Pub Date : 2022-07-20DOI: 10.1080/15213269.2022.2101008
S. Lutz
ABSTRACT This preregistered diary study shed light on the effects of computer-mediated communication on users’ fundamental needs and well-being. As a specific demanding situation, it focused on the experience of cyber-ostracism, defined as not receiving replies from others on a sent message. Hypotheses were derived from the temporal need-threat model. To test these hypotheses, 214 participants answered 1,378 questionnaires over the course of one week. The results have shown that being cyber-ostracized via messengers (e.g., WhatsApp) was negatively associated with the satisfaction of users’ needs for belonging, self-esteem, meaningful existence, and control. Moreover, mediated via these needs, there was a negative indirect association between cyber-ostracism and well-being. Messenger users’ trait mindfulness served as a buffering mechanism: For mindful users, low satisfaction of the need for meaningful existence was not associated with decreased eudaimonic well-being. Moreover, although messengers were perceived as a source of exclusion, cyber-ostracized users reported an increased desire to use these services on the respective following day, representing an approach coping tendency. All additional files referred to in this paper can be found at https://osf.io/fqbya/.
{"title":"Why Don’t You Answer Me?! Exploring the Effects of (Repeated Exposure to) Ostracism via Messengers on Users’ Fundamental Needs, Well-Being, and Coping Motivation","authors":"S. Lutz","doi":"10.1080/15213269.2022.2101008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2022.2101008","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This preregistered diary study shed light on the effects of computer-mediated communication on users’ fundamental needs and well-being. As a specific demanding situation, it focused on the experience of cyber-ostracism, defined as not receiving replies from others on a sent message. Hypotheses were derived from the temporal need-threat model. To test these hypotheses, 214 participants answered 1,378 questionnaires over the course of one week. The results have shown that being cyber-ostracized via messengers (e.g., WhatsApp) was negatively associated with the satisfaction of users’ needs for belonging, self-esteem, meaningful existence, and control. Moreover, mediated via these needs, there was a negative indirect association between cyber-ostracism and well-being. Messenger users’ trait mindfulness served as a buffering mechanism: For mindful users, low satisfaction of the need for meaningful existence was not associated with decreased eudaimonic well-being. Moreover, although messengers were perceived as a source of exclusion, cyber-ostracized users reported an increased desire to use these services on the respective following day, representing an approach coping tendency. All additional files referred to in this paper can be found at https://osf.io/fqbya/.","PeriodicalId":47932,"journal":{"name":"Media Psychology","volume":"26 1","pages":"113 - 140"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47633070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-06DOI: 10.1080/15213269.2022.2097927
Chingching Chang
ABSTRACT In proposing a model of three processes triggered by media content – evocation, transcendence, and motivation – this study seeks to define what kinds of media content can lead to a state of inspiration. Specifically, during the evocation process, media content moves people and then provokes their thoughts to a greater extent; in the transcendence process, it generates more hopeful feelings and then elicits a greater sense of self-expansion; and in the motivation process, media content generates more feelings of vitality and then motivates people to act like the characters (i.e., emulate them) to a greater degree. All three multi-stage routes might lead to greater inspiration. Two pilot studies identify three common content themes that inspire people, such that they demonstrate people’s moral virtues, transformation (i.e., overcoming difficulties through perseverance despite adversity), and creativity. The experiment in Study 1 tests the proposed process model using feature stories in news programs that demonstrate moral virtues, transformation, and creativity by exemplars. A second experiment in Study 2 provides a further test by comparing competition shows that involve different levels of creativity (cooking, singing, quizzes). Media content involving more creativity inspires viewers to a greater degree, through all three processes.
{"title":"Being Inspired by Media Content: Psychological Processes Leading to Inspiration","authors":"Chingching Chang","doi":"10.1080/15213269.2022.2097927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2022.2097927","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In proposing a model of three processes triggered by media content – evocation, transcendence, and motivation – this study seeks to define what kinds of media content can lead to a state of inspiration. Specifically, during the evocation process, media content moves people and then provokes their thoughts to a greater extent; in the transcendence process, it generates more hopeful feelings and then elicits a greater sense of self-expansion; and in the motivation process, media content generates more feelings of vitality and then motivates people to act like the characters (i.e., emulate them) to a greater degree. All three multi-stage routes might lead to greater inspiration. Two pilot studies identify three common content themes that inspire people, such that they demonstrate people’s moral virtues, transformation (i.e., overcoming difficulties through perseverance despite adversity), and creativity. The experiment in Study 1 tests the proposed process model using feature stories in news programs that demonstrate moral virtues, transformation, and creativity by exemplars. A second experiment in Study 2 provides a further test by comparing competition shows that involve different levels of creativity (cooking, singing, quizzes). Media content involving more creativity inspires viewers to a greater degree, through all three processes.","PeriodicalId":47932,"journal":{"name":"Media Psychology","volume":"26 1","pages":"72 - 87"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45785345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-04DOI: 10.1080/15213269.2022.2097095
Hye-Yeong Gim, Heather Gahler, J. Harwood, Stefania Paolini
ABSTRACT Intergroup contact research demonstrates that contact with outgroups (including mediated contact) improves attitudes about those groups. However, people often avoid such contact, including avoiding outgroup media messages. In two studies, we investigated voluntary exposure to outgroup media. Our research builds on intergroup contact theory and the reactive approach model. The latter suggests (counterintuitively) that, sometimes, anxiety can motivate people to engage with the unfamiliar. Both studies measured potential predictors of voluntary contact, provided musical options for respondents, and measured which options people chose as well as their engagement with and enjoyment of those choices. Study 1 provided a simple choice between two musical options (ingroup versus outgroup); Study 2 used a more extensive array of ingroup and outgroup options, including ingroup-outgroup collaborative music. Findings suggest a limited role of personality traits in determining seeking outgroup media, but a more powerful role for diversity-related attitudes and past exposure to outgroup media. Some evidence supported reactive approach models (e.g., self-expansion motives drove time spent listening to outgroup media in Study 1, but only for people who reported high levels of intergroup anxiety).
{"title":"Seeking Others’ Sounds: Predictors of Voluntary Exposure to Outgroup Music","authors":"Hye-Yeong Gim, Heather Gahler, J. Harwood, Stefania Paolini","doi":"10.1080/15213269.2022.2097095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2022.2097095","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Intergroup contact research demonstrates that contact with outgroups (including mediated contact) improves attitudes about those groups. However, people often avoid such contact, including avoiding outgroup media messages. In two studies, we investigated voluntary exposure to outgroup media. Our research builds on intergroup contact theory and the reactive approach model. The latter suggests (counterintuitively) that, sometimes, anxiety can motivate people to engage with the unfamiliar. Both studies measured potential predictors of voluntary contact, provided musical options for respondents, and measured which options people chose as well as their engagement with and enjoyment of those choices. Study 1 provided a simple choice between two musical options (ingroup versus outgroup); Study 2 used a more extensive array of ingroup and outgroup options, including ingroup-outgroup collaborative music. Findings suggest a limited role of personality traits in determining seeking outgroup media, but a more powerful role for diversity-related attitudes and past exposure to outgroup media. Some evidence supported reactive approach models (e.g., self-expansion motives drove time spent listening to outgroup media in Study 1, but only for people who reported high levels of intergroup anxiety).","PeriodicalId":47932,"journal":{"name":"Media Psychology","volume":"26 1","pages":"54 - 71"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49110281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-26DOI: 10.1080/15213269.2022.2092750
Yannic Meier, Judith Meinert, N. Krämer
ABSTRACT Privacy behaviors are described to be situationally dynamic. While most privacy studies rely on cross-sectional analyses, it is important to investigate these dynamics within persons. In the present study, we will focus on the adoption of a COVID-19 contact tracing app as this was shown to be a privacy calculus-based decision and the pandemic situation unfolded as highly dynamical. The present longitudinal online panel study (N = 548) investigated users and non-users of this app at three points over a six-month period. Results support dynamical privacy calculus assumptions on the within-subject level: situational privacy concerns were negatively, and situationally perceived benefits and knowledge were positively associated with app adoption. Remarkably, a within-person interaction between concerns and benefits was found. Moreover, the trait need for privacy moderated the relation between perceived benefits and app adoption. Hence, privacy (calculus) decisions seem to be a dynamic and situational rather than a one-time decision.
{"title":"One-Time Decision or Continual Adjustment? A Longitudinal Study of the Within-Person Privacy Calculus among Users and Non-Users of a COVID-19 Contact Tracing App","authors":"Yannic Meier, Judith Meinert, N. Krämer","doi":"10.1080/15213269.2022.2092750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2022.2092750","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Privacy behaviors are described to be situationally dynamic. While most privacy studies rely on cross-sectional analyses, it is important to investigate these dynamics within persons. In the present study, we will focus on the adoption of a COVID-19 contact tracing app as this was shown to be a privacy calculus-based decision and the pandemic situation unfolded as highly dynamical. The present longitudinal online panel study (N = 548) investigated users and non-users of this app at three points over a six-month period. Results support dynamical privacy calculus assumptions on the within-subject level: situational privacy concerns were negatively, and situationally perceived benefits and knowledge were positively associated with app adoption. Remarkably, a within-person interaction between concerns and benefits was found. Moreover, the trait need for privacy moderated the relation between perceived benefits and app adoption. Hence, privacy (calculus) decisions seem to be a dynamic and situational rather than a one-time decision.","PeriodicalId":47932,"journal":{"name":"Media Psychology","volume":"26 1","pages":"36 - 53"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45344918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-14DOI: 10.1080/15213269.2022.2085116
Andrew J. Flanagin, Z. Lew
ABSTRACT Online information repositories increasingly serve as memory aids in people’s lives. Access to such information stores, however, can result in false perceived equivalencies between web-based information and personal knowledge, which can in turn influence judgments of oneself, of information search tasks, and of the Internet itself. Cognitive processing fluency, access to reliable web-based information, and actively searching for information are shown in a series of experiments to be associated with judgments related to metacognition and task performance. In the context of online information repositories accessed via web search activities, people are shown to (a) overemphasize the degree to which they find the web to be a ready source of relevant information, (b) overestimate their future task performance and the ease of tasks, and (c) inflate their own perceived cognitive and memory abilities. Results also show that those who are least competent in task completion overestimate their relative performance, whereas the most competent underestimate theirs, and that the availability of web-based information can inflate people’s estimated performance, particularly among the more competent. Collectively, three interrelated studies add considerable new insight regarding the impacts of near-ubiquitous access to contemporary information-saturated environments.
{"title":"Individual Inferences in Web-Based Information Environments: How Cognitive Processing Fluency, Information Access, Active Search Behaviors, and Task Competency Affect Metacognitive and Task Judgments","authors":"Andrew J. Flanagin, Z. Lew","doi":"10.1080/15213269.2022.2085116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2022.2085116","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Online information repositories increasingly serve as memory aids in people’s lives. Access to such information stores, however, can result in false perceived equivalencies between web-based information and personal knowledge, which can in turn influence judgments of oneself, of information search tasks, and of the Internet itself. Cognitive processing fluency, access to reliable web-based information, and actively searching for information are shown in a series of experiments to be associated with judgments related to metacognition and task performance. In the context of online information repositories accessed via web search activities, people are shown to (a) overemphasize the degree to which they find the web to be a ready source of relevant information, (b) overestimate their future task performance and the ease of tasks, and (c) inflate their own perceived cognitive and memory abilities. Results also show that those who are least competent in task completion overestimate their relative performance, whereas the most competent underestimate theirs, and that the availability of web-based information can inflate people’s estimated performance, particularly among the more competent. Collectively, three interrelated studies add considerable new insight regarding the impacts of near-ubiquitous access to contemporary information-saturated environments.","PeriodicalId":47932,"journal":{"name":"Media Psychology","volume":"26 1","pages":"17 - 35"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46991254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-13DOI: 10.1080/15213269.2022.2082982
Mingxuan Liu, Narine S. Yegiyan, M. H. Lai
ABSTRACT The efforts to promote healthy eating remain ineffective. The inability of these campaigns to counter the marketing resources of the mainstream fast-food chains is among the primary explanations for such failures. However, from the information processing perspective, the message’s features may also play a significant role. Cue reactivity research has shown the importance of evaluating visual and verbal cues to avoid undesirable addictive behavioral outcomes. Bridging the evaluative space model (ESM) and the limited capacity model of motivated mediated message processing (LC4MP), the goal of this experiment is to further explore how food-related visual and verbal cues elicit psychophysiological reactivity and how this reactivity in turn affects attitudes toward the promotion. Multilevel modeling results showed that healthy food images paired with encouragement words elicited an uncoupled pattern of the appetitive system activation and received a predominantly positive attitude from audiences (N = 180). Results suggested that thematic congruent messages are preferred in health communication settings. Junk food images, regardless of being paired with encouragement or discouragement verbal cues, should be avoided due to their automatic activation of the appetitive motivational system.
{"title":"Appetitive Food, Aversive Warning: Interaction Effects of Visual and Verbal Cues on Psychophysiological and Attitudinal Responses to PSAs","authors":"Mingxuan Liu, Narine S. Yegiyan, M. H. Lai","doi":"10.1080/15213269.2022.2082982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2022.2082982","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The efforts to promote healthy eating remain ineffective. The inability of these campaigns to counter the marketing resources of the mainstream fast-food chains is among the primary explanations for such failures. However, from the information processing perspective, the message’s features may also play a significant role. Cue reactivity research has shown the importance of evaluating visual and verbal cues to avoid undesirable addictive behavioral outcomes. Bridging the evaluative space model (ESM) and the limited capacity model of motivated mediated message processing (LC4MP), the goal of this experiment is to further explore how food-related visual and verbal cues elicit psychophysiological reactivity and how this reactivity in turn affects attitudes toward the promotion. Multilevel modeling results showed that healthy food images paired with encouragement words elicited an uncoupled pattern of the appetitive system activation and received a predominantly positive attitude from audiences (N = 180). Results suggested that thematic congruent messages are preferred in health communication settings. Junk food images, regardless of being paired with encouragement or discouragement verbal cues, should be avoided due to their automatic activation of the appetitive motivational system.","PeriodicalId":47932,"journal":{"name":"Media Psychology","volume":"25 1","pages":"851 - 872"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49219606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-12eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1080/15213269.2022.2080710
Amber van der Wal, J Loes Pouwels, Jessica Taylor Piotrowski, Patti M Valkenburg
Humorous media entertainment frequently punctuates the everyday lives of adolescents. Theorists have suggested that this exposure may impact behavior, particularly real-life aggression. Specifically, exposure to prosocial (coping) humor in media entertainment is posited to decrease aggression, whereas the reverse has been argued for exposure to antisocial (disparaging and slapstick) humor. Despite these suppositions, little empirical evidence about this relationship exists. To fill this gap, this study employed a cohort-sequential design using latent growth curve models to estimate the (co-)development of adolescents' preferences for television shows featuring disparaging, slapstick, and coping humor and aggression from age 10 to 17. Results showed that at the onset of adolescence, especially boys had a higher preference for shows with disparaging and slapstick humor than with coping humor. However, over the course of adolescence, boys' and girls' preferences for shows with coping humor increased, while especially girls' preferences for shows with disparaging and slapstick humor decreased. These preferences were unrelated to adolescents' aggression. Our findings provide an important addition to the ongoing media effects debate. Taken together, they offer room for optimism and point toward an increased focus on the potential positive rather than the negative sides of humor in the lives of young people.
{"title":"Just a Joke? Adolescents' Preferences for Humor in Media Entertainment and Real-Life Aggression.","authors":"Amber van der Wal, J Loes Pouwels, Jessica Taylor Piotrowski, Patti M Valkenburg","doi":"10.1080/15213269.2022.2080710","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15213269.2022.2080710","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Humorous media entertainment frequently punctuates the everyday lives of adolescents. Theorists have suggested that this exposure may impact behavior, particularly real-life aggression. Specifically, exposure to prosocial (coping) humor in media entertainment is posited to decrease aggression, whereas the reverse has been argued for exposure to antisocial (disparaging and slapstick) humor. Despite these suppositions, little empirical evidence about this relationship exists. To fill this gap, this study employed a cohort-sequential design using latent growth curve models to estimate the (co-)development of adolescents' preferences for television shows featuring disparaging, slapstick, and coping humor and aggression from age 10 to 17. Results showed that at the onset of adolescence, especially boys had a higher preference for shows with disparaging and slapstick humor than with coping humor. However, over the course of adolescence, boys' and girls' preferences for shows with coping humor increased, while especially girls' preferences for shows with disparaging and slapstick humor decreased. These preferences were unrelated to adolescents' aggression. Our findings provide an important addition to the ongoing media effects debate. Taken together, they offer room for optimism and point toward an increased focus on the potential positive rather than the negative sides of humor in the lives of young people.</p>","PeriodicalId":47932,"journal":{"name":"Media Psychology","volume":"25 6","pages":"797-813"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9621101/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40443768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-10DOI: 10.1080/15213269.2022.2084111
Z. Lew, J. Walther
ABSTRACT As artificial intelligence (AI) agents like chatbots play larger roles in daily life, questions arise regarding how people evaluate their communication. Perspectives applying communication scripts to human-AI interactions propose that outcomes are determined by messages and the embedded cues therein. The expectancy violations perspective posits that message characteristics are less important than whether they are expected or unexpected. A pilot study established baseline expectancies about humans’ and chatbots’ conversational contingency and response latencies. A 2 (contingency: more/less contingent responses) × 2 (latency: fast/slow responses) × 2 (communicator identity: human/chatbot) experiment then tested predictions derived from human-human communication scripts and expectancy violations using textual variations in an e-commerce chat. Communicators showing greater conversational contingency and faster responses were most credible, whether they were human or chatbots, but chatbots were consistently less socially attractive than humans. Results show that humans and chatbots are evaluated similarly regarding the functional, but not the relational aspects of communication. There was greater support for the communication script perspective than the expectancy violations perspective regarding interactions with chatbots.
{"title":"Social Scripts and Expectancy Violations: Evaluating Communication with Human or AI Chatbot Interactants","authors":"Z. Lew, J. Walther","doi":"10.1080/15213269.2022.2084111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2022.2084111","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT As artificial intelligence (AI) agents like chatbots play larger roles in daily life, questions arise regarding how people evaluate their communication. Perspectives applying communication scripts to human-AI interactions propose that outcomes are determined by messages and the embedded cues therein. The expectancy violations perspective posits that message characteristics are less important than whether they are expected or unexpected. A pilot study established baseline expectancies about humans’ and chatbots’ conversational contingency and response latencies. A 2 (contingency: more/less contingent responses) × 2 (latency: fast/slow responses) × 2 (communicator identity: human/chatbot) experiment then tested predictions derived from human-human communication scripts and expectancy violations using textual variations in an e-commerce chat. Communicators showing greater conversational contingency and faster responses were most credible, whether they were human or chatbots, but chatbots were consistently less socially attractive than humans. Results show that humans and chatbots are evaluated similarly regarding the functional, but not the relational aspects of communication. There was greater support for the communication script perspective than the expectancy violations perspective regarding interactions with chatbots.","PeriodicalId":47932,"journal":{"name":"Media Psychology","volume":"26 1","pages":"1 - 16"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45455263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-06DOI: 10.1080/15213269.2022.2080711
Darian Harff, Charlotte Bollen, D. Schmuck
ABSTRACT In the current “infodemic,” surrounding the spread of false claims as well as conspiracy theories related to COVID-19, social media influencers, popular figures on platforms like Instagram, are a potential source of misinformation. As seemingly ordinary and trustworthy individuals, who can function as opinion leaders, influencers may impact perceptions of the virus and policies in place to minimize its threat. In this pre-registered online experiment (N = 148), we investigated factors such as parasocial relationships with the influencer, which potentially increase susceptibility to influencers’ claims. Second, we examined if media literacy and issue-specific knowledge act as protective factors diminishing the impact of misinformation. Although participants remained largely unaffected by the misinformation, it increased mistrust in official sources for respondents with high perceived influencer credibility, trust in influencer’s advice, and attitude homophily. Meanwhile, participants’ issue-specific knowledge was associated with weaker beliefs in misconceptions regarding COVID-19, irrespective of exposure to misinformation.
{"title":"Responses to Social Media Influencers’ Misinformation about COVID-19: A Pre-Registered Multiple-Exposure Experiment","authors":"Darian Harff, Charlotte Bollen, D. Schmuck","doi":"10.1080/15213269.2022.2080711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2022.2080711","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the current “infodemic,” surrounding the spread of false claims as well as conspiracy theories related to COVID-19, social media influencers, popular figures on platforms like Instagram, are a potential source of misinformation. As seemingly ordinary and trustworthy individuals, who can function as opinion leaders, influencers may impact perceptions of the virus and policies in place to minimize its threat. In this pre-registered online experiment (N = 148), we investigated factors such as parasocial relationships with the influencer, which potentially increase susceptibility to influencers’ claims. Second, we examined if media literacy and issue-specific knowledge act as protective factors diminishing the impact of misinformation. Although participants remained largely unaffected by the misinformation, it increased mistrust in official sources for respondents with high perceived influencer credibility, trust in influencer’s advice, and attitude homophily. Meanwhile, participants’ issue-specific knowledge was associated with weaker beliefs in misconceptions regarding COVID-19, irrespective of exposure to misinformation.","PeriodicalId":47932,"journal":{"name":"Media Psychology","volume":"25 1","pages":"831 - 850"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43525308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-22DOI: 10.1080/15213269.2022.2078842
M. Ellithorpe, L. Holt, D. Ewoldsen
ABSTRACT Bounded Generalized Reciprocity (BGR) hypothesizes that expectations of reciprocity provide the foundation for ingroup favoritism and outgroup derogation. These expectations can be influenced by interaction with outgroup members, including vicarious interaction through media. This analysis examines how non-Black participants view helping behavior by Black individuals, and how their interpretations of helping scenarios influence intergroup attitudes. Participants (n= 211) were randomly assigned to view a news clip in which a Black or White hero saves someone White, or whose race was not portrayed. When viewing a clip with an ambiguous victim, participants were significantly more likely to report that the victim was not White when the hero was Black – indicating an expectation of helping behavior between Whites and Blacks. However, when a Black hero saved an unambiguously White victim, participants were more accurate in their recall. Victim race recall and hero race interacted to predict future reciprocity expectations, such that Black heroes saving a victim recalled as White (regardless of accuracy) resulted in increased positive reciprocity expectations. Positive reciprocity then predicted motivation to avoid prejudice and prejudiced attitudes. These results have implications for how media depictions of helping behaviors may impact intergroup beliefs and attitudes.
{"title":"Would they save me, too? Victim race recall when the hero is Black vs. White and its influence on expectations of reciprocity","authors":"M. Ellithorpe, L. Holt, D. Ewoldsen","doi":"10.1080/15213269.2022.2078842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2022.2078842","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Bounded Generalized Reciprocity (BGR) hypothesizes that expectations of reciprocity provide the foundation for ingroup favoritism and outgroup derogation. These expectations can be influenced by interaction with outgroup members, including vicarious interaction through media. This analysis examines how non-Black participants view helping behavior by Black individuals, and how their interpretations of helping scenarios influence intergroup attitudes. Participants (n= 211) were randomly assigned to view a news clip in which a Black or White hero saves someone White, or whose race was not portrayed. When viewing a clip with an ambiguous victim, participants were significantly more likely to report that the victim was not White when the hero was Black – indicating an expectation of helping behavior between Whites and Blacks. However, when a Black hero saved an unambiguously White victim, participants were more accurate in their recall. Victim race recall and hero race interacted to predict future reciprocity expectations, such that Black heroes saving a victim recalled as White (regardless of accuracy) resulted in increased positive reciprocity expectations. Positive reciprocity then predicted motivation to avoid prejudice and prejudiced attitudes. These results have implications for how media depictions of helping behaviors may impact intergroup beliefs and attitudes.","PeriodicalId":47932,"journal":{"name":"Media Psychology","volume":"25 1","pages":"814 - 830"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44110329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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