Pub Date : 2024-05-02DOI: 10.1177/0261927x241249367
{"title":"Announcing International Symposium on Intergroup Communication (ISIC3)","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/0261927x241249367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927x241249367","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47861,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Language and Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140832405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-29DOI: 10.1177/0261927x241248646
Cyan DeVeaux, David M. Markowitz, Eugy Han, Mark Roman Miller, Jeffrey T. Hancock, Jeremy N. Bailenson
As social virtual reality (VR) continues to grow as a medium for digital communication, sustaining presence among communicators remains one of the main constructs that researchers and practitioners use to assess the quality of user experience. In the present paper, we explore language patterns as a behavioral link to presence. We accomplished this through an exploratory text analysis of over 4,800 min of conversation in social VR, consisting of over 130,000 spoken words from 126 participants. We observed that the use of self-references and collective references positively correlated to social presence and spatial presence. Furthermore, median interpersonal distance between communicators was positively associated with using impersonal pronouns, suggesting that participants who stood farther apart from their interlocutors tended to speak in more impersonal terms. Our work sheds light on the possible psychological mechanisms behind presence and the potential of using speech data to help build systems that enhance user engagement.
{"title":"Presence and Pronouns: An Exploratory Investigation into the Language of Social VR","authors":"Cyan DeVeaux, David M. Markowitz, Eugy Han, Mark Roman Miller, Jeffrey T. Hancock, Jeremy N. Bailenson","doi":"10.1177/0261927x241248646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927x241248646","url":null,"abstract":"As social virtual reality (VR) continues to grow as a medium for digital communication, sustaining presence among communicators remains one of the main constructs that researchers and practitioners use to assess the quality of user experience. In the present paper, we explore language patterns as a behavioral link to presence. We accomplished this through an exploratory text analysis of over 4,800 min of conversation in social VR, consisting of over 130,000 spoken words from 126 participants. We observed that the use of self-references and collective references positively correlated to social presence and spatial presence. Furthermore, median interpersonal distance between communicators was positively associated with using impersonal pronouns, suggesting that participants who stood farther apart from their interlocutors tended to speak in more impersonal terms. Our work sheds light on the possible psychological mechanisms behind presence and the potential of using speech data to help build systems that enhance user engagement.","PeriodicalId":47861,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Language and Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140832409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-26DOI: 10.1177/0261927x241240069
Loriann Roberson, Regina Kim, Marcello Russo, Paola Briganti
In this research, we investigate the impression management (IM) strategies used by nonnative speakers. We ask the following questions: (1) What IM strategies do nonnative speakers employ, (2) Are some IM strategies more effective than others, and (3) What determines the use of different IN strategies among nonnative speakers? Across two studies, we examine if some IM strategies are more effective than others in improving outcomes for nonnative speakers. Results from both studies revealed negative effects associated with the use of defensive strategies, and results from Study 2 demonstrated benefits associated with assertive strategies (i.e., self-promotion and flattery).
{"title":"Please Excuse My Accent: An Examination of Impression Management Strategies Used by Nonnative Speakers","authors":"Loriann Roberson, Regina Kim, Marcello Russo, Paola Briganti","doi":"10.1177/0261927x241240069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927x241240069","url":null,"abstract":"In this research, we investigate the impression management (IM) strategies used by nonnative speakers. We ask the following questions: (1) What IM strategies do nonnative speakers employ, (2) Are some IM strategies more effective than others, and (3) What determines the use of different IN strategies among nonnative speakers? Across two studies, we examine if some IM strategies are more effective than others in improving outcomes for nonnative speakers. Results from both studies revealed negative effects associated with the use of defensive strategies, and results from Study 2 demonstrated benefits associated with assertive strategies (i.e., self-promotion and flattery).","PeriodicalId":47861,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Language and Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140380025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-14DOI: 10.1177/0261927x241234845
Marta Witkowska, Joanna Dołżycka, Caterina Suitner, Magdalena Formanowicz
Recent discoveries suggest that nouns, as a word class, exhibit a greater capacity to model real-life behavior. In the studies by [Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108, 12653–12656 (2011)] participants prompted with a noun label rather than a semantically corresponding verb ( be a voter vs. vote) were more likely to vote. However, many attempts to replicate the original results have shown unsuccessful [Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 113, 7112–7117 (2016)]. To shed light on the effectiveness of subtle linguistic manipulations, we conducted a meta-analysis of 28 effect sizes ( N = 13,376), being an exact or conceptual replications of Bryan et al. Although the average effect was significant ( g = 0.12), the concurrent diagnostics indicated a low trust in the replicability or stability of the effect. Based on that, we cannot conclude that the greater effectiveness of nouns as cues has been reliably demonstrated. We discuss theoretical prospects involving the verb-action link as well as the self-verification motives.
最新发现表明，名词作为一种词类，在模拟现实生活行为方面表现出更强的能力。在[Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108, 12653-12656 (2011)]的研究中，被提示名词标签而非语义对应动词（be a voter vs. vote）的参与者更有可能投票。然而，许多试图复制原始结果的尝试都没有成功[Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 113, 7112-7117 (2016)]。为了揭示微妙语言操作的有效性，我们对布莱恩等人的28个效应大小（N = 13,376）进行了荟萃分析，这些效应大小是对布莱恩等人的精确复制或概念复制。虽然平均效应是显著的（g = 0.12），但并发诊断表明对效应的可复制性或稳定性信任度较低。基于这一点，我们不能得出结论说名词作为线索的更大有效性已经得到可靠证明。我们讨论了涉及动宾关联以及自我验证动机的理论前景。
{"title":"The Grammar of Persuasion: A Meta-Analytic Review Disconfirming the Role of Nouns as Linguistic Cues of Subsequent Behavior","authors":"Marta Witkowska, Joanna Dołżycka, Caterina Suitner, Magdalena Formanowicz","doi":"10.1177/0261927x241234845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927x241234845","url":null,"abstract":"Recent discoveries suggest that nouns, as a word class, exhibit a greater capacity to model real-life behavior. In the studies by [Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108, 12653–12656 (2011)] participants prompted with a noun label rather than a semantically corresponding verb ( be a voter vs. vote) were more likely to vote. However, many attempts to replicate the original results have shown unsuccessful [Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 113, 7112–7117 (2016)]. To shed light on the effectiveness of subtle linguistic manipulations, we conducted a meta-analysis of 28 effect sizes ( N = 13,376), being an exact or conceptual replications of Bryan et al. Although the average effect was significant ( g = 0.12), the concurrent diagnostics indicated a low trust in the replicability or stability of the effect. Based on that, we cannot conclude that the greater effectiveness of nouns as cues has been reliably demonstrated. We discuss theoretical prospects involving the verb-action link as well as the self-verification motives.","PeriodicalId":47861,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Language and Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140151775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-07DOI: 10.1177/0261927x241237739
Patrick Rothermund, Fritz Strack
In gender-marked languages, masculine and feminine grammatical forms are distinct, with the masculine form also used for gender-mixed groups (generic masculine). Previous research indicates that the generic masculine elicits male-biased representations. Psychologically, this may be due to a misunderstanding of the communicative intention, an automatic activation of male associations, or both. In two preregistered experiments, we tested whether the male bias is affected by emphasizing the generic intention. Adding contextual information that conveyed a group's gender-mixed composition eliminated the male bias (Study 1). However, the male bias remained robust when continuously reminding participants of the generic intention via a novel grammatical marker (Study 2). These results suggest that the male bias is partly driven by associative processes that are immune against a purely explicit disambiguation of the generic intention.
{"title":"Reminding May Not Be Enough: Overcoming the Male Dominance of the Generic Masculine","authors":"Patrick Rothermund, Fritz Strack","doi":"10.1177/0261927x241237739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927x241237739","url":null,"abstract":"In gender-marked languages, masculine and feminine grammatical forms are distinct, with the masculine form also used for gender-mixed groups (generic masculine). Previous research indicates that the generic masculine elicits male-biased representations. Psychologically, this may be due to a misunderstanding of the communicative intention, an automatic activation of male associations, or both. In two preregistered experiments, we tested whether the male bias is affected by emphasizing the generic intention. Adding contextual information that conveyed a group's gender-mixed composition eliminated the male bias (Study 1). However, the male bias remained robust when continuously reminding participants of the generic intention via a novel grammatical marker (Study 2). These results suggest that the male bias is partly driven by associative processes that are immune against a purely explicit disambiguation of the generic intention.","PeriodicalId":47861,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Language and Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140072008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-05DOI: 10.1177/0261927x241237260
Francesca Prati, Giulia Rosa Policardo, Miles Hewstone, Monica Rubini
This study investigates the impact of intergroup contact of White British adults ( N = 192) on the language used when describing their recent interactions with Asian British people. Specifically, we assessed the role of different forms of intergroup contact (i.e., cross-group friendship, positive and negative, and direct and extended contact) on the abstraction of negative terms used by White British people, as a linguistic measure of outgroup derogation. As expected, the frequency of direct negative intergroup contact was associated with higher negative language abstraction in depicting Asian British people. However, this association was weaker for White British people with higher levels of positive direct and extended intergroup contacts compared to those with lower levels of positive direct and extended contact. Overall, results emphasize the importance of independently analyzing the impact of positive and negative intergroup contact experiences, as well as understanding how they interact with each other in the communication of intergroup discrimination.
{"title":"How Positive and Negative Intergroup Contact May Shape the Communication of Discrimination Toward Migrants","authors":"Francesca Prati, Giulia Rosa Policardo, Miles Hewstone, Monica Rubini","doi":"10.1177/0261927x241237260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927x241237260","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the impact of intergroup contact of White British adults ( N = 192) on the language used when describing their recent interactions with Asian British people. Specifically, we assessed the role of different forms of intergroup contact (i.e., cross-group friendship, positive and negative, and direct and extended contact) on the abstraction of negative terms used by White British people, as a linguistic measure of outgroup derogation. As expected, the frequency of direct negative intergroup contact was associated with higher negative language abstraction in depicting Asian British people. However, this association was weaker for White British people with higher levels of positive direct and extended intergroup contacts compared to those with lower levels of positive direct and extended contact. Overall, results emphasize the importance of independently analyzing the impact of positive and negative intergroup contact experiences, as well as understanding how they interact with each other in the communication of intergroup discrimination.","PeriodicalId":47861,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Language and Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140057419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-27DOI: 10.1177/0261927x241233001
Gina M. Caucci, Roger J. Kreuz, Eugene H. Buder
Tone of voice has been characterized as a cue to sarcasm. However, researchers have found conflicting evidence regarding the acoustic properties of the sarcastic tone of voice and what social factors may affect their prevalence. The current project was designed to assess whether there is a sarcastic tone of voice employed in naturalistic conversation and if it varies as a function of shared common ground. Participants were recorded in a conversational setting while engaged in tasks designed to elicit sarcasm. Results showed that spontaneous sarcastic statements had more varied pitch, lower mean amplitude, and less varied amplitude, and were spoken more slowly than literal statements that were matched by syllables and stress. In addition, friends marked their sarcasm to a greater degree compared to strangers with regard to mean F0, mean amplitude, and amplitude variability.
{"title":"What's a Little Sarcasm Between Friends: Exploring the Sarcastic Tone of Voice","authors":"Gina M. Caucci, Roger J. Kreuz, Eugene H. Buder","doi":"10.1177/0261927x241233001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927x241233001","url":null,"abstract":"Tone of voice has been characterized as a cue to sarcasm. However, researchers have found conflicting evidence regarding the acoustic properties of the sarcastic tone of voice and what social factors may affect their prevalence. The current project was designed to assess whether there is a sarcastic tone of voice employed in naturalistic conversation and if it varies as a function of shared common ground. Participants were recorded in a conversational setting while engaged in tasks designed to elicit sarcasm. Results showed that spontaneous sarcastic statements had more varied pitch, lower mean amplitude, and less varied amplitude, and were spoken more slowly than literal statements that were matched by syllables and stress. In addition, friends marked their sarcasm to a greater degree compared to strangers with regard to mean F0, mean amplitude, and amplitude variability.","PeriodicalId":47861,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Language and Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140025547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research tests whether self-labelling with a derogatory or reclaimed label is perceived as an act of reclamation. A pilot study ( N = 102) identified English terms used to label lesbian women and gay men. The main study ( N = 276) used a between-groups vignette design in which participants read about a woman/man self-labelling with a descriptive (lesbian/gay), reclaimed (queer), or derogatory group (dyke/fag) label. We assessed perceptions of the speaker (control/influence, agency, and efficacy) and group power, label offensiveness, and the likelihood of using the label in the future. Descriptive labels were perceived as less offensive and more likely to be used compared to reclaimed and derogatory labels. For gay men, using a derogatory label compared to other labels decreased perceived agency, but did not influence control/influence and efficacy. For lesbian women, there were no differences in perceptions of power depending on the label used.
{"title":"The Use and Perception of Reclaimed Group Labels for Lesbian Women and Gay Men","authors":"Amanda Klysing, Maike Braun, Giulia Buscicchio, Catho Jacobs, Magdalena Formanowicz, Fabio Fasoli","doi":"10.1177/0261927x241234047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927x241234047","url":null,"abstract":"This research tests whether self-labelling with a derogatory or reclaimed label is perceived as an act of reclamation. A pilot study ( N = 102) identified English terms used to label lesbian women and gay men. The main study ( N = 276) used a between-groups vignette design in which participants read about a woman/man self-labelling with a descriptive (lesbian/gay), reclaimed (queer), or derogatory group (dyke/fag) label. We assessed perceptions of the speaker (control/influence, agency, and efficacy) and group power, label offensiveness, and the likelihood of using the label in the future. Descriptive labels were perceived as less offensive and more likely to be used compared to reclaimed and derogatory labels. For gay men, using a derogatory label compared to other labels decreased perceived agency, but did not influence control/influence and efficacy. For lesbian women, there were no differences in perceptions of power depending on the label used.","PeriodicalId":47861,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Language and Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139981220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-08DOI: 10.1177/0261927x231222881
Magdalena Formanowicz, L. Hodel, Sabine Sczesny
In German, symmetrical treatment of women and men through gender-fair language is well established and the use of feminine forms is evaluated positively. In the present study ( N = 331), we examined the mechanisms behind this positive evaluation. Female job applicants were evaluated as more linguistically competent and as more competent in general, which translated into more favorable hiring decisions when using a feminine (vs. a masculine) job title. These results illuminate positive effects of successful language reform for women.
{"title":"Why Using Feminine Job Titles in German Is Profitable for Women: Ascribed Linguistic Competence Enhance Prospects of Being Hired","authors":"Magdalena Formanowicz, L. Hodel, Sabine Sczesny","doi":"10.1177/0261927x231222881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927x231222881","url":null,"abstract":"In German, symmetrical treatment of women and men through gender-fair language is well established and the use of feminine forms is evaluated positively. In the present study ( N = 331), we examined the mechanisms behind this positive evaluation. Female job applicants were evaluated as more linguistically competent and as more competent in general, which translated into more favorable hiring decisions when using a feminine (vs. a masculine) job title. These results illuminate positive effects of successful language reform for women.","PeriodicalId":47861,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Language and Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139447348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-28DOI: 10.1177/0261927x231222447
Maria Petrou, Marko Dragojevic
Guided by the language attitudes literature and communication accommodation theory (CAT), we conducted semistructured interviews with nonnative-accented speakers in Germany to explore how they experience, interpret, and react to everyday communicative interactions with native German speakers. Irrespective of their demographics, nonnative speakers consistently expressed that native speakers construed them as foreigners and ascribed them negative stereotypic traits. Nonnative speakers reported experiencing both accommodation and nonaccommodation during their interactions with native speakers, but reports of the latter—especially underaccommodation—were more frequent. Although nonnative speakers associated their interactions with native speakers with positive affect overall, they also reported experiencing considerable emotional distress due to frequent communication difficulties and native speakers’ nonaccommodative moves, which they responded to in a variety of ways (e.g., self-blame and social withdrawal). Our findings offer several insights about native–nonnative speaker interactions from the latter's perspective and contribute to both the language attitudes and CAT literatures.
{"title":"“Where Are You From?” Language Attitudes and (Non)Accommodation During Native–Nonnative Speaker Interactions in Germany","authors":"Maria Petrou, Marko Dragojevic","doi":"10.1177/0261927x231222447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927x231222447","url":null,"abstract":"Guided by the language attitudes literature and communication accommodation theory (CAT), we conducted semistructured interviews with nonnative-accented speakers in Germany to explore how they experience, interpret, and react to everyday communicative interactions with native German speakers. Irrespective of their demographics, nonnative speakers consistently expressed that native speakers construed them as foreigners and ascribed them negative stereotypic traits. Nonnative speakers reported experiencing both accommodation and nonaccommodation during their interactions with native speakers, but reports of the latter—especially underaccommodation—were more frequent. Although nonnative speakers associated their interactions with native speakers with positive affect overall, they also reported experiencing considerable emotional distress due to frequent communication difficulties and native speakers’ nonaccommodative moves, which they responded to in a variety of ways (e.g., self-blame and social withdrawal). Our findings offer several insights about native–nonnative speaker interactions from the latter's perspective and contribute to both the language attitudes and CAT literatures.","PeriodicalId":47861,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Language and Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139148107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：