Itzel Stella Pérez-Campos, Temis Silvia Johanna Espinosa-Badillo, Eric Ochoa-Hein, Martha A Huertas-Jímenez, Alberto Colin-Ugalde, Alma R Chávez-Ríos, Arturo Galindo-Fraga
{"title":"Estudio de brote de Covid-19 en un instituto nacional de tercer nivel de México en 2022.","authors":"Itzel Stella Pérez-Campos, Temis Silvia Johanna Espinosa-Badillo, Eric Ochoa-Hein, Martha A Huertas-Jímenez, Alberto Colin-Ugalde, Alma R Chávez-Ríos, Arturo Galindo-Fraga","doi":"10.21149/14974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21149/14974","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47913,"journal":{"name":"Salud Publica De Mexico","volume":"66 1, ene-feb","pages":"7-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138812152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maria Angelica Saldias-Fernández, Andrés Gónzales-Santa-Cruz, Denisse Parra-Giordano
Objetivo: Identificar factores sociodemográficos y sanitarios en mujeres que requirieron prestaciones asociadas con la interrupción voluntaria del embarazo (IVE). Material y métodos. Diseño transversal retrospectivo desde registros oficiales por centros de salud entre 2018-2020. Análisis con estadística descriptiva y modelos de regresión logística múltiple.
Resultados: Asociación entre IVE y causal por violación vs. riesgo de vida de la mujer (aRP [razón de prevalencia ajustada]=1.16 [IC95%: 1.11,1.21]); nivel Fonasa A (Fondo Nacional de Salud) (aRP=0.79 [IC95%: 0.67,0.93]), B (aRP= 0.79 [IC95%: 0.67,0.93]) y C vs. Isapre (Institución de Salud Previsional) (aRP= 0.73 [IC95%: 0.58,0.93]). A medida que aumenta el nivel de atención, desde nivel primario al terciario, incrementaría la probabilidad de interrumpir el embarazo (aRM [razón de momios ajustados]= 0.59 IC95%: 0.36,0.99; aRM= 0.58 [IC95%: 0.35,0.96]). Conclusión. Se proporcionan estimaciones nacionales en materia de IVE. Destaca que diferentes determinantes sociosanitarios son importantes de considerar para promover lineamientos y políticas sanitarias para promover los derechos sexuales y reproductivos, y la autonomía reproductiva.
目的：确定需要自愿终止妊娠（VTP）相关服务的妇女的社会人口和健康因素。材料与方法。采用回顾性横断面设计，数据来源于2018-2020年间医疗中心的官方记录。采用描述性统计和多元逻辑回归模型进行分析。结果：VTP与强奸因果关系与妇女生命风险之间的关联（aRP[调整流行率]=1.16[95%CI：1.11,1.21]）；Fonasa A 级（国家卫生基金）（apr=0.79[95%CI：0.67,0.93]）、B 级（apr=0.79[95%CI：0.67,0.93]）和 C 级与 Isapre（预防保健机构）（apr=0.73[95%CI：0.58,0.93]）之间的关系。随着医疗水平的提高，从初级到三级，终止妊娠的概率也会增加（调整后的几率比率=0.59，CI95%：0.36,0.99；调整后的几率比率=0.58 [CI95%：0.35,0.96]）。结论提供了全国性传播疾病流行率的估计值。它突出表明，在推广促进性权利和生殖权利以及生殖自主权的卫生指导方针和政策时，必须考虑不同的社会健康决定因素。
{"title":"Interrupción del embarazo en Chile 2018-2020: rol de las variables sociodemográficas y sanitarias sobre la decisión de la mujer.","authors":"Maria Angelica Saldias-Fernández, Andrés Gónzales-Santa-Cruz, Denisse Parra-Giordano","doi":"10.21149/14670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21149/14670","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objetivo: </strong>Identificar factores sociodemográficos y sanitarios en mujeres que requirieron prestaciones asociadas con la interrupción voluntaria del embarazo (IVE). Material y métodos. Diseño transversal retrospectivo desde registros oficiales por centros de salud entre 2018-2020. Análisis con estadística descriptiva y modelos de regresión logística múltiple.</p><p><strong>Resultados: </strong>Asociación entre IVE y causal por violación vs. riesgo de vida de la mujer (aRP [razón de prevalencia ajustada]=1.16 [IC95%: 1.11,1.21]); nivel Fonasa A (Fondo Nacional de Salud) (aRP=0.79 [IC95%: 0.67,0.93]), B (aRP= 0.79 [IC95%: 0.67,0.93]) y C vs. Isapre (Institución de Salud Previsional) (aRP= 0.73 [IC95%: 0.58,0.93]). A medida que aumenta el nivel de atención, desde nivel primario al terciario, incrementaría la probabilidad de interrumpir el embarazo (aRM [razón de momios ajustados]= 0.59 IC95%: 0.36,0.99; aRM= 0.58 [IC95%: 0.35,0.96]). Conclusión. Se proporcionan estimaciones nacionales en materia de IVE. Destaca que diferentes determinantes sociosanitarios son importantes de considerar para promover lineamientos y políticas sanitarias para promover los derechos sexuales y reproductivos, y la autonomía reproductiva.</p>","PeriodicalId":47913,"journal":{"name":"Salud Publica De Mexico","volume":"66 1, ene-feb","pages":"17-24"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138812160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objetivo: Conocer las diferentes respuestas de adolescentes centroamericanos que migran solos en México ante la ausencia familiar. Material y métodos. Se utilizaron métodos cualitativos y visuales (entrevistas semiestructuradas, técnica de elicitación visual, taller de dibujo y análisis temático). Se entrevistaron migrantes de entre 14 y 19 años no acompañados y trabajadores en servicios para migrantes.
Resultados: Se identificaron tres respuestas: independización, resiliencia y formación de redes de apoyo fuera de la familia tradicional. Conclusión. Las diferentes respuestas muestran que la familia -como núcleo de personas cercanas- es una necesidad humana y la reunificación familiar debe ser prioridad cuando ésta es viable. Sin embargo, falta reconocimiento institucional de la complejidad de las múltiples situaciones familiares de adolescentes migrantes. Esta falta puede justificar su deportación sin debido análisis de la situación.
{"title":"Respuestas ante la ausencia familiar en la migración de adolescentes no acompañados en México.","authors":"Susanna Corona-Maioli, Alejandra Díaz de León, Scarlett Machado-Núñez, Jessica Esmeralda Gómez-Juárez, Shoshana Berenzon-Gorn","doi":"10.21149/15278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21149/15278","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objetivo: </strong>Conocer las diferentes respuestas de adolescentes centroamericanos que migran solos en México ante la ausencia familiar. Material y métodos. Se utilizaron métodos cualitativos y visuales (entrevistas semiestructuradas, técnica de elicitación visual, taller de dibujo y análisis temático). Se entrevistaron migrantes de entre 14 y 19 años no acompañados y trabajadores en servicios para migrantes.</p><p><strong>Resultados: </strong>Se identificaron tres respuestas: independización, resiliencia y formación de redes de apoyo fuera de la familia tradicional. Conclusión. Las diferentes respuestas muestran que la familia -como núcleo de personas cercanas- es una necesidad humana y la reunificación familiar debe ser prioridad cuando ésta es viable. Sin embargo, falta reconocimiento institucional de la complejidad de las múltiples situaciones familiares de adolescentes migrantes. Esta falta puede justificar su deportación sin debido análisis de la situación.</p>","PeriodicalId":47913,"journal":{"name":"Salud Publica De Mexico","volume":"66 1, ene-feb","pages":"37-49"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138812168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Martin Marie-Tognola, Rammel Flores-Miranda, Alan Gabriel Contreras, Ignacio García-Juárez
{"title":"Unexpected high prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in couples of liver transplant patients.","authors":"Martin Marie-Tognola, Rammel Flores-Miranda, Alan Gabriel Contreras, Ignacio García-Juárez","doi":"10.21149/15070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21149/15070","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47913,"journal":{"name":"Salud Publica De Mexico","volume":"66 1, ene-feb","pages":"10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138812187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lizbeth Tolentino-Mayo, Regina Durán, Fiorella Espinosa, Isabel Ferré, Ana Munguía, Simón Barquera
Objetivo: Analizar los diferentes elementos en los argumentos recibidos durante la consulta pública del Proyecto de Modificación a la Norma Oficial Mexicana-051 (NOM-051), con énfasis en la protección de niñas, niños y adolescentes (NNA). Material y métodos. Se analizó la información de 1 095 argumentos, se identificó a los actores clave y se realizó un análisis de contenido para conocer la postura, a favor o en contra de los numerales relacionados con la protección a NNA. El análisis se hizo en el programa NVivo.
Resultados: Se identificaron 781 actores clave. Durante la consulta pública se identificaron cuatro tácticas del sector privado para interferir en el proceso de la NOM-051: a) grupos fachada que enviaron comentarios en contra de la NOM-051; b) cuestionar la evidencia científica sobre la relación del consumo de edulcorantes y el desarrollo de obesidad en escolares; c) cuestionar la efectividad del uso del etiquetado de advertencia para edulcorantes; d) responsabilizar a los individuos de su enfermedad. Conclusión. La interferencia del sector privado en el proceso de implementación de la NOM-051 fue evidente en los argumentos enviados durante la consulta pública.
{"title":"Análisis de los argumentos recibidos en la consulta pública para el etiquetado frontal de advertencia mexicano.","authors":"Lizbeth Tolentino-Mayo, Regina Durán, Fiorella Espinosa, Isabel Ferré, Ana Munguía, Simón Barquera","doi":"10.21149/14908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21149/14908","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objetivo: </strong>Analizar los diferentes elementos en los argumentos recibidos durante la consulta pública del Proyecto de Modificación a la Norma Oficial Mexicana-051 (NOM-051), con énfasis en la protección de niñas, niños y adolescentes (NNA). Material y métodos. Se analizó la información de 1 095 argumentos, se identificó a los actores clave y se realizó un análisis de contenido para conocer la postura, a favor o en contra de los numerales relacionados con la protección a NNA. El análisis se hizo en el programa NVivo.</p><p><strong>Resultados: </strong>Se identificaron 781 actores clave. Durante la consulta pública se identificaron cuatro tácticas del sector privado para interferir en el proceso de la NOM-051: a) grupos fachada que enviaron comentarios en contra de la NOM-051; b) cuestionar la evidencia científica sobre la relación del consumo de edulcorantes y el desarrollo de obesidad en escolares; c) cuestionar la efectividad del uso del etiquetado de advertencia para edulcorantes; d) responsabilizar a los individuos de su enfermedad. Conclusión. La interferencia del sector privado en el proceso de implementación de la NOM-051 fue evidente en los argumentos enviados durante la consulta pública.</p>","PeriodicalId":47913,"journal":{"name":"Salud Publica De Mexico","volume":"66 1, ene-feb","pages":"67-77"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138812147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrea Michelle Argeñal-Silva, Marlen Andrea Zepeda-Ponce, José Manuel Espinal-Madrid, Leonardo Flavio Medina-Guillen
{"title":"Hellp syndrome predictors in two hospitals in Honduras, January 2020-December 2021.","authors":"Andrea Michelle Argeñal-Silva, Marlen Andrea Zepeda-Ponce, José Manuel Espinal-Madrid, Leonardo Flavio Medina-Guillen","doi":"10.21149/14938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21149/14938","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47913,"journal":{"name":"Salud Publica De Mexico","volume":"66 1, ene-feb","pages":"6-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138812156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: To estimate adolescent use of outpatient services, identifying their health needs and associated socioeconomic factors.
Materials and methods: Using data from Ensanut 2018-2019, adolescents (ages 10-19) with health needs and those receiving care from health personnel (users) were identified. Needs were analyzed by sex and socioeconomic status (SES). Logistic models were used to assess the factors associated with the use of health care and choice of provider.
Results: 6% of adolescents reported health needs, of whom 64% used outpatient services. Respiratory and gastrointestinal infections were the principal health needs prompting use of services overall. However, by SES, motivations centered on pregnancy for the poor and accidental injuries for the wealthy. One in three adolescents with health needs, particularly the poorest, received no care. Living with a partner and having health insurance were the main predictors of use. Greater schooling among household heads and higher SES correlated with the use of private services.
Conclusions: Despite being aware of their health needs, adolescents are the group that uses health services the least in Mexico. Promoting preventative and timely treatment for this population would encourage youths to seek care more often.
{"title":"Adolescent use of outpatient health services in Mexico: their health needs and associated factors.","authors":"Leticia Avila-Burgos, Julio César Montañez-Hernández, Nadia Cerecer-Ortiz, Celia Hubert, Ileana Heredia-Pi, Leticia Suárez-López, Aremis Villalobos","doi":"10.21149/14904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21149/14904","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To estimate adolescent use of outpatient services, identifying their health needs and associated socioeconomic factors.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Using data from Ensanut 2018-2019, adolescents (ages 10-19) with health needs and those receiving care from health personnel (users) were identified. Needs were analyzed by sex and socioeconomic status (SES). Logistic models were used to assess the factors associated with the use of health care and choice of provider.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>6% of adolescents reported health needs, of whom 64% used outpatient services. Respiratory and gastrointestinal infections were the principal health needs prompting use of services overall. However, by SES, motivations centered on pregnancy for the poor and accidental injuries for the wealthy. One in three adolescents with health needs, particularly the poorest, received no care. Living with a partner and having health insurance were the main predictors of use. Greater schooling among household heads and higher SES correlated with the use of private services.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Despite being aware of their health needs, adolescents are the group that uses health services the least in Mexico. Promoting preventative and timely treatment for this population would encourage youths to seek care more often.</p>","PeriodicalId":47913,"journal":{"name":"Salud Publica De Mexico","volume":"66 1, ene-feb","pages":"25-36"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138812144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: To present the development of a training model called AMBAR (Atención a la mujer embarazada y al recién nacido [Care for pregnant women and newborns]), which was designed to improve the quality of attention of health personnel responsible for obstetric care.
Materials and methods: AMBAR was designed based on the results of a qualitative study exploring public health providers' needs and experiences. It was implemented in three health networks, and a total of 339 health personnel participated.
Results: The educational design of the course was appealing to the trained personnel, and the inclusion of simulations in all modules encouraged interest, participation, as well as the integration of new knowledge and skills into practice.
Conclusion: AMBAR can promote better practices and increase the quality of birth care. With the proper support and willingness of staff and management, AMBAR can be implemented in all health services, both public and private.
目的介绍一种名为 AMBAR（Atención a la mujer embarazada y al recién nacido [Care for pregnant women and newborns]）的培训模式的发展情况，该模式旨在提高负责产科护理的医务人员的护理质量：AMBAR 是根据对公共医疗服务提供者的需求和经验进行定性研究的结果设计的。该课程在三个医疗网络中实施，共有 339 名医务人员参加：结果：课程的教学设计对接受过培训的人员很有吸引力，所有模块中的模拟教学激发了他们的兴趣，提高了参与度，并将新的知识和技能融入到实践中：AMBAR 可以促进更好的实践，提高分娩护理的质量。有了员工和管理层的适当支持和意愿，AMBAR 可以在所有公共和私营医疗服务机构中实施。
{"title":"Design and implementation of AMBAR: an innovative evidence-based training program for childbirth and newborn care.","authors":"Jimena Fritz, Sandra Treviño-Siller, Mario Sánchez-Domínguez, Dolores González-Hernández, Alina Bishop, Hector Lamadrid-Figueroa","doi":"10.21149/15181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21149/15181","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To present the development of a training model called AMBAR (Atención a la mujer embarazada y al recién nacido [Care for pregnant women and newborns]), which was designed to improve the quality of attention of health personnel responsible for obstetric care.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>AMBAR was designed based on the results of a qualitative study exploring public health providers' needs and experiences. It was implemented in three health networks, and a total of 339 health personnel participated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The educational design of the course was appealing to the trained personnel, and the inclusion of simulations in all modules encouraged interest, participation, as well as the integration of new knowledge and skills into practice.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>AMBAR can promote better practices and increase the quality of birth care. With the proper support and willingness of staff and management, AMBAR can be implemented in all health services, both public and private.</p>","PeriodicalId":47913,"journal":{"name":"Salud Publica De Mexico","volume":"66 1, ene-feb","pages":"50-58"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138812150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fanny Cecilia Cordero-Martinez, Lucio Vera-Cabrera, Jorge Ocampo-Candiani, Edith Dariela Riojas-Hernández, Carmen Amelia Molina-Torres
{"title":"Isolation and characterization of nontuberculous mycobacteria in drinking water of Monterrey, Mexico.","authors":"Fanny Cecilia Cordero-Martinez, Lucio Vera-Cabrera, Jorge Ocampo-Candiani, Edith Dariela Riojas-Hernández, Carmen Amelia Molina-Torres","doi":"10.21149/15084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21149/15084","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47913,"journal":{"name":"Salud Publica De Mexico","volume":"66 1, ene-feb","pages":"10-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138812162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laura Ximena Ramírez-López, Martha Carnalla-Cortés, Tonatiuh Barrientos-Gutiérrez, Pierre Coursaget, Nubia Muñoz
Vaccines against hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human papillomaviruses (HPV) are two safe and highly effective vaccines that were developed at the end of the 20th century and can prevent human cancer. HBV vaccine prevents liver cancer, and HPV prevents cervical and other HPV-related cancers. Starting with the immunogen identification, 15 years were necessary to reach the industrial production of HBV vaccine, and 20 years, for the HPV vaccines. However, while HBV vaccines have been commercially available for over 40 years and are used in most countries, there are still significant challenges to achieve universal childhood immunization against hepatitis B. Similarly, HPV vaccines have been commercially available for 17 years, and yet, countries with higher cervical cancer still have the lowest HPV vaccination rates. We describe the development of HBV and HPV vaccines and discuss the challenges to reaching equitable access to these vaccines in Latin America.
{"title":"Prophylactic cancer vaccines: development and challenges for HBV and HPV vaccines in Latin America.","authors":"Laura Ximena Ramírez-López, Martha Carnalla-Cortés, Tonatiuh Barrientos-Gutiérrez, Pierre Coursaget, Nubia Muñoz","doi":"10.21149/15061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21149/15061","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vaccines against hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human papillomaviruses (HPV) are two safe and highly effective vaccines that were developed at the end of the 20th century and can prevent human cancer. HBV vaccine prevents liver cancer, and HPV prevents cervical and other HPV-related cancers. Starting with the immunogen identification, 15 years were necessary to reach the industrial production of HBV vaccine, and 20 years, for the HPV vaccines. However, while HBV vaccines have been commercially available for over 40 years and are used in most countries, there are still significant challenges to achieve universal childhood immunization against hepatitis B. Similarly, HPV vaccines have been commercially available for 17 years, and yet, countries with higher cervical cancer still have the lowest HPV vaccination rates. We describe the development of HBV and HPV vaccines and discuss the challenges to reaching equitable access to these vaccines in Latin America.</p>","PeriodicalId":47913,"journal":{"name":"Salud Publica De Mexico","volume":"66 1, ene-feb","pages":"95-103"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138812166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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