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The Tip of the Iceberg: A Roadmap for Management Research on Tipping 冰山一角:小费管理研究的路线图
IF 3.1 4区 管理学 Q1 Business, Management and Accounting Pub Date : 2022-03-28 DOI: 10.1177/10564926221088729
S. Pek
Tipping is a complex phenomenon with wide-ranging impacts on workers and organizations. Prior research has made important contributions to our understanding of why tipping happens and what its impacts are. Yet, we still have much to learn about these topics, particularly when it comes to the emergence, evolution, and diffusion of tipping norms, how organizations approach their decision-making about tipping practices, and the broader individual, organizational, and societal impacts of tipping. Despite management researchers’ limited attention to tipping to date, I argue that they have much to contribute to our understanding of these questions through their conceptual tools and lenses.
小费是一种复杂的现象,对员工和组织有着广泛的影响。先前的研究为我们理解倾倒的原因及其影响做出了重要贡献。然而,关于这些话题,我们还有很多需要学习的地方,特别是当涉及到小费规范的出现、演变和传播,组织如何处理关于小费做法的决策,以及小费对个人、组织和社会的更广泛影响时。尽管迄今为止,管理研究人员对小费的关注有限,但我认为,他们通过他们的概念工具和视角,对我们理解这些问题有很大贡献。
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引用次数: 1
Mindful Members: Developing a Mindset for Reliable Performance in Extreme Contexts 正念成员:在极端环境中培养可靠表现的心态
IF 3.1 4区 管理学 Q1 Business, Management and Accounting Pub Date : 2022-02-28 DOI: 10.1177/10564926221082487
J. Kalkman
This paper aims to describe how organizational members develop a mindset that enables mindful operations in extreme contexts. Scholars have been divided over how collective mindfulness can be achieved. The literature on High Reliability Organizations (HROs) argues for heterogeneity through promoting skepticism, diversity, and dissent. Yet, studies on organizing in extreme contexts emphasize cohesion as a precondition for collective action under extreme circumstances. Thus, organizational members face competing needs for cohesion (integration) and heterogeneity (diversity). This longitudinal study of military officers joining Dutch crisis management organizations shows how they resolve this tension. Mindful members combine functional distance with social integration, mediated by a considerate approach based on sensitivity, tact, and trust. This mindset is gradually developed after a process that is initially characterized by fragmentation and inner struggles. When successful, organizational members cultivate a mindful mindset and contribute to reliable performance in extreme contexts.
本文旨在描述组织成员如何发展一种心态,使在极端情况下的正念操作。学者们在如何实现集体正念的问题上存在分歧。关于高可靠性组织(HROs)的文献通过促进怀疑、多样性和异议来论证异质性。然而,极端情境下的组织研究强调凝聚力是极端情境下集体行动的先决条件。因此,组织成员面临着凝聚力(整合)和异质性(多样性)的竞争需求。这项对加入荷兰危机管理组织的军官的纵向研究表明,他们是如何解决这种紧张关系的。正念型成员将功能距离与社会融合结合在一起,以基于敏感性、机智和信任的体贴方式为中介。这种心态是经过一个最初以分裂和内心斗争为特征的过程后逐渐形成的。成功时,组织成员会培养一种正念的心态,并在极端情况下为可靠的表现做出贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Resisting the Tide: The Roles of Ideology in Sustaining Alternative Organizing at a Self-managed Cooperative 抵制潮流:自我管理合作社中意识形态在维持替代性组织中的作用
IF 3.1 4区 管理学 Q1 Business, Management and Accounting Pub Date : 2022-01-06 DOI: 10.1177/10564926211070429
Aurélie Soetens, B. Huybrechts
This paper examines how organizational ideology can be collectively mobilized to sustain an alternative organizational form—a self-managed cooperative—in resistance to institutional prescriptions perceived as hostile. Based on an ethnographic study of the Venezuelan cooperative Cecosesola, we identify three roles through which ideology enables the reproduction of the alternative form over time: ideology as a mobilizing normative framework to justify resistance; as a cultural-cognitive framework to engage members and integrate them into the resistance project; and as a regulatory framework ensuring member compliance. However, we find that in parallel with sustaining self-management as an alternative form, mobilizing ideology may also paradoxically entail costs in terms of individual sacrifices, exclusion of members and reduction of group heterogeneity, leading to the creation of an authoritarian system. These findings shed light on the ideological drivers of institutional resistance and bring new insights to understand the challenge of sustaining self-management and other alternative organizational forms within a hostile institutional context.
本文考察了组织意识形态如何被集体动员起来,以维持一种替代的组织形式——自我管理的合作——以抵抗被认为是敌对的制度处方。基于对委内瑞拉合作社Cecosesola的民族志研究,我们确定了意识形态随着时间的推移使替代形式得以再生产的三种作用:意识形态作为一种动员规范框架,为抵抗辩护;作为一个文化认知框架,吸引成员并将他们融入抵抗项目;并作为确保成员遵守的监管框架。然而,我们发现,在维持自我管理作为一种替代形式的同时,动员意识形态也可能矛盾地带来个人牺牲、排斥成员和减少群体异质性方面的成本,从而导致威权制度的建立。这些发现揭示了制度阻力的意识形态驱动因素,并为理解在敌对制度背景下维持自我管理和其他替代组织形式的挑战带来了新的见解。
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引用次数: 5
Tactics of Sustainable Entrepreneurship: Ways of Operating in the Contested Terrain of Green Architecture 可持续创业策略:绿色建筑竞争环境下的经营方式
IF 3.1 4区 管理学 Q1 Business, Management and Accounting Pub Date : 2021-12-14 DOI: 10.1177/10564926211067153
C. Johnsen
This study explores the various tactics sustainable entrepreneurs use to meet the challenges associated with creating social and environmental solutions. Although often theorized as market imperfections, in this study, opportunities are considered as situations that allow things to be done differently within social settings. This approach opens up for research into the everyday practice of sustainable entrepreneurship and how sustainable entrepreneurs strive to find new solutions to counteract ecological degradation. To develop this view, I analyze the different entrepreneurial tactics actors employ to advance green architecture in the Danish construction industry. Rather than place an analytic emphasis on the end result of sustainable entrepreneurship, I suggest that the processes of developing solutions aimed at generating simultaneous economic, social and environmental value might warrant greater attention.
本研究探讨了可持续企业家为应对与创造社会和环境解决方案相关的挑战而使用的各种策略。尽管通常被认为是市场不完美,但在这项研究中,机会被认为是允许在社会环境中以不同的方式做事的情况。这种方法为研究可持续创业的日常实践以及可持续创业者如何努力寻找应对生态退化的新解决方案开辟了道路。为了发展这一观点,我分析了丹麦建筑业中行动者为推进绿色建筑而采用的不同创业策略。我建议,制定旨在同时产生经济、社会和环境价值的解决方案的过程可能需要更多的关注,而不是将分析重点放在可持续创业的最终结果上。
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引用次数: 4
Assimilation, Integration or Inclusion? A Dialectical Perspective on the Organizational Socialization of Migrants 同化、融合还是包容?流动人口组织社会化的辩证视角
IF 3.1 4区 管理学 Q1 Business, Management and Accounting Pub Date : 2021-12-13 DOI: 10.1177/10564926211063777
V. Omanović, A. Langley
Given the increasing importance of migrations around the world, and the challenges that migrants face in entering the labor market, the process of socialization of migrants into organizations deserves more attention from management scholars. Indeed, societal discourses promoting equality and diversity often appear to be in contradiction with the unequal power relations migrants experience on entering the workforce. Drawing on a dialectic perspective and a qualitative meta-synthesis methodology, we show how the practices engaged in by organizations to socialize migrant employees are deeply embedded in and influenced by macro-social contexts that may place migrants at a disadvantage, giving rise to emerging tensions. We examine a range of contingencies that can mitigate the inequalities that migrants experience, and we reveal a variety of dynamic dialectical pathways surrounding migrant socialization practices through which they may be reproduced or transformed depending on the mutual relationships between situated conditions, emerging tensions and human praxes.
鉴于移民在世界各地的重要性日益增加,以及移民在进入劳动力市场时面临的挑战,移民融入组织的社会化过程值得管理学者更多关注。事实上,促进平等和多样性的社会话语往往与移民进入劳动力市场时所经历的不平等权力关系相矛盾。基于辩证法和定性元综合方法,我们展示了组织为移民员工社交而采取的做法是如何深深植根于宏观社会环境中并受到宏观社会环境的影响的,这些环境可能会使移民处于不利地位,从而引发新出现的紧张局势。我们研究了一系列可以缓解移民所经历的不平等的突发事件,并揭示了围绕移民社会化实践的各种动态辩证路径,通过这些路径,他们可以根据所处条件、新出现的紧张局势和人类实践之间的相互关系而被复制或转化。
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引用次数: 7
A Reflective Entrepreneur: Ashok Vasudevan and the Journey of Tastybite 反思型企业家:阿肖克·瓦苏德万与Tastybite之旅
IF 3.1 4区 管理学 Q1 Business, Management and Accounting Pub Date : 2021-11-23 DOI: 10.1177/10564926211059015
R. Shankar, S. Gopalakrishnan
The literature on entrepreneurship acknowledges that entrepreneurs are both thinkers and doers. While scholars have previously explored entrepreneurs’ cognitions and actions, research on entrepreneurs’ reflective practices remains limited. To stimulate greater scholarly attention on exploring entrepreneurs as reflective practitioners, in this ‘Meet the Person’ article we build on two interviews with the celebrated entrepreneur Ashok Vasudevan. From buying the venture off Unilever and eventually selling it to Mars, Ashok’s journey reflects an entrepreneur’s struggles in growing a venture from an emerging economy (India of the 90s). Tearing down entrepreneurship literature’s stereotypical and mythological lore, Ashok’s journey with Tasty Bite is also a case of why “the” theory of entrepreneurship continues to remain elusive. Three key themes from Ashok’s journey (failure, sustainability, and exit) help highlight the rich possibilities that reflective practice offers to entrepreneurship literature. Implications for the advancement of reflective practice in entrepreneurship research, education, and practice are presented.
关于创业的文献承认,企业家既是思想家,又是实干家。虽然学者们之前已经探索了企业家的认知和行为,但对企业家反思实践的研究仍然有限。为了激发学术界对探索企业家作为反思型实践者的更多关注,在这篇“与人见面”的文章中,我们以对著名企业家Ashok Vasudevan的两次采访为基础。从从联合利华手中收购合资企业,到最终将其出售给玛氏,阿肖克的历程反映了一位企业家在新兴经济体(90年代的印度)发展合资企业的艰难历程。Ashok与Tasty Bite的旅程打破了创业文学的刻板印象和神话传说,也是创业“理论”仍然难以捉摸的一个例子。Ashok旅程中的三个关键主题(失败、可持续性和退出)有助于突出反思实践为创业文学提供的丰富可能性。提出了在创业研究、教育和实践中推进反思性实践的启示。
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引用次数: 0
Showing Legitimacy: The Strategic Employment of Visuals in the Legitimation of New Organizations 展示合法性:视觉在新组织合法化中的战略运用
IF 3.1 4区 管理学 Q1 Business, Management and Accounting Pub Date : 2021-11-18 DOI: 10.1177/10564926211050785
F. Santos
Entrepreneurs commonly engage in discursive activities to pursue the legitimacy of their new organizations. Previous studies on this pursuit have essentially been focused on verbal language and there is limited understanding of how other communication modes, such as the visual, offer specific potentials for influencing legitimation audiences. With the contemporary pervasiveness of digital documents and online environments that often employ the visual mode, this gap has become more relevant. To address it, this study is guided by the following research question: how do entrepreneurs use the visual mode of communication to legitimize their new ventures? Building on the case of a new organization, this study shows that specific features of the visual mode of communication are especially well suited to sustaining legitimation in particular ways. While previous research has mostly remained on a conceptual level, this study empirically advances the understanding of visual discursive legitimation.
企业家通常会参与讨论活动,以追求其新组织的合法性。此前对这一追求的研究主要集中在口头语言上,对视觉等其他沟通模式如何提供影响合法化受众的特定潜力的理解有限。随着数字文档和经常使用视觉模式的在线环境的当代普及,这种差距变得更加相关。为了解决这个问题,本研究以以下研究问题为指导:企业家如何利用视觉交流模式来合法化他们的新企业?基于一个新组织的案例,本研究表明,视觉交流模式的特定特征特别适合以特定方式维持合法性。虽然以前的研究大多停留在概念层面,但本研究从经验上推进了对视觉话语合法性的理解。
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引用次数: 2
Odyssey of a Socialist in the Business School World 商学院世界中的社会主义者奥德赛
IF 3.1 4区 管理学 Q1 Business, Management and Accounting Pub Date : 2021-11-18 DOI: 10.1177/10564926211056525
P. Adler
This is an edited version of my remarks at the 2020 Academy of Management on receiving the Organization and Management Theory Division's Distinguished Scholar award. I review the main steps of my intellectual trajectory, aiming to show how it has been enriched both by my engagement with “classic” scholars in our field–most notably Marx, Gouldner, Weber, Schumpeter, and Polanyi—and by my commitment to socialist values. I offer my case, with its strengths and weaknesses, in the hope of inspiring reflection on the role in our scholarship of such classics and our personal values, whatever they may be.
这是我在2020年管理学院获得组织与管理理论学部杰出学者奖时的讲话的编辑版。我回顾了我的思想轨迹的主要步骤,旨在展示我是如何通过与我们这个领域的“经典”学者——尤其是马克思、古尔德纳、韦伯、熊彼特和波兰尼——的接触以及我对社会主义价值观的承诺来丰富我的思想轨迹的。我提供我的案例,包括它的优点和缺点,希望能激发人们对这些经典作品在我们的学术研究中的作用和我们的个人价值观的思考,不管它们是什么。
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引用次数: 2
Entrepreneurship Education at the Crossroads: Challenging Taken-for-Granted Assumptions and Opening New Perspectives 十字路口的创业教育:挑战想当然的假设,开启新的视角
IF 3.1 4区 管理学 Q1 Business, Management and Accounting Pub Date : 2021-11-10 DOI: 10.1177/10564926211042222
M. Loi, A. Fayolle, M. van Gelderen, Elen Riot, D. Refai, D. Higgins, Radi Haloub, Marcus A. Y. Salusse, Erwan Lamy, C. Verzat, Fabrice L. Cavarretta
This work presents a synthesis of a debate regarding taken-for-granted assumptions and challenges in entrepreneurship education, matured after a developmental workshop organized to increase the research salience of the field. From the five contributions selected, three challenges emerge. The first is recognizing that participants’ representations about entrepreneurship play a crucial role in defining goals and impact of entrepreneurship education; second, integrating new perspectives of conceiving entrepreneurship into the current models of teaching entrepreneurship; and, lastly, facilitating the integration of entrepreneurship knowledge into practice. These challenges opened up to a conception of entrepreneurship education as a dynamic concept reflecting personal values, societal changes, and cultural differences. As a result, learning places of entrepreneurship education promotes exploration and not adaptation to existing schemes, where personal models for practicing entrepreneurship have room to emerge. Defining knowledge priorities, instead of targeting knowledge exhaustiveness, becomes of greatest importance to make entrepreneurship education‘s impact more relevant.
这项工作综合了一场关于创业教育中理所当然的假设和挑战的辩论,这场辩论是在为提高该领域的研究知名度而组织的发展研讨会之后成熟的。从选定的五项贡献中,出现了三项挑战。第一,认识到参与者对创业的表述在确定创业教育的目标和影响方面发挥着至关重要的作用;第二,将创业概念的新视角融入当前的创业教学模式中;最后,促进将创业知识融入实践。这些挑战开启了创业教育的概念,创业教育是一个反映个人价值观、社会变化和文化差异的动态概念。因此,创业教育的学习场所促进了探索,而不是适应现有的计划,在这些计划中,实践创业的个人模式有出现的空间。定义知识的优先事项,而不是针对知识的穷尽性,对于使创业教育的影响更具相关性变得至关重要。
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引用次数: 17
Editors’ Introduction: Distinguished Scholar’s Corner, Paul Adler 2021 编辑介绍:杰出学者之角,保罗·阿德勒2021
IF 3.1 4区 管理学 Q1 Business, Management and Accounting Pub Date : 2021-11-06 DOI: 10.1177/10564926211057384
Paul K. Adler
For almost four decades, the OMT (Organization and Management Theory) division of the Academy of Management has been honoring scholars who have been “central to the intellectual development of the field of organization studies,” an area of obvious interest for readers of JMI. (See the list of distinguished scholars here: https://omt.aom.org/awards/distinguished-scholar-award). Upon accepting the honor, Distinguished Scholars are requested kindly to share their thoughts during a presentation that takes place at a breakfast during the Academy of Management annual meeting. Typically, these thoughts are a reflection on the work done, but also an invitation to use one’s curiosity to see things we know well for the first time again. In the past, JMI has asked the award winners to publish a version of their talk for the benefit of the larger academic community but also to give the honorees space to develop the powerful ideas they have shared with the AOM audience and also reflect on the questions and feedback received from the audience and other scholars. The manuscript that follows this introduction is part of that tradition, relaunched here in JMI after a few year’s hiatus with Langley (2021) paper and her thoughts on how to use our intellectual tools to understand reality and bridge theory and praxis, and the processes we use to do so. Paul Adler was the recipient of the 2021 award. During his talk, Paul challenged us to think of a world where democracy would be expanded from the political sphere to the economic one, with the ultimate goal of ensuring that the search for profit and material prosperity does not prevent the solution to the “grand challenges” (Howard-Grenville, 2021) that our world is facing. The urgent tone of Adler’s piece resonates with the comments made by Langley, even though the themes chosen are very dissimilar. Yet, both scholars show the shared desire to help ensure that the intellectual tools developed by OMT scholars are used to make our world a better place for all. In so doing, they provide a source of inspiration for the academic community at large and, let’s hope, for all those whose decisions have an impact on the way the world works. Indeed, organizations and organizing are a distinct feature of all modern societies and probably of any collective human activity, and it is not unreasonable to believe that different and better ways to organize can lead to different and better results, and especially a more humane and more sustainable world. From the Editorial Board of JMI, we thank Paul Adler and his predecessors for their curiosity, their hard work, and, ultimately, for their generosity, and the executive board of OMT for their work ensuring that these distinguished minds receive the recognition they deserve in our community and beyond.
近四十年来,管理学院的OMT(组织与管理理论)部门一直在表彰那些“对组织研究领域的智力发展至关重要”的学者,这是JMI读者明显感兴趣的领域。(请参阅此处的杰出学者名单:https://omt.aom.org/awards/distinguished-scholar-award)。在接受这一荣誉后,请杰出学者在管理学院年会早餐会上发表演讲,分享他们的想法。通常,这些想法是对所做工作的反思,但也是一种邀请,让人们利用自己的好奇心,第一次看到我们熟悉的事情。过去,JMI曾要求获奖者发表他们的演讲版本,以造福更大的学术界,但也给获奖者空间,让他们发展与AOM观众分享的强大思想,并反思观众和其他学者提出的问题和反馈。这篇介绍之后的手稿是这一传统的一部分,在与Langley(2021)论文中断几年后,在JMI重新推出,以及她对如何使用我们的智力工具来理解现实、沟通理论和实践的想法,以及我们这样做的过程。Paul Adler是2021年奖项的获得者。在演讲中,保罗要求我们思考一个民主将从政治领域扩展到经济领域的世界,最终目标是确保对利润和物质繁荣的追求不会阻碍我们世界面临的“重大挑战”的解决(Howard Grenville,2021)。阿德勒作品的紧迫基调与兰利的评论产生了共鸣,尽管选择的主题非常不同。然而,两位学者都表现出了共同的愿望,即帮助确保OMT学者开发的智力工具被用来让我们的世界变得更美好。通过这样做,他们为整个学术界提供了灵感来源,让我们希望,也为所有那些决定对世界运作方式产生影响的人提供了灵感。事实上,组织和组织是所有现代社会的一个明显特征,可能也是任何人类集体活动的一个显著特征,相信不同和更好的组织方式可以带来不同和更好结果,尤其是一个更人道和更可持续的世界,这并非没有道理。JMI编辑委员会感谢Paul Adler和他的前任们的好奇心、辛勤工作,最终感谢他们的慷慨,感谢OMT执行委员会的工作,确保这些杰出的人才在我们的社区内外得到应有的认可。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Management Inquiry
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