Pub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.1080/15213269.2021.1971093
J. A. Bonus, Teresa Lynch, Amy I. Nathanson, Judy Watts
ABSTRACT While visiting a science museum, mothers (N = 125) and their 4- to 7-year-old children were recruited to read one of four versions of an educational storybook. These storybooks detailed either male-dominated careers (i.e., STEM: science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) or female-dominated careers (i.e., HEED: health, early education, and domestic roles), and they featured either a male protagonist or a female protagonist. Results indicated that the STEM storybook led mothers to perceive STEM careers as more suitable for their children, and it led girls to express more interest in STEM careers. However, there was some indication that mothers directed more discouraging comments toward their children (e.g., “You don’t like that”) while reading the HEED storybook, especially when it featured a male protagonist. This version also led boys to express less interest in HEED careers. These results suggest that exposure to stories with stereotype-defying characters can benefit girls, yet sometimes backfire among boys. Given the context of the study (i.e., a science museum), it remains possible that these results only apply to children from relatively advantaged backgrounds (i.e., higher family income and education). Accordingly, future research will need to examine whether these results differ among children from less advantaged backgrounds.
{"title":"Counter-stereotypical, yet Counterproductive? How Families at a Science Museum Respond to Narratives that Defy Gender Stereotypes","authors":"J. A. Bonus, Teresa Lynch, Amy I. Nathanson, Judy Watts","doi":"10.1080/15213269.2021.1971093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2021.1971093","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT While visiting a science museum, mothers (N = 125) and their 4- to 7-year-old children were recruited to read one of four versions of an educational storybook. These storybooks detailed either male-dominated careers (i.e., STEM: science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) or female-dominated careers (i.e., HEED: health, early education, and domestic roles), and they featured either a male protagonist or a female protagonist. Results indicated that the STEM storybook led mothers to perceive STEM careers as more suitable for their children, and it led girls to express more interest in STEM careers. However, there was some indication that mothers directed more discouraging comments toward their children (e.g., “You don’t like that”) while reading the HEED storybook, especially when it featured a male protagonist. This version also led boys to express less interest in HEED careers. These results suggest that exposure to stories with stereotype-defying characters can benefit girls, yet sometimes backfire among boys. Given the context of the study (i.e., a science museum), it remains possible that these results only apply to children from relatively advantaged backgrounds (i.e., higher family income and education). Accordingly, future research will need to examine whether these results differ among children from less advantaged backgrounds.","PeriodicalId":47932,"journal":{"name":"Media Psychology","volume":"25 1","pages":"469 - 498"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43273383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Social networking sites such as Instagram provide users with numerous social comparison cues, potentially leading to envy and lower self-esteem. We conducted two experiments, examining whether such negative consequences could be mitigated by brief cognitive interventions. In Experiment 1 (N = 391), we reminded users of the unrealistic nature of most Instagram posts in a 2 (intervention: disclaimer vs. control) × 2 (Instagram profile: upward vs. downward comparison standard) between-subjects design. Positive and negative affect, envy, self-esteem, and well-being served as dependent variables. Experiment 2 (N = 184) explored whether slightly longer cognitive interventions (“cognitive bias” vs. “growth mindset” vs. control) could improve participants’ experience of upward comparisons, shielding them against envy or the loss of self-esteem. Both experiments included social comparison orientation (SCO) as a potential moderator. Results show that eliciting upward comparisons indeed evoked more envy, with SCO moderating the effect. We further observed indirect effects of the shown Instagram profiles on positive affect, envy, self-esteem, and well-being via participants’ social comparison experience. Concerning the cognitive interventions, however, we report that neither an authoritative disclaimer, nor educating users about cognitive biases or mindsets significantly reduced the negative consequences of social comparisons.
{"title":"This is an Insta-vention! Exploring Cognitive Countermeasures to Reduce Negative Consequences of Social Comparisons on Instagram","authors":"Silvana Weber, Tanja Messingschlager, Jan-Philipp Stein","doi":"10.1080/15213269.2021.1968440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2021.1968440","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Social networking sites such as Instagram provide users with numerous social comparison cues, potentially leading to envy and lower self-esteem. We conducted two experiments, examining whether such negative consequences could be mitigated by brief cognitive interventions. In Experiment 1 (N = 391), we reminded users of the unrealistic nature of most Instagram posts in a 2 (intervention: disclaimer vs. control) × 2 (Instagram profile: upward vs. downward comparison standard) between-subjects design. Positive and negative affect, envy, self-esteem, and well-being served as dependent variables. Experiment 2 (N = 184) explored whether slightly longer cognitive interventions (“cognitive bias” vs. “growth mindset” vs. control) could improve participants’ experience of upward comparisons, shielding them against envy or the loss of self-esteem. Both experiments included social comparison orientation (SCO) as a potential moderator. Results show that eliciting upward comparisons indeed evoked more envy, with SCO moderating the effect. We further observed indirect effects of the shown Instagram profiles on positive affect, envy, self-esteem, and well-being via participants’ social comparison experience. Concerning the cognitive interventions, however, we report that neither an authoritative disclaimer, nor educating users about cognitive biases or mindsets significantly reduced the negative consequences of social comparisons.","PeriodicalId":47932,"journal":{"name":"Media Psychology","volume":"25 1","pages":"411 - 440"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2021-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42080473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-25DOI: 10.1080/15213269.2021.1963991
Marlene Hecht, Andrea Kloß, Anne Bartsch
ABSTRACT Given the high number of individuals with mental illness, and the prevalence of stigmatizing portrayals of mental illness in the media, it is important to investigate how media messages can – in contrast – be harnessed to reduce mental health stigma. Extending previous research on the destigmatizing effects of empathy, we investigated the effects of three content factors (mental illness portrayed: autism vs. schizophrenia; background music: emotional vs. neutral; veracity: actual vs. enacted portrayals) on empathy, reflective thoughts, and attitudes toward persons with mental illness. Structural equation modeling revealed effects of these content factors on empathy, reflective thoughts, and indirectly (via empathy and reflective thoughts) on mental health attitudes. These results draw attention to the role of reflectiveness in mediating empathy-attitude effects, but also shed light on the effect of authentic testimonials’ self-disclosure. Limitations regarding the specific message format and mental illness depicted are discussed.
{"title":"Stopping the Stigma. How Empathy and Reflectiveness Can Help Reduce Mental Health Stigma","authors":"Marlene Hecht, Andrea Kloß, Anne Bartsch","doi":"10.1080/15213269.2021.1963991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2021.1963991","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Given the high number of individuals with mental illness, and the prevalence of stigmatizing portrayals of mental illness in the media, it is important to investigate how media messages can – in contrast – be harnessed to reduce mental health stigma. Extending previous research on the destigmatizing effects of empathy, we investigated the effects of three content factors (mental illness portrayed: autism vs. schizophrenia; background music: emotional vs. neutral; veracity: actual vs. enacted portrayals) on empathy, reflective thoughts, and attitudes toward persons with mental illness. Structural equation modeling revealed effects of these content factors on empathy, reflective thoughts, and indirectly (via empathy and reflective thoughts) on mental health attitudes. These results draw attention to the role of reflectiveness in mediating empathy-attitude effects, but also shed light on the effect of authentic testimonials’ self-disclosure. Limitations regarding the specific message format and mental illness depicted are discussed.","PeriodicalId":47932,"journal":{"name":"Media Psychology","volume":"25 1","pages":"367 - 386"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2021-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49277465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-25DOI: 10.1080/15213269.2021.1951767
Marlis Stubenvoll, Jörg Matthes
ABSTRACT Citizens’ misperceptions on critical issues such as climate change, migration, or health are viewed as a major problem in today’s democratic systems. A large body of literature shows how inaccurate information might lead to misperceptions despite of corrections and retractions. This study highlights individuals’ acts of resistance against journalistic reporting as a driver of misperceptions. Based on the framework of resistance strategies, we examine four processes which enable individuals to arrive at political realities that differ from the facts that are reported in the legacy media: 1) avoidance of the evidence; 2) biased evaluation of journalists’ expert opinion as a form of biased processing; 3) contesting the content and source of evidence; and 4) bolstering attitudes by seeking out like-minded discussions. We apply this theoretical model to explain misperceptions on the political “Ibiza scandal” and misperceptions about climate change policies in Austria. Findings from a two-wave panel study in the Austrian election context (N = 523) suggest that misperceptions stem in part from wrong inferences about journalistic expert opinion. Moreover, individuals that engage in source derogation of legacy media are able to uphold their misperceptions in the face of opposing evidence.
{"title":"Four Paths To Misperceptions: A Panel Study On Resistance Against Journalistic Evidence","authors":"Marlis Stubenvoll, Jörg Matthes","doi":"10.1080/15213269.2021.1951767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2021.1951767","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Citizens’ misperceptions on critical issues such as climate change, migration, or health are viewed as a major problem in today’s democratic systems. A large body of literature shows how inaccurate information might lead to misperceptions despite of corrections and retractions. This study highlights individuals’ acts of resistance against journalistic reporting as a driver of misperceptions. Based on the framework of resistance strategies, we examine four processes which enable individuals to arrive at political realities that differ from the facts that are reported in the legacy media: 1) avoidance of the evidence; 2) biased evaluation of journalists’ expert opinion as a form of biased processing; 3) contesting the content and source of evidence; and 4) bolstering attitudes by seeking out like-minded discussions. We apply this theoretical model to explain misperceptions on the political “Ibiza scandal” and misperceptions about climate change policies in Austria. Findings from a two-wave panel study in the Austrian election context (N = 523) suggest that misperceptions stem in part from wrong inferences about journalistic expert opinion. Moreover, individuals that engage in source derogation of legacy media are able to uphold their misperceptions in the face of opposing evidence.","PeriodicalId":47932,"journal":{"name":"Media Psychology","volume":"25 1","pages":"318 - 341"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15213269.2021.1951767","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42399847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-17DOI: 10.1080/15213269.2021.1925561
L. Schreurs, Laura Vandenbosch
ABSTRACT The present study conceptualized and developed new measurement instruments to assess adolescents’ a) exposure to, b) liking, and c) posting of positive content on social media. By means of an integrative review of the literature, six focus groups and 14 in-depth interviews, 19 items were developed for each scale. Based on a cross-sectional study among 294 adolescents, EFA and CFA extracted two valid and reliable factors for exposure to positive social media content, one valid and reliable factor for liking positive social media content, and three valid and reliable factors for posting positive social media content. A short version of these three (multifactorial) scales was created and administered in a two-wave panel study among 1419 adolescents and in a cross-sectional study among 493 late adolescents. Test–retest reliability, structural validity, construct validity, and full metric invariance across age and gender were established for all short scales, except for the posting scale for which only partial metric invariance was achieved across gender.
{"title":"The Development and Validation of Measurement Instruments to Address Interactions with Positive Social Media Content","authors":"L. Schreurs, Laura Vandenbosch","doi":"10.1080/15213269.2021.1925561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2021.1925561","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The present study conceptualized and developed new measurement instruments to assess adolescents’ a) exposure to, b) liking, and c) posting of positive content on social media. By means of an integrative review of the literature, six focus groups and 14 in-depth interviews, 19 items were developed for each scale. Based on a cross-sectional study among 294 adolescents, EFA and CFA extracted two valid and reliable factors for exposure to positive social media content, one valid and reliable factor for liking positive social media content, and three valid and reliable factors for posting positive social media content. A short version of these three (multifactorial) scales was created and administered in a two-wave panel study among 1419 adolescents and in a cross-sectional study among 493 late adolescents. Test–retest reliability, structural validity, construct validity, and full metric invariance across age and gender were established for all short scales, except for the posting scale for which only partial metric invariance was achieved across gender.","PeriodicalId":47932,"journal":{"name":"Media Psychology","volume":"25 1","pages":"262 - 289"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15213269.2021.1925561","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47183216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-06DOI: 10.1080/15213269.2021.1923529
Hyun-Eung Kang, Jeeyun Oh
ABSTRACT Wrist-worn smart devices such as smartwatches and smart health trackers have transformed the way we interact with technology. Whereas they share some commonalities with prior interactive media like smart phones, there are new interactivity elements of wrist-worn smart devices such as networking personal media and devices, adapting to personalized needs, and nudging healthy behavior. In order to investigate how these new factors can afford a unique interaction experience, the current study develops a user-driven conceptualization of interactivity in wearable technology. In Study 1, through an interview and a survey with wrist-worn smart device users, four factors that comprise interactivity of wrist-worn smart devices are identified: networking, adaptive, nudging, and multisensory. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses are conducted to examine the four-factor structure of interactivity and demonstrate strong reliability and convergent validity among the proposed factors. Study 2 revalidates the measurement structure of interactivity developed in Study 1 and further tests the theoretical value of the four-factor model by examining how the four factors predict usage intention mediated by hedonic and utilitarian benefits. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
{"title":"Beyond User Control and Two-Way Communication: The Four-Factor Model of Interactivity of Wrist-Worn Smart Devices","authors":"Hyun-Eung Kang, Jeeyun Oh","doi":"10.1080/15213269.2021.1923529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2021.1923529","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Wrist-worn smart devices such as smartwatches and smart health trackers have transformed the way we interact with technology. Whereas they share some commonalities with prior interactive media like smart phones, there are new interactivity elements of wrist-worn smart devices such as networking personal media and devices, adapting to personalized needs, and nudging healthy behavior. In order to investigate how these new factors can afford a unique interaction experience, the current study develops a user-driven conceptualization of interactivity in wearable technology. In Study 1, through an interview and a survey with wrist-worn smart device users, four factors that comprise interactivity of wrist-worn smart devices are identified: networking, adaptive, nudging, and multisensory. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses are conducted to examine the four-factor structure of interactivity and demonstrate strong reliability and convergent validity among the proposed factors. Study 2 revalidates the measurement structure of interactivity developed in Study 1 and further tests the theoretical value of the four-factor model by examining how the four factors predict usage intention mediated by hedonic and utilitarian benefits. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.","PeriodicalId":47932,"journal":{"name":"Media Psychology","volume":"25 1","pages":"234 - 261"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15213269.2021.1923529","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41904118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-26DOI: 10.1080/15213269.2021.1927104
Emese Domahidi, Martin Merkt, Christina Thiersch, S. Utz, Anne Schüler
ABSTRACT Job applicants’ self-presentation in their profiles on professional networking services (PNS), such as LinkedIn, may be crucial for the evaluation of their expertise for a job. Importantly, on PNS profiles, self-generated picture-based and text-based cues are shown together, and both may influence expertise evaluations. In three experiments, we systematically analyzed impression formation in the context of PNS profiles by investigating the influence of self-generated textual and pictorial cues on job applicants’ expertise evaluations. Student participants were presented with different PNS profiles that were systematically varied by the level of expertise (high vs. medium vs. low) conveyed through text (i.e., a description of experience and education) and pictures (i.e., a photo of the profile owner vs. a placeholder). Our results revealed a textual primacy in expertise evaluations of PNS profiles, as text expertise was crucial, independent of picture expertise. However, picture expertise was particularly important in cases of high text expertise. Placeholders always resulted in more negative judgments than high-expertise pictures and sometimes even had the same effect as low-expertise pictures. Finally, we discuss implications for theory building on impression formation and practical consequences for self-presentation in PNS.
{"title":"You Want This Job? Influence and Interplay of Self-Generated Text and Picture Cues in Professional Networking Service Profiles on Expertise Evaluation","authors":"Emese Domahidi, Martin Merkt, Christina Thiersch, S. Utz, Anne Schüler","doi":"10.1080/15213269.2021.1927104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2021.1927104","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Job applicants’ self-presentation in their profiles on professional networking services (PNS), such as LinkedIn, may be crucial for the evaluation of their expertise for a job. Importantly, on PNS profiles, self-generated picture-based and text-based cues are shown together, and both may influence expertise evaluations. In three experiments, we systematically analyzed impression formation in the context of PNS profiles by investigating the influence of self-generated textual and pictorial cues on job applicants’ expertise evaluations. Student participants were presented with different PNS profiles that were systematically varied by the level of expertise (high vs. medium vs. low) conveyed through text (i.e., a description of experience and education) and pictures (i.e., a photo of the profile owner vs. a placeholder). Our results revealed a textual primacy in expertise evaluations of PNS profiles, as text expertise was crucial, independent of picture expertise. However, picture expertise was particularly important in cases of high text expertise. Placeholders always resulted in more negative judgments than high-expertise pictures and sometimes even had the same effect as low-expertise pictures. Finally, we discuss implications for theory building on impression formation and practical consequences for self-presentation in PNS.","PeriodicalId":47932,"journal":{"name":"Media Psychology","volume":"25 1","pages":"290 - 317"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2021-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15213269.2021.1927104","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45756719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-08DOI: 10.1080/15213269.2021.1901744
Sarah E. Rose, A. Lamont, Nicholas Reyland
ABSTRACT Correlational studies have suggested some harmful effects of television viewing in early childhood, especially for the viewing of fast-paced entertainment programs. However, this has not been consistently supported by experimental studies, many of which have lacked ecological validity. The current study explores the effects of pace of program on the attention, problem solving and comprehension of 41 3- and 4-year-olds using an ecologically valid experimental design. Children were visited twice at home; on each visit they were shown an episode of a popular animated entertainment program which differed in pace: one faster paced, one slower paced. Children’s behavior was coded for attention and arousal during viewing, attention, and effort on a problem-solving task after viewing, and performance on unrelated (problem-solving) and related (program comprehension) tasks. The faster-paced program was attended to more, while 3-year-olds showed more attention and effort on the problem-solving task after watching the slower program, but there were no significant differences in performance on unrelated or related tasks depending on pace. The lack of differences observed in this naturalistic setting together with the high levels of comprehension of the programs watched provides some evidence to counter the “harm” perceived in young children watching fast-paced entertainment programs.
{"title":"Watching television in a home environment: effects on children’s attention, problem solving and comprehension","authors":"Sarah E. Rose, A. Lamont, Nicholas Reyland","doi":"10.1080/15213269.2021.1901744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2021.1901744","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Correlational studies have suggested some harmful effects of television viewing in early childhood, especially for the viewing of fast-paced entertainment programs. However, this has not been consistently supported by experimental studies, many of which have lacked ecological validity. The current study explores the effects of pace of program on the attention, problem solving and comprehension of 41 3- and 4-year-olds using an ecologically valid experimental design. Children were visited twice at home; on each visit they were shown an episode of a popular animated entertainment program which differed in pace: one faster paced, one slower paced. Children’s behavior was coded for attention and arousal during viewing, attention, and effort on a problem-solving task after viewing, and performance on unrelated (problem-solving) and related (program comprehension) tasks. The faster-paced program was attended to more, while 3-year-olds showed more attention and effort on the problem-solving task after watching the slower program, but there were no significant differences in performance on unrelated or related tasks depending on pace. The lack of differences observed in this naturalistic setting together with the high levels of comprehension of the programs watched provides some evidence to counter the “harm” perceived in young children watching fast-paced entertainment programs.","PeriodicalId":47932,"journal":{"name":"Media Psychology","volume":"25 1","pages":"208 - 233"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15213269.2021.1901744","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44337397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1080/15213269.2021.1879655
Hyunjin Song, Petro Tolochko, H. Boomgaarden
ABSTRACT How does a political text’s complexity – as a crucial characteristic of a text – uniquely affect readers’ political information processing? Based on a metacognitive response framework and extant discussions based on the Heuristic-Systematic Model vs. the Elaboration Likelihood Model, we tested whether a reader’s initial expectation of a message characteristic and stable individual differences intersect with the metacognitive processing fluency experience. Do people recall more information from the news when presented with articles that are more – or less – complex than they expected, or do they recall more information when expectations of article complexity are met? And for whom is this more likely to occur? Our results provide strong support for the notion that objective complexity is indeed the main driver of metacognitive perceptual processing fluency and information recall, while also rending partial support for the role of (in)congruency in this process. The results also showed that individual differences in processing capabilities play a significant role in shaping information recall. We conclude by discussing the theoretical and practical implications.
{"title":"What you expect is (not) what you get: the impact of initial and post-hoc judgments of message characteristics on political information recall","authors":"Hyunjin Song, Petro Tolochko, H. Boomgaarden","doi":"10.1080/15213269.2021.1879655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2021.1879655","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT How does a political text’s complexity – as a crucial characteristic of a text – uniquely affect readers’ political information processing? Based on a metacognitive response framework and extant discussions based on the Heuristic-Systematic Model vs. the Elaboration Likelihood Model, we tested whether a reader’s initial expectation of a message characteristic and stable individual differences intersect with the metacognitive processing fluency experience. Do people recall more information from the news when presented with articles that are more – or less – complex than they expected, or do they recall more information when expectations of article complexity are met? And for whom is this more likely to occur? Our results provide strong support for the notion that objective complexity is indeed the main driver of metacognitive perceptual processing fluency and information recall, while also rending partial support for the role of (in)congruency in this process. The results also showed that individual differences in processing capabilities play a significant role in shaping information recall. We conclude by discussing the theoretical and practical implications.","PeriodicalId":47932,"journal":{"name":"Media Psychology","volume":"25 1","pages":"128 - 154"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15213269.2021.1879655","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45598904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-25DOI: 10.1080/15213269.2021.1884096
Koji Yoshimura, N. Bowman, Elizabeth L. Cohen, J. Banks
ABSTRACT Affective disposition theory explains that the perceived morality of characters plays a critical role in the experience of enjoyment, but is challenged by the apparent appeal of morally ambiguous characters (MACs). Therefore, it is important to examine the role of morality in enjoyment and to understand how viewers perceive characters of varying moral natures. Although previous research has indicated that different character types might have different patterns of moral upholding/violation, a recent study found that character types, including types of MACs, were not perceived to vary on specific moral foundations, but did vary in overall perceived morality across all foundations. To further examine whether distinct character types are perceived to have different patterns of perceived morality, this study replicated that recent study in a sample of US young adults, again finding that character types did not vary according to specific moral domains. However, findings associating perceived morality and entertainment outcomes did not replicate. This study contributes to entertainment research by demonstrating the reproducibility of these results and considering alternative explanations to those offered by the authors of the original study.
{"title":"Character morality, enjoyment, and appreciation: a replication of Eden, Daalmans, and Johnson (2017)","authors":"Koji Yoshimura, N. Bowman, Elizabeth L. Cohen, J. Banks","doi":"10.1080/15213269.2021.1884096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2021.1884096","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Affective disposition theory explains that the perceived morality of characters plays a critical role in the experience of enjoyment, but is challenged by the apparent appeal of morally ambiguous characters (MACs). Therefore, it is important to examine the role of morality in enjoyment and to understand how viewers perceive characters of varying moral natures. Although previous research has indicated that different character types might have different patterns of moral upholding/violation, a recent study found that character types, including types of MACs, were not perceived to vary on specific moral foundations, but did vary in overall perceived morality across all foundations. To further examine whether distinct character types are perceived to have different patterns of perceived morality, this study replicated that recent study in a sample of US young adults, again finding that character types did not vary according to specific moral domains. However, findings associating perceived morality and entertainment outcomes did not replicate. This study contributes to entertainment research by demonstrating the reproducibility of these results and considering alternative explanations to those offered by the authors of the original study.","PeriodicalId":47932,"journal":{"name":"Media Psychology","volume":"25 1","pages":"181 - 207"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2021-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15213269.2021.1884096","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43874413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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