested scenarios of this novel modelling approach, we identify that a reduction in bus fare or increase in bus frequency could incentivise a shift from car to bus which would result in a small decrease in relative risk of all causes mortality. Reducing bus fare in particular could provide both health and financial benefits for the most deprived communities.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>This modelling approach presented in this data is a promising new method for the study of complex transport-health interactions. From our prototype model we have identified the impacts of mode shift on health status through exposure to pollution and activity, using unique feedbacks that are unaccounted for in conventional models.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47838,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Transport & Health","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 101830"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141084397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Exploring the preferred load pattern and physiological intensity for on-road exercising with electrically assisted bicycles 探索使用电动助力自行车进行道路锻炼的首选负荷模式和生理强度

IF 3.6 3区工程技术 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

Journal of Transport & Health

Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jth.2024.101831

Sheng-Chieh Yang , Yun-Ju Lee

Introduction

Electrically-assisted bicycle (e-bike) riding is associated with health and environmental benefits. Through controlling assistive power and transmission settings, e-bike riders could theoretically manage their physical load to a preferred level under environmental resistance. The study aimed to examine whether using e-bikes for transportation can provide health benefits, despite barriers such as control complexity, and to assess if the physical activity associated with e-bike riding meets the recommended health standards.

Methods

A simulated indoor e-bike riding session with disturbances of environmental resistance was conducted to investigate riders' preferred load, control behaviors, and physiological and subjective responses. During the riding session, participants completed seven consecutive 3-min stages with preset resistance changes. They were directed to maintain their preferred resistance by adjusting the e-bike's assistive level and transmission.

Results

Twenty-three non-athlete participants completed the simulated e-bike riding session. The preferred load ranged from 0.92 to 1.17 W/kg (watts/body mass). It resulted in a moderate heart rate (66.77% maximal heart rate), metabolic equivalent of task (5.41 MET), and rate of perceived exertion (RPE: 12). The participants kept a stable intensity, regardless of higher or lower power output demand induced by the environmental resistance. Most of the e-bike controls take place right after external resistance changes. In contrast, only a tiny amount occurred at the end of each stage, indicating the urgent intent to retain the preferred intensity.

Conclusions

The preferred riding load and corresponding intensity were characterized by a stable pattern. An e-bike control strategy with a default assistive mode was suggested to automatically keep the rider's load at 0.92–1.17 W/kg, which might decrease the required manual controls, especially in variegated external resistance situations. Moreover, the moderate physiological responses induced by the self-selected intensity meet the criteria for generating health benefits and support the advocacy of on-road exercising by e-bikes.

导言骑电动助力自行车（电动自行车）对健康和环境有益。通过控制辅助动力和传动设置，电动自行车骑行者理论上可以在环境阻力下将身体负荷控制在理想水平。本研究旨在探讨尽管存在控制复杂性等障碍，但使用电动自行车作为交通工具是否能带来健康益处，并评估与电动自行车骑行相关的体力活动是否符合推荐的健康标准。研究方法进行了一次有环境阻力干扰的模拟室内电动自行车骑行，以调查骑行者的首选负荷、控制行为以及生理和主观反应。在骑行过程中，参与者在预设的阻力变化下连续完成七个3分钟的阶段。结果23 名非运动员参加者完成了模拟电动自行车骑行训练。首选负载从 0.92 到 1.17 W/kg（瓦特/体重）不等。其结果是中等心率（最大心率的 66.77%）、任务代谢当量（5.41 MET）和感知消耗率（RPE：12）。无论环境阻力引起的功率输出需求是高是低，参与者都保持稳定的强度。大部分电动自行车控制都发生在外部阻力变化之后。相比之下，只有极少量的控制发生在每个阶段的末尾，这表明了保持首选强度的迫切意图。建议采用具有默认辅助模式的电动自行车控制策略，自动将骑行者的负荷保持在 0.92-1.17 W/kg 的水平，这可能会减少所需的手动控制，尤其是在外部阻力变化较大的情况下。此外，自选强度所引起的适度生理反应符合产生健康益处的标准，支持倡导使用电动自行车进行道路锻炼。

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引用次数: 0

Adaptation into Spanish and reliability analysis of the Microscale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes mini (Maps-mini-Es) 将行人街景微观审计迷你地图（Maps-mini-Es）改编成西班牙语并进行可靠性分析

IF 3.6 3区工程技术 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

Journal of Transport & Health

Pub Date : 2024-05-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jth.2024.101822

Maria del Mar Fernandez-Alvarez , Pilar de la Fuente-Laso , Alberto Lana , Ruben Martin-Payo

Introduction

In recent times, we have witnessed an increase in population growth and a tendency to live in urban environments. Walkability is an indicator based on characteristics of the physical environment to determine the association between environmental conditions and health behaviours. It would therefore appear that assessing walkability can contribute to establishing strategies for improving healthy behaviours and population health. In this study, our aim was to adapt and assess the metric properties of the Spanish version of MAPS-Mini for assessing walkability.

Methods

Firstly, the adaptation and translation process was carried out. Subsequently, to assess the reliability of the Spanish version of MAPS-Mini, two raters (E1 and E2) used it independently at street level for 93 segments selected by convenience. Four weeks later, E1 re-evaluated 50 sections randomly selected from the 93 evaluated segments (re-evaluation). Inter-observer reliability and temporal stability were assessed.

Results

No major differences were observed between the original and the Spanish version of MAPS-mini. The average ratings observed by E1 and E2 were 42.2 (SD = 11.5) and 46.5 (SD = 13.1), respectively. The average rating observed in the re-evaluation was 43.4 (SD = 14.2). Cronbach's Alpha showed a rating of 0.972 and the correlation of ratings between E1 and E2, and E1 and the re-evaluation, were higher than 0.9.

Conclusion

The Spanish version of MAPS-mini has adequate metric properties for assessing the walkability of urban environments using measurements at street level.

导言近来，我们目睹了人口增长和城市化的趋势。步行能力是一个基于物理环境特征的指标，用于确定环境条件与健康行为之间的关联。由此看来，评估步行能力有助于制定改善健康行为和人口健康的策略。在这项研究中，我们的目的是改编和评估西班牙语版 MAPS-Mini 的度量特性，以评估步行能力。随后，为了评估西班牙语版 MAPS-Mini 的可靠性，两名评分员（E1 和 E2）在街道层面对方便选出的 93 个路段进行了独立使用。四周后，E1 从 93 个评估路段中随机抽取 50 个路段进行重新评估（再评估）。对观察者之间的可靠性和时间稳定性进行了评估。结果 MAPS-mini 的原始版本和西班牙语版本之间没有发现重大差异。E1 和 E2 观察到的平均评分分别为 42.2（SD = 11.5）和 46.5（SD = 13.1）。在重新评估中观察到的平均评分为 43.4（标准差 = 14.2）。Cronbach's Alpha 显示评分为 0.972，E1 和 E2 之间以及 E1 和重新评估之间的评分相关性均高于 0.9。

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引用次数: 0

Impact of distance and/or travel time on healthcare service access in rural and remote areas: A scoping review 距离和/或旅行时间对农村和偏远地区医疗服务获取的影响：范围界定审查

IF 3.6 3区工程技术 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

Journal of Transport & Health

Pub Date : 2024-05-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jth.2024.101819

E.P. Mseke , B. Jessup , T. Barnett

Introduction

People living in rural and remote communities often have to travel long distances to access healthcare services. However, the complex relationship between distance and/or travel time and healthcare service access remains unclear. This scoping review of the literature aimed to further understand the nuances between distance and/or travel time and rural and remote residents’ access to healthcare services in developed countries.

Methods

A review of published research papers from OECD countries cited in five databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, Medline, CINAHL and Scopus) between 1993 and mid-2023.

Results

From a total of 1418 articles identified, 135 met study inclusion criteria. One hundred and thirteen (83.7%) studies showed evidence of distance and/or travel time decay. Distance and/or travel time decay occurred at a distance as short as 16.1 km or 30 min, and as great as 90–100 km or 60 min. Studies showed that rural and remote residents travel further and longer to access specialist rather than generalist health services.

Conclusions

Distance and travel time are important considerations for rural and remote residents of OECD countries when accessing healthcare services. Travel time may be a more meaningful measure than distance when assessing healthcare access decisions in non-metropolitan populations. Further well-designed research is needed to better understand under what circumstances rural and remote people will travel for healthcare services.

导言生活在农村和偏远社区的人们往往需要长途跋涉才能获得医疗服务。然而，距离和/或旅行时间与医疗服务获取之间的复杂关系仍不清楚。本文献综述旨在进一步了解发达国家中距离和/或旅行时间与农村和偏远地区居民获得医疗服务之间的细微差别。方法综述 1993 年至 2023 年中期在五个数据库（PubMed、PsycINFO、Medline、CINAHL 和 Scopus）中引用的经合组织国家已发表的研究论文。有 113 项（83.7%）研究显示了距离和/或旅行时间衰减的证据。距离和/或旅行时间衰减发生在短至 16.1 千米或 30 分钟，长至 90-100 千米或 60 分钟的距离上。研究表明，农村和偏远地区居民前往专科而非全科医疗机构就医的路程更远、时间更长。在评估非大都市人口获取医疗服务的决策时，旅行时间可能是比距离更有意义的衡量标准。要更好地了解农村和偏远地区居民在什么情况下会选择旅行来获取医疗服务，还需要进一步开展设计良好的研究。

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引用次数: 0

How laws of universal design discriminate between different types of disabilities - Lessons learned from Norway 通用设计法律如何区别对待不同类型的残疾--挪威的经验教训

IF 3.6 3区工程技术 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

Journal of Transport & Health

Pub Date : 2024-05-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jth.2024.101821

Anja Fleten Nielsen

Introduction

Different diseases and disabilities have varying levels of prestige in the society. Is this variance also visible in the legal documents about universal design in the transport sector?

Methods

Based on a document analysis of 42 legal documents and guidelines in Norway, we have examined (1) how the laws define universal design and (2) what groups they include when talking about disabilities. Both a qualitative and a quantitative analyses are conducted to answer the research question: do the legal documents discriminate between different types of disabilities – and if this is the case, is this due to difference in prestige or visibility?

Results

Findings suggest that there is a biased focus on physical environment in the definitions of universal design and that visible disabilities, especially mobility impairments and visual impairments, are prioritized over other types of disabilities.

Conclusion

Disease prestige does not seem to explain the difference in terms of inclusion in legal documents to the extent that visibility does.

导言不同的疾病和残疾在社会中有着不同程度的声望。在对挪威的 42 份法律文件和指南进行文件分析的基础上，我们研究了：（1）法律是如何定义通用设计的；（2）在谈到残疾问题时，法律包括了哪些群体。我们进行了定性和定量分析，以回答以下研究问题：法律文件是否歧视不同类型的残疾--如果是这样的话，这是由于威望不同还是由于可见度不同？结果研究结果表明，通用设计的定义偏重于物理环境，可见残疾，尤其是行动障碍和视力障碍，比其他类型的残疾更受重视。

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引用次数: 0

Associations between built environments, heterogeneous walking behaviors, and wellbeing among pre-older and older adults in an upcoming super-aged society 在即将到来的超高龄社会中，建筑环境、异质步行行为与老年人的健康之间的关系

IF 3.6 3区工程技术 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

Journal of Transport & Health

Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jth.2024.101815

Hsu-Sheng Hsieh

Introduction and objective

Research has investigated the associations of the built environment with walking and wellbeing among older adults. However, how diverse walking behaviors differentially connect the relationships between the built environment and wellbeing among Asian pre-older and older adults is less explored. Thus, this study examined the relationships between pre-older and older adults' perceived walkability of the built environment, transport walking, recreational walking, health, and life satisfaction to identify tailored strategies for wellbeing promotion.

Methods

Data were collected by a face-to-face questionnaire survey from 162 pre-older adults aged 50–64 and 169 older adults aged above 65 in urbanized areas of Taiwan, an upcoming super-aged Asian society. Path analysis was used to examine the mentioned relationships while controlling sociodemographics and body mass index.

Results

The results indicated that land use diversity facilitated transport and recreational walking among pre-older adults but undermined transport walking among older adults. Moreover, recreational walking increased health and life satisfaction among pre-older adults, whereas both transport and recreational walking facilitated health and life satisfaction among older adults. Overall, recreational walking was more influential in wellbeing than transport walking for both groups.

Conclusions

As adults age, land use diversity becomes an adverse factor in walking, and walking becomes more pivotal in the association between built environments and wellbeing. Policymakers in Asia could draw on the determinants of pre-older and older adults' wellbeing to promote aging preparation and healthy aging.

引言和目的：已有研究调查了建筑环境与老年人步行和健康之间的关系。然而，对于亚洲老年人和老年人的不同步行行为如何在建筑环境与幸福感之间产生不同的联系，研究较少。因此，本研究探讨了老年人感知到的建筑环境可步行性、交通步行、休闲步行、健康和生活满意度之间的关系，以确定有针对性的幸福感促进策略。方法通过面对面问卷调查的方式收集数据，调查对象为台湾城市化地区的 162 名 50-64 岁的老年人和 169 名 65 岁以上的老年人，台湾是即将到来的亚洲超高龄社会。结果表明，土地利用的多样性促进了老年人的交通和娱乐性步行，但却削弱了老年人的交通步行。此外，休闲步行提高了老年人的健康和生活满意度，而交通步行和休闲步行都促进了老年人的健康和生活满意度。结论随着年龄的增长，土地使用的多样性成为影响步行的不利因素，步行在建筑环境与幸福感之间的关系中变得更加重要。亚洲的政策制定者可以借鉴老龄前和老龄人幸福感的决定因素，促进老龄准备和健康老龄化。

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