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A ‘Fiction of the Mind’: Imagination and Idolatry in Early Modern England “心灵的虚构”:近代早期英格兰的想象与偶像崇拜
IF 1.8 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-10-31 DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtac034
Barret Reiter
This chapter examines the conceptualization of Catholic liturgical practices within the Protestant anti-Catholic polemics of early modern England. I argue that, insofar as Protestants typically glossed such practices as ‘idolatry’, and thus, as the worship of a false god, Protestants explicitly accused Catholics of falling victim to the deceptive tendencies of their imaginations. Hence, for English Protestants, Catholics were responsible for transforming the good news of the Gospel into a mere fiction of their own making. More than a mere rhetorical posture — though of course it was also that — it is here argued that Protestant anti-Catholic polemic encodes a more generalized anxiety about the role of imagination within religious, social and political life, and thus serves as a microcosm of larger-scale transformations within the intellectual and political discourse of early modern England. Most obviously, the emphasis on the imagination, in particular within Protestant polemics, indicates a new context into which traditional scholastic psychological categories were forced in order to accommodate confessional differentiation and the new political realities of a post-Reformation world. Thus, by understanding just what Protestant polemicists meant by fictions, we can open up deeper continuities across the intellectual and political discourse of the period.
本章考察了近代早期英格兰新教反天主教论战中天主教礼仪实践的概念化。我认为,就新教徒通常将这种做法粉饰为“偶像崇拜”,因此,作为对假神的崇拜,新教徒明确指责天主教徒成为他们想象的欺骗倾向的受害者。因此,对于英国新教徒来说,天主教徒有责任将福音的好消息转变为他们自己编造的故事。这不仅仅是一种修辞上的姿态——当然,这也是一种姿态——本书认为新教反天主教的论战编码了一种更广泛的焦虑,即想象在宗教、社会和政治生活中的作用,因此,它是近代早期英格兰知识分子和政治话语中更大规模转变的一个缩影。最明显的是,对想象力的强调,特别是在新教的辩论中,表明了一个新的背景,传统的学术心理学范畴被迫进入其中,以适应宗教改革后世界的忏悔差异和新的政治现实。因此,通过理解新教辩论家对小说的理解,我们可以在这一时期的思想和政治话语中开辟更深层次的连续性。
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引用次数: 0
Caravaggio’s Rumore: Fact, Fiction and Authority in Giovanni Baglione’s Lives of the Painters, Sculptors and Architects 卡拉瓦乔的传说:乔瓦尼·巴格里奥内《画家、雕塑家和建筑师的生活》中的事实、虚构和权威
IF 1.8 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-10-31 DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtac031
Frances Gage
Since its publication in 1642, Giovanni Baglione’s Lives of the Painters, Sculptors and Architects from the Pontificate of Gregory XIII of 1572 until the times of Pope Urban VIII in 1642, has been classified as either largely factual or obviously biased, a reflection of the culture of slander in early modern Rome. Definitions of what constituted textual ‘truth’ have changed dramatically since Baglione wrote his Lives, though this has not adequately informed debate. Also overlooked is the degree to which Baglione staked his entire rhetorical agenda around notions of truth and untruth, rumour and opinion, which emerge as central themes throughout both the framing elements and the individual artists’ lives. The present article adopts a new methodological approach to these questions, reassessing Baglione’s central themes of rumour, fama and truth in relation to questions of textuality and intertextuality, fiction and disinformation, rhetoric and agency, and drawing upon recent literary and historical studies of rumour, fame and news when doing so. At the same time, this study investigates conceptions of fame and rumour in relation to contemporary practices of art criticism in oral, manuscript and print cultures and in light of the rivalry between Caravaggio and Baglione.
自1642年出版以来,乔瓦尼·巴格里奥内的《从1572年格里高利十三世到1642年教皇乌尔班八世的画家、雕塑家和建筑师的生活》一直被归类为要么基本是事实,要么明显有偏见,反映了近代早期罗马的诽谤文化。自从巴格里昂写下他的《生平》以来,关于构成文本“真理”的定义发生了巨大的变化,尽管这并没有充分的辩论。同样被忽视的是,巴格里奥内在多大程度上将他的整个修辞议程围绕着真理与非真理、谣言和观点的概念展开,这些概念在整个框架元素和艺术家个人的生活中都是中心主题。本文采用了一种新的方法来解决这些问题,重新评估了巴格里奥内关于谣言、名声和真相的中心主题,涉及到文本性和互文性、虚构和虚假信息、修辞和代理等问题,并在这样做时借鉴了最近对谣言、名声和新闻的文学和历史研究。同时,本研究考察了名誉和谣言的概念与当代口头、手稿和印刷文化的艺术批评实践的关系,并考虑到卡拉瓦乔和巴格里昂之间的竞争。
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引用次数: 0
Fiction and Disinformation in Early Modern Europe: An Introduction 近代早期欧洲的小说与虚假信息:导论
IF 1.8 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-10-31 DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtac028
Emma Claussen, Luca Zenobi
This chapter introduces the reader to the world of fiction and disinformation in early modern Europe. It starts by placing fiction and disinformation in the context of wider trends and developments, while also drawing a parallel between present practices and concerns and those of the early modern period (Section I). The chapter then surveys existing scholarship on these themes, highlighting the novelty of recent research and the transformative potential of interdisciplinary work (Section II). Finally, it sets out the approach and methodology which underpin the rest of volume (Section III). It is argued that fiction and disinformation need to be studied in tandem, and that their study should be guided by a combination of literary and historical approaches. This method is exemplified by the volume’s nine chapters. They all conduct close readings of falsehoods and fictional writings, examining their rhetorical and linguistic qualities, including matters such as style, narrative and genre; and they also uncover how fiction and disinformation brought about change in society and in the lives of the people who wrote them as much as those who read them. This makes the Supplement as a whole a methodological intervention, further bridging the gap between historical analysis and cultural criticism, and a contribution to the social and cultural history of early modernity.
本章向读者介绍近代早期欧洲的虚构和虚假信息世界。首先,将虚构和虚假信息置于更广泛的趋势和发展背景下,同时也将当前的实践和关注与早期现代时期的实践和关注进行比较(第1节)。本章随后调查了有关这些主题的现有学术研究,突出了最近研究的新颖性和跨学科工作的变革潜力(第2节)。它阐述了支撑卷的其余部分的方法和方法(第三节)。有人认为,小说和虚假信息需要同时研究,他们的研究应该由文学和历史方法的结合来指导。本书的九章就是这种方法的例证。他们都会仔细阅读谎言和虚构作品,检查它们的修辞和语言品质,包括风格、叙事和体裁等问题;他们还揭示了小说和虚假信息是如何给社会、给作者和读者的生活带来变化的。这使得《补编》作为一个整体成为方法论上的介入,进一步弥合了历史分析和文化批评之间的鸿沟,并对早期现代性的社会和文化史做出了贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Libel in the Provinces: Disinformation and ‘Disreputation’ in Early Modern England 各省的诽谤:近代早期英格兰的虚假信息和“名誉”
IF 1.8 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-10-31 DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtac030
Clare Egan
By the early modern period, libelling a private individual had been legally redefined and was being tried at the court of Star Chamber, alongside cases relating to the monarch or government. This brought the ruination of individual reputations by spreading false rumours into the same realm as the circulation of nationally significant false news. Private libels typically took the form of verses, impersonations, mock ceremonies or visual symbols that were read, sung, posted, and published; they exploited the defamatory potential of fictional reconstructions of local disputes in order to exacerbate conflicts within provincial communities. This chapter argues that private libels provide evidence for a novel multimedia practice of circulating disinformation that blended fact and fiction amongst the social networks of early modern England. It examines two cases, one centred upon a libellous verse and the other on mock proclamations, to establish the significance of literary and performance techniques in libellous disinformation. The chapter also explores the significance of ‘disreputation’ for the categories of private and public. It argues that private libels were a crucial feature of the social backdrop to established forms of oral, print and manuscript communication, which impacted upon common perceptions of trustworthiness of information and public official figures.
在近代早期,诽谤个人已经被法律重新定义,并在星宫法庭受审,与君主或政府有关的案件一起。这使得通过传播虚假谣言而毁掉个人声誉的行为与传播全国性重大虚假新闻的行为一样严重。私人诽谤通常采用诗歌,模仿,模拟仪式或视觉符号的形式,被阅读,唱歌,张贴和出版;他们利用虚构重建地方争端的诽谤潜力,以加剧省级社区内的冲突。本章认为,私人诽谤为一种新颖的多媒体实践提供了证据,这种实践将事实和虚构混合在早期现代英格兰的社会网络中传播虚假信息。它检查了两个案例,一个集中在诽谤的诗句和另一个模拟公告,以建立文学和表演技巧在诽谤虚假信息的意义。本章还探讨了“名誉扫地”对私人和公共类别的重要性。它认为,私人诽谤是既定口头、印刷和手稿交流形式的社会背景的一个重要特征,它影响了对信息和公共官员人物可信度的普遍看法。
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引用次数: 0
Novelty, Disinformation and Discrimination in Marguerite de Navarre’s Heptameron (1559) and Sixteenth-Century French News Culture 玛格丽特·德·纳瓦拉的《七小时》(1559)中的新奇、虚假和歧视与16世纪法国新闻文化
IF 1.8 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-10-31 DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtac033
Emily Butterworth
This chapter explores the intersection between two different kinds of nouvelle: on the one hand, a piece of news; and on the other, a literary genre, the novella. Both senses were current in the early sixteenth century when Marguerite de Navarre, the sister of the French king François I, wrote the collection of novellas now known as the Heptameron. Developing its model, Boccaccio’s Decameron, the Heptameron includes an elaborate frame narrative in which the storytellers debate each story after they hear it. From these discussions, and the stories themselves, emerges a concern with the underlying principles of storytelling: truth, authority, witness and interpretation. These are concerns, this chapter argues, that were also current in sixteenth-century news culture, and in particular the short sensational news pamphlets that became popular during the religious wars of the second half of the century. The chapter examines the claims made in both the Heptameron and in news publications and argues that the Heptameron aspires to provide the analytical tools required to assess any account that claims to be truthful; an aspiration that anticipates later critiques of sensationalist and partisan news. It does this through a practice of discrimination, a careful parsing of a story and its underlying motivations.
本章探讨了两种不同类型的新小说之间的交集:一方面是一篇新闻;另一方面是一种文学体裁,中篇小说。这两种意思在16世纪早期都很流行,当时法国国王弗朗索瓦一世的妹妹玛格丽特·德·纳瓦拉写了一部中篇小说集,现在被称为《七天龙》。《七天龙》发展了薄伽丘的《十日谈》的模式,包括一个精心设计的框架叙事,在这个框架叙事中,讲故事的人在听完每个故事后进行辩论。从这些讨论和故事本身中,人们开始关注讲故事的基本原则:真相、权威、见证和解释。这一章认为,这些关注在16世纪的新闻文化中也很流行,尤其是在16世纪下半叶宗教战争期间流行的耸人听闻的新闻小册子。本章考察了《七蛟龙》和新闻出版物中提出的主张,并认为《七蛟龙》渴望提供必要的分析工具,以评估任何声称真实的账户;这种渴望预示着后来对耸人听闻和党派新闻的批评。它通过一种歧视的做法,对故事及其潜在动机的仔细分析来做到这一点。
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引用次数: 0
Archiving Faith: Record-Keeping and Catholic Community Formation in Eighteenth-Century Mesopotamia 存档信仰:18世纪美索不达米亚的记录保存与天主教社区形成
IF 1.8 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-04-08 DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtab037
Lucy Parker,Rosie Maxton
Abstract This article investigates the archiving practices of a little-known group of Catholics in the Ottoman Empire, the Diyarbakır Chaldeans, in the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It argues for a flexible definition of archives, based not on traditional characteristics such as links to a defined institutional repository, but on their purpose of community formation. The loose institutional structure of the Chaldean Church resulted in an unconventional archive, which never had one physical centre and consisted largely of liturgical manuscripts; nonetheless, it recorded recognizably archival material and gained cohesion from the overlapping circles of families, scribes and churches involved in its production, as well as from systematic innovations in scribal practices. The Diyarbakır Chaldean archive not only reflected the distinctive form of the community but also contributed to creating and reshaping it. By recording social ties, it kept these obligations alive for decades and generated ongoing commitments. It also imagined the community on an illusory level, occluding tensions and troubles in order to preserve an idealized image of a church united under pious leadership. This dispersed, mobile archive thus was intimately connected to community formation and contributed to the survival of the Chaldean Church in a time of immense difficulty.
本文调查了17世纪末和18世纪奥斯曼帝国中一个鲜为人知的天主教徒群体Diyarbakır迦勒底人的存档做法。它主张对档案进行灵活的定义,不是基于传统的特征,如与已定义的机构存储库的链接,而是基于它们形成社区的目的。迦勒底教会松散的制度结构导致了一个非常规的档案,它从来没有一个物理中心,主要由礼仪手稿组成;尽管如此,它记录了可识别的档案材料,并从参与其制作的家庭,抄写员和教会的重叠圈子中获得了凝聚力,以及抄写员实践的系统创新。Diyarbakır迦勒底档案不仅反映了社区的独特形式,而且有助于创造和重塑它。通过记录社会关系,它使这些义务延续了几十年,并产生了持续的承诺。它还在一个虚幻的层面上想象社区,封锁紧张和麻烦,以保持一个在虔诚领导下团结的教会的理想化形象。因此,这些分散的流动档案与社区的形成密切相关,并有助于迦勒底教会在巨大困难时期的生存。
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引用次数: 0
‘Where Are the Proxenoi?’ Social Network Analysis, Connectivity and the Greek Poleis “普罗米修斯在哪里?”社会网络分析,连通性和希腊城邦
IF 1.8 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-03-26 DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtab036
William Mack
Abstract The aim of this article is to establish a new basis for exploring the network of ancient Greek city-states during the Classical and Hellenistic periods by applying Social Network Analysis to the record of inscriptions recording grants of proxeny. Proxeny was a generalized institution for facilitating interactions between Greek political communities. Because it left a rich and idiosyncratic record in the form of thousands of honorific inscriptions, it represents an important test case for Social Network Analysis. By drawing on work on partial samples of network data, we can identify a clear and historically significant structure in this material, namely a massively unequal hierarchy in the extent to which different communities were the focus of links. This allows us to compare, systematically, the hundreds of Greek city-states in terms of their connectivity in the network. As a result it provides a new empirical basis for testing prevailing models and assumptions about why these communities forged links and mapping the limits of the network. By reading this hierarchy alongside the other information we have, we can identify the role that political, economic and geographic factors played in determining connectivity in this network, and the surprising unimportance of religion.
摘要本文的目的是将社会网络分析应用于记载疆域授予的铭文记录,为探索古典时期和希腊化时期的古希腊城邦网络建立新的基础。Proxeny是一种促进希腊政治团体之间互动的普遍制度。因为它以数千条敬文的形式留下了丰富而独特的记录,它代表了社会网络分析的一个重要测试案例。通过对网络数据部分样本的研究,我们可以在这些材料中识别出一个清晰且具有历史意义的结构,即在不同社区成为链接焦点的程度上,存在大量不平等的层次结构。这使我们能够系统地比较数百个希腊城邦在网络中的连通性。因此,它为检验流行的模型和假设提供了一个新的经验基础,这些模型和假设是关于这些社区为什么会形成联系,并绘制出网络的界限。通过阅读这个等级以及我们所拥有的其他信息,我们可以确定政治、经济和地理因素在决定这个网络的连通性方面所起的作用,以及宗教的不重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Out of the East (or North or South): A Response to Philip Slavin 来自东方(或北方或南方):对菲利普·斯拉文的回应
IF 1.8 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-03-09 DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtab031
Monica H Green
Abstract This article responds to Philip Slavin’s ‘Out of the West: Formation of a Permanent Plague Reservoir in South-Central Germany (1349–1356) and Its Implications’. Genetics has transformed the study of plague, one of the most lethal diseases in human history. But this technically demanding science raises questions of what constitutes valid evidence and supportable argument when examining historical phenomena at a microscopic level. Slavin argues that two new lineages of Yersinia pestis, the causative organism of plague, were seeded in central Germany following the Black Death; appearing sequentially, one lineage caused plague outbreaks in the 1350s and early 1360s, only to retreat and be replaced by a second lineage. Here, evidence is adduced to support the early central European proliferation of one lineage of Y. pestis, but also to suggest that the second lineage arose simultaneously in a different locale, outside Europe and within different epidemiological parameters. Because of the inherent rarity of biological evidence, the reconstruction of epidemiological phenomena will always require consilience with archaeological and documentary sources. Establishing ‘best practices’ of analysis and verification in this emerging multidisciplinary field has implications not only for Europe’s four hundred-year experience with plague, but for all fields of global health history.
本文是对Philip Slavin的《走出西方:德国中南部永久鼠疫水库的形成(1349-1356)及其启示》的回应。遗传学改变了人类历史上最致命的疾病之一——鼠疫的研究。但是,这门技术要求很高的科学提出了一个问题,即在微观层面审视历史现象时,什么构成有效的证据和可支持的论点。斯拉文认为,黑死病之后,德国中部出现了两种新的鼠疫耶尔森氏菌(鼠疫的致病微生物);在1350年代和1360年代早期,一个世系先后引发了瘟疫爆发,后来又被另一个世系取代。在这里,证据被引用来支持早期中欧鼠疫杆菌的一个谱系的扩散,但也表明第二个谱系同时出现在不同的地点,欧洲以外和不同的流行病学参数。由于生物证据本身的稀缺性,流行病学现象的重建将始终需要与考古和文献资料保持一致。在这一新兴的多学科领域建立分析和验证的“最佳做法”不仅对欧洲400年来应对鼠疫的经验有影响,而且对全球卫生史的所有领域都有影响。
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引用次数: 1
Erratum to: The Christian Anti-Torture Movement and the Politics of Conscience in France 基督教反酷刑运动与法国良心政治
IF 1.8 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-01-27 DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtac002
Giuliana, Chamedes, J. Chappel, Udi Greenberg
This article investigates how the concept of ‘conscience’ emerged as a battleground within the French Catholic Church and as a politicized concept with implications for ideas about human rights. State-sponsored torture during the Algerian War (1954–62) prompted dissident Christians to pioneer the use of ‘individual conscience’ as a tool of resistance. The Christians of the anti-torture movement embraced the theologically informed language of conscience alongside a French, secular tradition of rights drawn from the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. The way that Catholic dissidents thought about rights transcended the secular–religious divide; while recognizing a liberal concept of rights coming out of the French Revolution, these Catholics also insisted upon the spiritual function of individual conscience as a check upon the state. Intra-Catholic debates about conscience thus reveal the political and theological diversity within mid-twentieth-century Christianity, long assumed to have been dominated by actors on the political right, as well as the multiplicity of coexisting ways of speaking about and interpreting human rights.
本文探讨了“良心”概念是如何成为法国天主教会内部的一个战场,并成为一个政治化的概念,对人权思想产生了影响。阿尔及利亚战争(1954–62年)期间,国家支持的酷刑促使持不同政见的基督徒率先将“个人良知”作为抵抗工具。反酷刑运动的基督徒信奉神学上的良心语言,同时信奉1789年《人与公民权利宣言》中的法国世俗权利传统。天主教持不同政见者对权利的思考方式超越了世俗和宗教的鸿沟;这些天主教徒在承认法国大革命产生的自由主义权利观的同时,也坚持个人良知作为对国家的制约的精神功能。因此,天主教内部关于良心的辩论揭示了20世纪中期基督教的政治和神学多样性,长期以来,基督教被认为是由政治右翼行为者主导的,以及谈论和解释人权的多种共存方式。
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引用次数: 0
OUP accepted manuscript OUP接受稿件
IF 1.8 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtac004
{"title":"OUP accepted manuscript","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/pastj/gtac004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtac004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47870,"journal":{"name":"Past & Present","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61373882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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