We might expect chiromancy in the modern period to be analysed best within the well-known late nineteenth-century occult revival. The specific practice of palmistry, as it happens, is minimally examined in that historiographical context. Yet the purpose here is not to reinstate palmistry into our already extensive understanding of an Anglo-American modern occult, but to show how other readers of hands, including those trained in biomedical sciences, exceeded occultism altogether, and often enough repudiated it. This article considers modern palmistry in the first instance through an intellectual and social historiography of mind–body knowledges and practices. It shows not only how various ‘psychic’ practices turned into ‘psy’ practices, but also how reading signs of the hand morphed into clinical diagnostics, into primatology, comparative anatomy and eventually into early medical genetics, especially through the so-called ‘simian line’ correlated with Down syndrome. Through analysis of a suite of London-based hand experts, this twentieth-century history of palm-reading argues for a plain ‘disenchantment’ of chiromancy, qualifying historians’ common commitment to theses of re-enchantment. One strand of palm-reading’s recent past turns out to be part of the history of scientific naturalism, not super-naturalism at all.
{"title":"The Disenchantment of Chiromancy: Reading Modern Hands from Palmistry to Genetics","authors":"Alison Bashford","doi":"10.1093/pastj/gtad011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtad011","url":null,"abstract":"We might expect chiromancy in the modern period to be analysed best within the well-known late nineteenth-century occult revival. The specific practice of palmistry, as it happens, is minimally examined in that historiographical context. Yet the purpose here is not to reinstate palmistry into our already extensive understanding of an Anglo-American modern occult, but to show how other readers of hands, including those trained in biomedical sciences, exceeded occultism altogether, and often enough repudiated it. This article considers modern palmistry in the first instance through an intellectual and social historiography of mind–body knowledges and practices. It shows not only how various ‘psychic’ practices turned into ‘psy’ practices, but also how reading signs of the hand morphed into clinical diagnostics, into primatology, comparative anatomy and eventually into early medical genetics, especially through the so-called ‘simian line’ correlated with Down syndrome. Through analysis of a suite of London-based hand experts, this twentieth-century history of palm-reading argues for a plain ‘disenchantment’ of chiromancy, qualifying historians’ common commitment to theses of re-enchantment. One strand of palm-reading’s recent past turns out to be part of the history of scientific naturalism, not super-naturalism at all.","PeriodicalId":47870,"journal":{"name":"Past & Present","volume":"90 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71435540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines the long-term response of the Indian Muslim salariat to the lifting of usury laws in British India in 1855. The salariat were a group of urban professionals and landed gentry in north India who emerged after the uprising of 1857. They espoused a self-conscious brand of Islamic modernism, a central feature of which was a reinterpretation of Islamic traditions pertaining to ‘rent on money’ (interest/usury). Hitherto, Islamic legal rules authorizing interest/usury transactions had been context-dependent, but, motivated by the colonial state’s abrogation of usury caps and a critique of prevailing Islamic legal norms, the salariat articulated a context-free interpretation of interest/usury in which the two were made distinct. Henceforth, interest transactions among Muslims were acceptable, but ‘usurious’ moneylending, conflated with ‘Hindu’ moneylending, was condemned. This pro-interest, anti-usury programme frequently fused Islamic exegesis with readings from European political economy. In turn, the salariat crafted a vernacular political-cum-moral economy that they sought to propagate among the Muslim masses. Nevertheless, by 1914 the salariat had largely disavowed this programme, convinced that the colonial state’s revocation of usury laws had produced a Hindu–Muslim wealth gap. Now a new conception of an ‘Islamic’ economy, in which all interest was anathema, materialized.
{"title":"The Indian Muslim Salariat and The Moral and Political Economies of Usury Laws in Colonial India, 1855–1914","authors":"Michael O’Sullivan","doi":"10.1093/pastj/gtad013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtad013","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the long-term response of the Indian Muslim salariat to the lifting of usury laws in British India in 1855. The salariat were a group of urban professionals and landed gentry in north India who emerged after the uprising of 1857. They espoused a self-conscious brand of Islamic modernism, a central feature of which was a reinterpretation of Islamic traditions pertaining to ‘rent on money’ (interest/usury). Hitherto, Islamic legal rules authorizing interest/usury transactions had been context-dependent, but, motivated by the colonial state’s abrogation of usury caps and a critique of prevailing Islamic legal norms, the salariat articulated a context-free interpretation of interest/usury in which the two were made distinct. Henceforth, interest transactions among Muslims were acceptable, but ‘usurious’ moneylending, conflated with ‘Hindu’ moneylending, was condemned. This pro-interest, anti-usury programme frequently fused Islamic exegesis with readings from European political economy. In turn, the salariat crafted a vernacular political-cum-moral economy that they sought to propagate among the Muslim masses. Nevertheless, by 1914 the salariat had largely disavowed this programme, convinced that the colonial state’s revocation of usury laws had produced a Hindu–Muslim wealth gap. Now a new conception of an ‘Islamic’ economy, in which all interest was anathema, materialized.","PeriodicalId":47870,"journal":{"name":"Past & Present","volume":"32 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50166801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The year 2021 marked the fiftieth anniversary of Keith Thomas’s Religion and the Decline of Magic (1971), a book that set the agenda for decades of scholarship on the history of popular religion and supernatural beliefs. The book brought to life a lost world of early modern English magic, its success ultimately confirming popular beliefs and practices as respectable objects of historical study. This review essay, emerging out of a conference celebrating the book’s legacy, explores why Religion and the Decline of Magic came to have such a lasting hold on the historical imagination and why, despite half a century of historiographical development, it has managed to achieve a kind of ahistorical permanence. The essay traces this apparent timelessness, in part, to the book’s contested origins. Religion and the Decline of Magic was an unusual and unexpected work to emerge out of the Oxford History Faculty and the maelstrom of social history in the 1960s. While much attention has been paid to its engagement with anthropological theory, we argue that the book’s longevity owes more to its status as ethnography and to Thomas’s methods as a historian, allowing generations of new readers to gain fresh insights from a work out of time.
{"title":"A Work Out of Time: Religion and the Decline of Magic at Fifty","authors":"Jan Machielsen, Michelle Pfeffer","doi":"10.1093/pastj/gtad012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtad012","url":null,"abstract":"The year 2021 marked the fiftieth anniversary of Keith Thomas’s Religion and the Decline of Magic (1971), a book that set the agenda for decades of scholarship on the history of popular religion and supernatural beliefs. The book brought to life a lost world of early modern English magic, its success ultimately confirming popular beliefs and practices as respectable objects of historical study. This review essay, emerging out of a conference celebrating the book’s legacy, explores why Religion and the Decline of Magic came to have such a lasting hold on the historical imagination and why, despite half a century of historiographical development, it has managed to achieve a kind of ahistorical permanence. The essay traces this apparent timelessness, in part, to the book’s contested origins. Religion and the Decline of Magic was an unusual and unexpected work to emerge out of the Oxford History Faculty and the maelstrom of social history in the 1960s. While much attention has been paid to its engagement with anthropological theory, we argue that the book’s longevity owes more to its status as ethnography and to Thomas’s methods as a historian, allowing generations of new readers to gain fresh insights from a work out of time.","PeriodicalId":47870,"journal":{"name":"Past & Present","volume":"31 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50166817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 1672 John Evelyn, Restoration courtier, diarist and polymath, formed a platonic soul union with Margaret Blagge (later Godolphin), a young maid of honour in Queen Catherine’s household. Both were devout Anglicans whose religious practices were shaped by their love of ‘recesse’. For four years they enacted a spiritual solitude à deux in an emotionally charged relationship lived out through private prayer and epistolary devotional exchanges, until Margaret’s marriage and death in childbirth. Solitude was then, as it had long been, highly contentious. In the 1660s Evelyn had debated it with a Scottish lawyer named George Mackenzie. In a spirit of mock argument common at the time, Evelyn had taken the anti-solitude side. Yet despite the playfulness of the debate, it highlighted tensions in Evelyn’s love of solitude that played out across his life, reaching an emotional peak in his soul union with Margaret. For Margaret, too, life with Evelyn was fraught as she struggled with melancholic miseries long associated with solitude, compounded by a conflict between her reclusive devotional life with him and her engagement to the courtier Sidney Godolphin. Tracking the story of this complex spiritual partnership provides intimate insights into the psychological stakes of the solitude tradition and its varying implications for women and men in Restoration Britain.
{"title":"Solitude and Soul in Restoration Britain","authors":"Barbara Taylor","doi":"10.1093/pastj/gtad007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtad007","url":null,"abstract":"In 1672 John Evelyn, Restoration courtier, diarist and polymath, formed a platonic soul union with Margaret Blagge (later Godolphin), a young maid of honour in Queen Catherine’s household. Both were devout Anglicans whose religious practices were shaped by their love of ‘recesse’. For four years they enacted a spiritual solitude à deux in an emotionally charged relationship lived out through private prayer and epistolary devotional exchanges, until Margaret’s marriage and death in childbirth. Solitude was then, as it had long been, highly contentious. In the 1660s Evelyn had debated it with a Scottish lawyer named George Mackenzie. In a spirit of mock argument common at the time, Evelyn had taken the anti-solitude side. Yet despite the playfulness of the debate, it highlighted tensions in Evelyn’s love of solitude that played out across his life, reaching an emotional peak in his soul union with Margaret. For Margaret, too, life with Evelyn was fraught as she struggled with melancholic miseries long associated with solitude, compounded by a conflict between her reclusive devotional life with him and her engagement to the courtier Sidney Godolphin. Tracking the story of this complex spiritual partnership provides intimate insights into the psychological stakes of the solitude tradition and its varying implications for women and men in Restoration Britain.","PeriodicalId":47870,"journal":{"name":"Past & Present","volume":"31 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50166818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article uses the records of the National Negro Business League (NNBL) to examine the economic life and experiences of African American entrepreneurs between 1900 and 1920. Often referred to as the ‘golden age’ of Black business, this era saw the proliferation of African American owned businesses, despite the increase in discrimination and racial persecution that had characterized the United States since the turn of the century. Far from merely a platform to reaffirm the ideology of its founder Booker T. Washington, the League enabled a diverse group of business owners, entrepreneurs and professional men and women to exchange ideas and help one another navigate the segregated and uneven infrastructures of American capitalism. The protocols of the League’s annual conventions offer a window into the world of Black proprietors and shopkeepers. Specifically, the personal accounts delivered at these events reveal the experimental commercial sphere that existed next to the well-established trade and business institutions of corporate capitalism. They also demonstrate that the members of the NNBL were a progressive force: they confounded gender norms by carving a place for women within the formal Black business establishment and they diversified the economic playing field by charting alternative narratives of business success.
本文利用全国黑人商业联盟(NNBL)的记录，考察1900年至1920年间非裔美国企业家的经济生活和经历。这一时期通常被称为黑人商业的“黄金时代”，尽管自世纪之交以来，美国的歧视和种族迫害有所增加，但非洲裔美国人拥有的企业却大量涌现。联盟绝不仅仅是重申其创始人布克·t·华盛顿(Booker T. Washington)的意识形态的平台，它还使不同群体的企业主、企业家和专业人士能够交流思想，并在美国资本主义的隔离和不平衡的基础设施中相互帮助。联盟年度大会的章程为了解黑人业主和店主的世界提供了一扇窗口。具体来说，在这些活动上发表的个人陈述揭示了在公司资本主义的成熟贸易和商业机构旁边存在的实验性商业领域。他们还表明，NNBL的成员是一股进步的力量:他们通过在正式的黑人商业机构中为女性开辟一席之地，打破了性别规范，并通过绘制商业成功的另类叙述，使经济竞争环境多样化。
{"title":"The National Negro Business League and the Economic Life of Black Entrepreneurs","authors":"Ronny Regev","doi":"10.1093/pastj/gtad005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtad005","url":null,"abstract":"This article uses the records of the National Negro Business League (NNBL) to examine the economic life and experiences of African American entrepreneurs between 1900 and 1920. Often referred to as the ‘golden age’ of Black business, this era saw the proliferation of African American owned businesses, despite the increase in discrimination and racial persecution that had characterized the United States since the turn of the century. Far from merely a platform to reaffirm the ideology of its founder Booker T. Washington, the League enabled a diverse group of business owners, entrepreneurs and professional men and women to exchange ideas and help one another navigate the segregated and uneven infrastructures of American capitalism. The protocols of the League’s annual conventions offer a window into the world of Black proprietors and shopkeepers. Specifically, the personal accounts delivered at these events reveal the experimental commercial sphere that existed next to the well-established trade and business institutions of corporate capitalism. They also demonstrate that the members of the NNBL were a progressive force: they confounded gender norms by carving a place for women within the formal Black business establishment and they diversified the economic playing field by charting alternative narratives of business success.","PeriodicalId":47870,"journal":{"name":"Past & Present","volume":"31 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50166819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The framing of India’s constitution was a critical event in the global history of both constitution-making and democracy. Conventionally it has been analysed as a founding moment. Its success against multiple odds has been explained as resulting from a vision and consensus among the elite over what would become a pedagogical text for an ‘ignorant’ and undemocratic public. This focus among academics on political elites, and an underlying assumption that constitutional details were beyond the public’s imagination, limited the scope of investigations largely to the Constituent Assembly debates. By directing the inquiry away from these debates towards hitherto unstudied documents, this article offers a paradigm shift in the method of research and understanding of India’s constitution-making. It explores the constitution as it emerged from beyond the Constituent Assembly through engagement with its making among diverse publics. In doing so, it shows that the Indian constitution was not simply founded and granted from above, but came about through many smaller acts of assembly away from the Constitution Hall. It was the public who set normative expectations and tried to educate the members of the Constituent Assembly, and this was critical for the constitution’s future reception and endurance.
{"title":"Assembling India’s Constitution: Towards a New History","authors":"Rohit De, Ornit Shani","doi":"10.1093/pastj/gtad009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtad009","url":null,"abstract":"The framing of India’s constitution was a critical event in the global history of both constitution-making and democracy. Conventionally it has been analysed as a founding moment. Its success against multiple odds has been explained as resulting from a vision and consensus among the elite over what would become a pedagogical text for an ‘ignorant’ and undemocratic public. This focus among academics on political elites, and an underlying assumption that constitutional details were beyond the public’s imagination, limited the scope of investigations largely to the Constituent Assembly debates. By directing the inquiry away from these debates towards hitherto unstudied documents, this article offers a paradigm shift in the method of research and understanding of India’s constitution-making. It explores the constitution as it emerged from beyond the Constituent Assembly through engagement with its making among diverse publics. In doing so, it shows that the Indian constitution was not simply founded and granted from above, but came about through many smaller acts of assembly away from the Constitution Hall. It was the public who set normative expectations and tried to educate the members of the Constituent Assembly, and this was critical for the constitution’s future reception and endurance.","PeriodicalId":47870,"journal":{"name":"Past & Present","volume":"31 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50166821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Correction: Petition and response as social process: Royal power, justice and the people in late medieval Castile (<i>c</i>.1474–1504)","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/pastj/gtad010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtad010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47870,"journal":{"name":"Past & Present","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135613805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article analyses the petition and response process in late medieval Castile, focusing on petitions of grievance submitted to the Royal Council during the reign of Isabel I and Fernando II (r.1474–1504). Studies published in recent decades have revised our understanding of petitionary practices and their significance to systems of governance in medieval and early modern Europe. One persistent gap in this scholarship, however, concerns the ‘aftermath’ of petitioning — that is, the occurrences that followed the grant of petitions and the issuance of royal decrees in response. Drawing on the rich documentation that has survived from late fifteenth- and early sixteenth-century Castile, this article highlights the importance of studying the local spaces of interactions where beneficiaries of royal decrees tried to bring them into effect through acts of claims-making. The evidence from Castile is mobilized to illuminate the forms of negotiation and contestation that informed the presentations of ‘letters of justice’ issued by the Royal Council, the mechanisms used by the royal authority to enforce its commands, and the ways that factors such as speed, publicity and violence shaped the meanings petitioning assumed in different contexts of dispute. The analysis of petitioning bears implications for understanding royal power in the Castilian monarchy, drawing attention to a pattern of intensifying communications between the central royal government and non-elites. As they petitioned the Royal Council, thousands of Castilians sought empowerment in local disputes. At the same time, mass participation in the petitioning process played a major role in legitimizing royal power and furthering its embeddedness in the localities.
{"title":"Petition and response as social process: Royal power, justice and the people in late medieval Castile ( c.1474–1504)","authors":"Yanay Israeli","doi":"10.1093/pastj/gtad003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtad003","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses the petition and response process in late medieval Castile, focusing on petitions of grievance submitted to the Royal Council during the reign of Isabel I and Fernando II (r.1474–1504). Studies published in recent decades have revised our understanding of petitionary practices and their significance to systems of governance in medieval and early modern Europe. One persistent gap in this scholarship, however, concerns the ‘aftermath’ of petitioning — that is, the occurrences that followed the grant of petitions and the issuance of royal decrees in response. Drawing on the rich documentation that has survived from late fifteenth- and early sixteenth-century Castile, this article highlights the importance of studying the local spaces of interactions where beneficiaries of royal decrees tried to bring them into effect through acts of claims-making. The evidence from Castile is mobilized to illuminate the forms of negotiation and contestation that informed the presentations of ‘letters of justice’ issued by the Royal Council, the mechanisms used by the royal authority to enforce its commands, and the ways that factors such as speed, publicity and violence shaped the meanings petitioning assumed in different contexts of dispute. The analysis of petitioning bears implications for understanding royal power in the Castilian monarchy, drawing attention to a pattern of intensifying communications between the central royal government and non-elites. As they petitioned the Royal Council, thousands of Castilians sought empowerment in local disputes. At the same time, mass participation in the petitioning process played a major role in legitimizing royal power and furthering its embeddedness in the localities.","PeriodicalId":47870,"journal":{"name":"Past & Present","volume":"31 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50166823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines a set of public universities that opened after 1848 across California, Australasia, South Africa and Canada. It argues that these institutions, termed the ‘goldfield foundations’, owed the speed of their formation, if not their existence, to the period’s global gold and mineral rushes. During the first capital-intensive years of university development, new mineral wealth added liquidity to colonial finance and enriched the main sources of university income. At the same time, the social upheaval caused by gold rushes stimulated regionalism and drives to re-establish Old World hierarchies in ways that made university building attractive. Exploring these institutions’ interconnected development has important implications for the study of empire, extractive capitalism and globalization. The relationship between higher education and mineral extraction in the nineteenth century was co-constitutive. Goldfield universities’ rapid growth depended upon the imperial and global circuits of ideas, people and capital that flowed from the rushes. Yet, once opened, these universities became tremendous drivers of globalization themselves, producing techniques of extraction, expertise and technologies that propelled the global mining industry and prolonged the mineral rushes that had first established them.
{"title":"Gold Rushes, Universities and Globalization, 1840–1910","authors":"Caitlin Harvey","doi":"10.1093/pastj/gtac042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtac042","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines a set of public universities that opened after 1848 across California, Australasia, South Africa and Canada. It argues that these institutions, termed the ‘goldfield foundations’, owed the speed of their formation, if not their existence, to the period’s global gold and mineral rushes. During the first capital-intensive years of university development, new mineral wealth added liquidity to colonial finance and enriched the main sources of university income. At the same time, the social upheaval caused by gold rushes stimulated regionalism and drives to re-establish Old World hierarchies in ways that made university building attractive. Exploring these institutions’ interconnected development has important implications for the study of empire, extractive capitalism and globalization. The relationship between higher education and mineral extraction in the nineteenth century was co-constitutive. Goldfield universities’ rapid growth depended upon the imperial and global circuits of ideas, people and capital that flowed from the rushes. Yet, once opened, these universities became tremendous drivers of globalization themselves, producing techniques of extraction, expertise and technologies that propelled the global mining industry and prolonged the mineral rushes that had first established them.","PeriodicalId":47870,"journal":{"name":"Past & Present","volume":"31 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50166822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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