Criminology & Public Policy最新文献_第9页

Overdose Detection Mapping Application Program expansion evaluation—A qualitative study 过量检测映射应用程序扩展评估——定性研究

IF 4.6 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Criminology & Public Policy

Pub Date : 2023-05-10 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12628

Chris Delcher, Nailah Horne, Cara McDonnell, Jungjun Bae, Hilary Surratt

Research Summary

We conducted a multisite qualitative evaluation of the Overdose Detection Mapping Application Program (ODMAP) expansion states that received federal funding in 2019 to measurably augment, adopt, and/or use ODMAP in their service areas. Across five states, 11 agencies including law enforcement agencies, county health departments, and local health coalitions were invited to participate in in-depth interviews to assess their experiences with ODMAP implementation, including facilitators, barriers, and best practices. Guided by implementation science principles and the Practical, Robust Implementation and Sustainability Model framework, we identified 12 key elements impacting progress toward ODMAP expansion, including the importance of leveraging interorganizational partnerships, competing environmental priorities, organizational perspectives on readiness for adoption, usability, and burden, organizational leadership support, and the presence of champions, dedicated implementation teams, and key adopter supports.

Policy Implications

Since 2016, ODMAP has rapidly expanded in response to the opioid crisis. The system is currently used by a wide range of public safety and public health agencies including multiple state and county jurisdictions funded by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Overdose Data to Action program. Ongoing, critical, and innovative evaluation of this nascent surveillance system is required.

研究摘要我们对2019年获得联邦资助的过量检测映射应用程序（ODMAP）扩展州进行了多站点定性评估，以在其服务领域显著增加、采用和/或使用ODMAP。在五个州，包括执法机构、县卫生部门和地方卫生联盟在内的11个机构被邀请参加深入访谈，以评估他们在ODMAP实施方面的经验，包括促进者、障碍和最佳实践。在实施科学原则和实用、稳健的实施和可持续发展模型框架的指导下，我们确定了影响ODMAP扩展进展的12个关键因素，包括利用组织间伙伴关系的重要性、相互竞争的环境优先事项、组织对采用准备情况、可用性和负担的看法，组织领导层的支持，以及拥护者、专门的实施团队和关键采用者的支持。政策影响自2016年以来，ODMAP迅速扩大，以应对阿片类药物危机。该系统目前被广泛的公共安全和公共卫生机构使用，包括由美国疾病控制和预防中心的“过量数据到行动”计划资助的多个州和县司法管辖区。需要对这一新生的监测系统进行持续、关键和创新的评估。

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引用次数: 1

Does police patrol in large areas prevent crime? Revisiting the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment 警察在大范围内巡逻能防止犯罪吗？对堪萨斯城预防性巡逻实验的再认识

IF 4.6 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Criminology & Public Policy

Pub Date : 2023-05-09 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12623

David Weisburd, David B. Wilson, Kevin Petersen, Cody W. Telep

Research Summary

The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment (KCPPE) was seen by its developers to have produced “consistent evidence of the lack of effects of any consequence on crime,” a conclusion that was to have a strong impact on assumptions about police patrol for almost half a century. We identified the original official crime data from the KCPPE, and reanalyzed outcomes focusing on a comparison of the “proactive” versus “control” beats (“reactive beats” were criticized because of violations of treatment integrity); examining broad categories of crime (to increase statistical power); and using count regression models. Our findings are not unequivocal, but point to modest impacts of police patrol on crime in police beats.

Policy Implications

Our findings suggest that lessons drawn for half a century from the KCPPE need to be revisited. The KCPPE does not show that police patrol in large areas has no influence on crime, and this finding is consistent with several more recent studies. At the same time, we note that the effects of patrol in the KCPPE using our analysis strategy, and those found in other studies of preventive patrol in larger areas, are about half that found in hot spots policing studies. This suggests that police agencies ideally should invest in focused hot spots policing initiatives. However, absent an ability to manage such initiatives, or the crime analysis capabilities to identify crime hot spots routinely, simpler preventive patrol schemes to utilize uncommitted patrol time can be seen as potentially effective in preventing crime.

研究摘要堪萨斯城预防性巡逻实验（KCPPE）的开发人员认为，该实验产生了“对犯罪没有任何影响的一致证据”，这一结论对近半个世纪以来关于警察巡逻的假设产生了强烈影响。我们确定了KCPPE的原始官方犯罪数据，并重新分析了结果，重点是“主动”与“控制”节拍的比较（“反应性节拍”因违反治疗诚信而受到批评）；审查犯罪的广泛类别（以提高统计能力）；并使用计数回归模型。我们的调查结果并不明确，但指出了警察巡逻对警察巡逻中犯罪的适度影响。政策含义我们的研究结果表明，半个世纪以来从KCPPE中吸取的教训需要重新审视。KCPPE并没有表明警察在大面积巡逻对犯罪没有影响，这一发现与最近的几项研究一致。与此同时，我们注意到，使用我们的分析策略，在KCPPE中巡逻的效果，以及在其他更大地区预防性巡逻研究中发现的效果，大约是热点警务研究中的一半。这表明，理想情况下，警察机构应该投资于重点热点警务举措。然而，由于缺乏管理此类举措的能力，或缺乏常规识别犯罪热点的犯罪分析能力，利用未支配巡逻时间的更简单的预防性巡逻计划可能被视为预防犯罪的潜在有效方案。

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引用次数: 0

Defunding the police through shared service agreements: The impact on cost savings, staffing, and public safety using a bias-corrected synthetic control analysis 通过共享服务协议挑战警察：使用偏差校正的综合控制分析对成本节约、人员配置和公共安全的影响

IF 4.6 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Criminology & Public Policy

Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12624

David Mazeika

Research Summary

New Jersey (NJ) is home to more than 460 municipal police departments, including close to 60 with fewer than 11 officers. In total, the state spends around $3 billion per year on policing, 20% of the typical municipal budget. In recent history, seven NJ municipalities have disbanded their local force and contracted services with a neighbor. Using the bias-corrected synthetic control method, results from this study reveal these locations saved on average $143 per person per year, close to $300,000 per municipality. There were fewer officers in the contracting force per capita postcontracting, but no effects on public safety. Contracting agencies also gained new services including a K-9 Unit and full-time detectives. However, the monies municipalities saved were largely used to cut taxes and fund capital improvements, not to fund reform efforts called for after the murder of George Floyd. Contracting thus was a way to maintain the status quo.

Policy Implications

Interlocal police shared service agreements offer one promising model to defund the police without public safety collateral consequences. More municipalities can be encouraged to share police services by changing civil service rules and amending NJ state law, which currently limits the ability to realize cost savings. Contracts should also be required to clearly delineate service delivery and set minimum standards of service delivery.

新泽西州有460多个市警察局，其中包括近60个警察局，警察人数不到11人。总的来说，该州每年在治安方面的支出约为30亿美元，占典型市政预算的20%。在最近的历史上，新泽西州的七个市镇解散了当地部队，并与一个邻居签订了服务合同。使用偏差校正的综合控制方法，这项研究的结果显示，这些地点平均每人每年节省143美元，接近每个市镇300000美元。合同签订后，合同部队中的人均官员较少，但对公共安全没有影响。承包机构还获得了新的服务，包括K-9部队和全职侦探。然而，市政当局节省的资金主要用于减税和资本改善，而不是资助乔治·弗洛伊德谋杀案后要求的改革努力。因此，签订合同是维持现状的一种方式。政策影响地方警察共享服务协议提供了一种很有前途的模式，可以在没有公共安全附带后果的情况下为警察提供资金。可以通过改变公务员制度规则和修改新泽西州法律来鼓励更多的市镇共享警察服务，该法律目前限制了实现成本节约的能力。还应要求签订合同，明确规定服务提供情况，并规定服务提供的最低标准。

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引用次数: 0

Police diversity and crime clearance for Black and Hispanic victims 警察多样性和黑人和西班牙裔受害者的犯罪清理

IF 4.6 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Criminology & Public Policy

Pub Date : 2023-04-04 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12622

Aki Roberts, Hannah R. Smith

Research Summary

As a policy response to historically strained police–minority community relations, police diversification is hoped to improve policing outcomes in minority communities. An improved police–community relationship may be expected to lead to increased citizen cooperation in crime investigations and therefore be beneficial for crime clearance, but there are different perspectives on the nature of this link. We examined several measures of Black police representation (Black officer percentage, Black racial congruence between the police force and the jurisdiction's population, and presence of Black police chief or head) and their relationships with arrest clearance of National Incident-Based Reporting System aggravated assault incidents involving Black victims in 205 agencies. We also explored similar Hispanic police representation measures in a sample of aggravated assault incidents with Hispanic victims in 158 agencies. In multilevel survival analyses with agency/jurisdiction- and incident-level controls, none of the Black representation measures were significantly associated with clearance of Black victims’ incidents. We obtained similar results for the Hispanic representation measures and clearance of Hispanic victims’ incidents.

Policy Implications

Although the findings do not indicate a benefit of diversity for clearance involving minority victims, it is encouraging that neither do results suggest that increasing minority police representation would harm clearance. Responding to the public's strong call for demographic reform, it appears that police agencies can continue to increase their racial and ethnic diversity without sacrificing clearance rates, a main indicator of police performance. At least for clearance, warnings of reduced performance when equitable representation is an agency priority do not seem to be well-founded. There should be continuing research on policing outcomes and diversity as U.S. agencies increase their minority representation, and agencies should emphasize the recruitment, hiring, and retention of minority officers.

研究摘要作为对历史上紧张的警察与少数族裔社区关系的政策回应，警察多元化有望改善少数族裔社区的警务成果。警察与社区关系的改善可能会导致公民在犯罪调查中的合作增加，因此有利于犯罪的清除，但对这种联系的性质有不同的看法。我们研究了黑人警察代表性的几种衡量标准（黑人警官百分比、警察部队和管辖区人口之间的黑人种族一致性以及黑人警察局长或局长的存在），以及它们与205个机构中涉及黑人受害者的国家事件报告系统严重袭击事件的逮捕许可之间的关系。我们还在158个机构的拉美裔受害者严重袭击事件样本中探讨了类似的拉美裔警察代表措施。在具有机构/管辖权和事件级别控制的多层次生存分析中，没有一项黑人代表性措施与黑人受害者事件的清除有显著关联。我们在西班牙裔受害者事件的西班牙语代表性措施和清除方面获得了类似的结果。政策影响尽管调查结果没有表明涉及少数群体受害者的清理工作的多样性有好处，但令人鼓舞的是，调查结果也没有表明增加少数群体警察的代表性会损害清理工作。为了回应公众对人口结构改革的强烈呼吁，警察机构似乎可以在不牺牲作为警察表现主要指标的通关率的情况下，继续增加其种族和族裔多样性。至少在批准方面，当公平代表权是机构的优先事项时，关于业绩下降的警告似乎没有充分的依据。随着美国机构增加少数族裔代表性，应该继续对警务结果和多样性进行研究，各机构应该强调少数族裔官员的招聘、雇佣和留用。

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引用次数: 1

Licensed firearm dealers, legal compliance, and local homicide: A case study 持牌枪支经销商、合法合规与当地凶杀案：案例研究

IF 4.6 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Criminology & Public Policy

Pub Date : 2023-04-04 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12621

Richard Stansfield, Daniel Semenza, Jie Xu, Elizabeth Griffiths

Research summary

This study uses a combination of tract-level and street network-level analyses to examine: (1) the overall association between federally licensed firearm dealers (FFLs) and homicides, (2) the relationship between dealers with serious violations (such as selling to prohibited buyers or failing to record sales) and homicide, and (3) whether the dealer–homicide association is moderated by community disadvantage. Results replicate and confirm a relationship between dealers and homicides in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Importantly, however, we also find that proximity to noncompliant dealers specifically elevates the risk of lethal violence.

Policy implications

We detail how a coordinated effort between federal, state, and local agencies to regulate firearm dealers and ensure that legal compliance can be instrumental in reducing gun violence. There is a clear need for increased oversight of gun dealers and more robust policies that hold negligent dealers accountable, including the necessary funding and regulatory manpower to enable regular auditing and support consistent follow-up for noncompliant dealers. A comprehensive policy framework that supports supply-side gun violence reduction should include additions to state-level laws that require record keeping, videotaping and store security, and regular inspection for firearm dealers.

研究摘要本研究结合地区层面和街道网络层面的分析来检验：（1）联邦许可枪支经销商（FFL）与凶杀案之间的总体关联，（2）严重违规（如向被禁止的买家出售或未记录销售情况）的经销商与凶杀案的关系，以及（3）经销商-凶杀案关联是否受到社区劣势的调节。研究结果复制并证实了毒贩与弱势社区凶杀案之间的关系。然而，重要的是，我们还发现，与不遵守规定的经销商接近会特别增加致命暴力的风险。政策影响我们详细介绍了联邦、州和地方机构之间如何协调努力，以监管枪支经销商并确保遵守法律，从而有助于减少枪支暴力。显然需要加强对枪支经销商的监督，并制定更强有力的政策，追究疏忽经销商的责任，包括必要的资金和监管人力，以实现定期审计，并支持对不合规经销商的持续跟进。支持减少供应方枪支暴力的全面政策框架应包括增加州级法律，要求记录、录像和商店安全，并对枪支经销商进行定期检查。

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引用次数: 2

Federal–local partnerships on immigration law enforcement: Are the policies effective in reducing violent victimization? 联邦和地方在移民执法方面的伙伴关系：这些政策在减少暴力受害方面有效吗？

IF 4.6 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Criminology & Public Policy

Pub Date : 2023-03-14 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12619

Eric P. Baumer, Min Xie

Research Summary

Our understanding of how immigration enforcement impacts crime has been informed exclusively by data from police crime statistics. This study complements existing research by using longitudinal multilevel data from the National Crime Victimization Survey for 2005–2014 to simultaneously assess the impact of the three predominant immigration policies that have been implemented in local communities. The results indicate that the activation of Secure Communities and 287(g) task force agreements significantly increased violent victimization risk among Latinos, whereas they showed no evident impact on victimization risk among non-Latino Whites and Blacks. The activation of 287(g) jail enforcement agreements and anti-detainer policies had no significant impact on violent victimization risk during the period.

Policy Implications

Contrary to their stated purpose of enhancing public safety, our results show that the Secure Communities program and 287(g) task force agreements did not reduce crime, but instead eroded security in U.S. communities by increasing the likelihood that Latinos experienced violent victimization. These results support the Federal government's ending of 287(g) task force agreements and its more recent move to end the Secure Communities program. Additionally, the results of our study add to the evidence challenging claims that anti-detainer policies pose a threat to violence risk.

研究摘要我们对移民执法如何影响犯罪的理解完全来自警方犯罪统计数据。这项研究补充了现有的研究，使用了2005-2014年全国犯罪受害者调查的纵向多层次数据，同时评估了当地社区实施的三项主要移民政策的影响。结果表明，安全社区和287（g）特别工作组协议的激活显著增加了拉丁裔人的暴力受害风险，而它们对非拉丁裔白人和黑人的受害风险没有明显影响。在此期间，287（g）监狱执行协议和反拘留政策的启动对暴力受害风险没有重大影响。政策含义与他们声称的加强公共安全的目的相反，我们的研究结果表明，安全社区计划和287（g）特别工作组协议并没有减少犯罪，反而增加了拉丁裔遭受暴力侵害的可能性，从而侵蚀了美国社区的安全。这些结果支持联邦政府终止287（g）特别工作组协议，以及最近终止安全社区计划的举措。此外，我们的研究结果进一步证明了反拘留政策对暴力风险构成威胁的说法。

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引用次数: 1

Understanding racial disparities in pretrial detention recommendations to shape policy reform 了解审前拘留建议中的种族差异以制定政策改革

IF 4.6 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Criminology & Public Policy

Pub Date : 2023-03-14 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12620

Jennifer Skeem, Lina Montoya, Christopher Lowenkamp

Research Summary

Federal pretrial services and probation officers assess defendants and make influential recommendations that defendants be either released or detained, based on their threat to community safety and risk of flight. To inform efforts to reduce disparities in pretrial detention, we examined officers’ decision making about 149,815 defendants across 81 districts. Overall, the probability of a detention recommendation was 34% higher for Black than White defendants. Racial disparities were most pronounced in ambiguous cases that invoked substantial officer discretion—including cases where the defendant had little or no criminal record. Nevertheless, mediation analyses revealed that up to 79% of the racial disparity in detention recommendations operates through institutionalized factors (i.e., pretrial policy) rather than personally mediated factors (e.g., implicit racism or classism). The lion's share of the disparity operates through one institutionalized factor alone: criminal history.

Policy Implications

This study illustrates an empirical strategy for understanding the pathways through which disparities operate, which is crucial for shaping effective solutions. Providing officers with training and decision guides could reduce personally mediated bias—which is crucial for high discretion cases. However, this study shows that disparities mostly flow through institutionalized bias. So, greater gains may be had by making strategic shifts in policies and their implementation. One promising direction is to corral criminal history by adopting a tight definition that demonstrably predicts violence and failure to appear, and limiting the weight assigned to criminal history versus other predictive factors, when making recommendations. Another promising direction is to adopt risk-based release policies that leverage an existing tool to reduce both detention rates and racial disparities.

研究摘要联邦审前服务和缓刑官员评估被告，并根据被告对社区安全的威胁和逃跑风险，提出有影响力的建议，释放或拘留被告。为了为减少审前拘留差异的努力提供信息，我们调查了81个地区约149815名被告的警官决策。总体而言，黑人被告被建议拘留的可能性比白人被告高34%。种族差异在援引大量官员自由裁量权的模糊案件中最为明显，包括被告几乎没有或根本没有犯罪记录的案件。然而，调解分析显示，拘留建议中高达79%的种族差异是通过制度化因素（即审前政策）而非个人调解因素（如隐性种族主义或阶级主义）产生的。这种差距的最大部分仅通过一个制度化因素发挥作用：犯罪史。政策含义这项研究展示了一种经验策略，用于理解差异的运作途径，这对制定有效的解决方案至关重要。为官员提供培训和决策指南可以减少个人调解的偏见——这对高度自由裁量权的案件至关重要。然而，这项研究表明，差异主要是通过制度化的偏见产生的。因此，通过在政策及其实施方面进行战略转变，可能会取得更大的成果。一个有希望的方向是通过采用一个严格的定义来收集犯罪史，该定义可以明显地预测暴力和未出现，并在提出建议时限制犯罪史相对于其他预测因素的权重。另一个有希望的方向是采取基于风险的释放政策，利用现有工具来降低拘留率和种族差异。

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引用次数: 0

Validating a novel tool for coding body worn camera footage of police-community member interactions 验证一种新的工具，用于编码警察与社区成员互动的随身携带的摄像机镜头

IF 4.6 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Criminology & Public Policy

Pub Date : 2023-02-23 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12618

Nathaniel Elkins-Brown, Stephen James, Lois James

Objectives

This study aimed to validate a tool for coding police body-worn camera (BWC) footage to measure the dynamics of police–community encounters, including items related to community members, officer performance, and situational outcomes.

Methods

Over 1000 BWC videos were scored by five coders who participated in an iterative interrater reliability exercise to improve the agreement. Krippendorf's alphas and a multilevel simultaneous component analysis were used to assess interrater reliability and the component structure of ratings, respectively. Bootstrapped and multilevel exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to ascertain any underlying dimensions supporting officer and community member behavior, and cluster analyses were performed to examine whether interactions could be grouped into coherent categories.

Results

The lower bound of unweighted means of bootstrapped alphas ranged from 0.67 to 0.96 depending upon item type, and 21.60% of the total variance in raters was between-subjects. Factor analyses revealed only a single factor (“defensiveness”) underlying four items related to hostility directed toward officers by community members. Cluster analyses described seven categories that were highly overlapping but conceptually plausible with cluster silhouette means ranging from −0.06 to 0.13.

Conclusions

We validated a collection of interval-level coding metrics on a random sample of over 1000 interactions between police officers and community members recorded through BWCs. In doing so, we provide a roadmap for researchers and practitioners to effectively measure the dynamics of police–community encounters and officer performance within those encounters and a framework for addressing the validity and reliability of items in future studies involving the measurement of BWC footage.

目的本研究旨在验证一种对警察随身携带的摄像头（BWC）录像进行编码的工具，以测量警察与社区遭遇的动态，包括与社区成员、警察表现和情境结果相关的项目。方法5名编码人员对1000多个《生物武器公约》视频进行评分，他们参与了一项迭代的参与者间可靠性练习，以提高一致性。Krippendorf的alphas和多级同时成分分析分别用于评估评估者间的可靠性和评级的成分结构。进行了自举式和多层次的探索性和验证性因素分析，以确定支持官员和社区成员行为的任何潜在维度，并进行了聚类分析，以检查互动是否可以分为连贯的类别。结果根据项目类型，自举阿尔法的未加权平均值的下限在0.67到0.96之间，评分者的总方差的21.60%在受试者之间。因素分析显示，只有一个单一因素（“防御力”）与社区成员对官员的敌意有关。聚类分析描述了七个类别，它们高度重叠，但在概念上是合理的，聚类轮廓平均值在-0.06到0.13之间。结论我们对通过BWC记录的1000多名警察和社区成员之间的互动进行了随机抽样，验证了一组区间级编码指标。在这样做的过程中，我们为研究人员和从业人员提供了一个路线图，以有效地衡量警察-社区遭遇的动态和警察在这些遭遇中的表现，并为在未来涉及测量《生物武器公约》录像的研究中解决项目的有效性和可靠性提供了框架。

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引用次数: 3

Building an understanding of the collision of crime, places, race, and ethnicity 建立对犯罪、地点、种族和民族冲突的理解

IF 4.6 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Criminology & Public Policy

Pub Date : 2023-02-12 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12617

Ajima Olaghere, John E. Eck

引用次数: 0

Public support for second look sentencing: Is there a Shawshank redemption effect? 公众支持重审判决：是否存在肖申克的救赎效应？

IF 4.6 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Criminology & Public Policy

Pub Date : 2023-02-02 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12616

Kellie R. Hannan, Francis T. Cullen, Amanda Graham, Cheryl Lero Jonson, Justin T. Pickett, Murat Haner, Melissa M. Sloan

Research Summary

Washington, DC has implemented second look sentencing. After serving a minimum of 15 years in prison, those convicted of a serious offense committed while under the age of 25 years can petition a judge to take a “second look” and potentially release them from incarceration. To examine both global and specific support for second look sentencing, we embedded experiments in a 2021 MTurk survey and in a follow-up 2022 YouGov survey. Two key findings emerged. First, regardless of whether a crime was committed under 18 years or under 25 years of age, a majority of the public supported second look sentencing. Opposition to the policy was low, even for petitioners convicted of murder. Second, as revealed by vignette ratings, respondents were more likely to support release when a petitioner “signaled” their reform (e.g., completed a rehabilitation program, received a recommendation from the warden) and had the support of the victim (or their family).

Policy Implications

The critique of mass imprisonment has broadened from a focus on the level of incarceration to the inordinate length of sentences being served by some prisoners. Policies are being proposed to reconsider these long sentences and to provide opportunities for earned release. Second look sentencing in DC is one of these reforms. Our research suggests that many members of the public believe in a “Shawshank redemption” effect—that those committing serious crimes as a teenager or young adult can mature into a “different person” and warrant a second look, with the possibility of early release if they have earned it. A key issue is likely to be how much weight is accorded to the preference of victims or their families in any release decision.

研究摘要华盛顿特区已经实施了二审判决。在监狱服刑至少15年后，那些在25岁以下犯下严重罪行的人可以向法官请愿，要求“重新审视”，并可能将他们从监禁中释放。为了检验全球和具体对二次判决的支持，我们在2021年MTurk调查和2022年YouGov后续调查中嵌入了实验。出现了两个关键发现。首先，无论犯罪是在18岁以下还是在25岁以下，大多数公众都支持二审判决。反对这项政策的人很少，即使是被判谋杀罪的请愿者也是如此。其次，正如小插曲评级所揭示的那样，当请愿人“表示”他们的改革（例如，完成康复计划，收到监狱长的建议）并得到受害者（或其家人）的支持时，受访者更有可能支持释放。政策含义对大规模监禁的批评已经从对监禁水平的关注扩大到一些囚犯服刑时间过长。正在提出重新考虑这些长期判决的政策，并为争取释放提供机会。华盛顿的二审判决就是这些改革之一。我们的研究表明，许多公众相信“肖申克的救赎”效应，即那些在青少年或年轻人时期犯下严重罪行的人可以成熟成一个“不同的人”，并需要重新审视，如果他们赢得了惩罚，就有可能提前获释。一个关键问题可能是，在任何释放决定中，对受害者或其家人的偏好给予了多大的重视。

{"title":"Public support for second look sentencing: Is there a Shawshank redemption effect?","authors":"Kellie R. Hannan, Francis T. Cullen, Amanda Graham, Cheryl Lero Jonson, Justin T. Pickett, Murat Haner, Melissa M. Sloan","doi":"10.1111/1745-9133.12616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12616","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Research Summary</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Washington, DC has implemented second look sentencing. After serving a minimum of 15 years in prison, those convicted of a serious offense committed while under the age of 25 years can petition a judge to take a “second look” and potentially release them from incarceration. To examine both global and specific support for second look sentencing, we embedded experiments in a 2021 MTurk survey and in a follow-up 2022 YouGov survey. Two key findings emerged. First, regardless of whether a crime was committed under 18 years or under 25 years of age, a majority of the public supported second look sentencing. Opposition to the policy was low, even for petitioners convicted of murder. Second, as revealed by vignette ratings, respondents were more likely to support release when a petitioner “signaled” their reform (e.g., completed a rehabilitation program, received a recommendation from the warden) and had the support of the victim (or their family).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Policy Implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The critique of mass imprisonment has broadened from a focus on the level of incarceration to the inordinate length of sentences being served by some prisoners. Policies are being proposed to reconsider these long sentences and to provide opportunities for earned release. Second look sentencing in DC is one of these reforms. Our research suggests that many members of the public believe in a “Shawshank redemption” effect—that those committing serious crimes as a teenager or young adult can mature into a “different person” and warrant a second look, with the possibility of early release if they have earned it. A key issue is likely to be how much weight is accorded to the preference of victims or their families in any release decision.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47902,"journal":{"name":"Criminology & Public Policy","volume":"22 2","pages":"263-292"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50117665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1