Pub Date : 2021-10-29DOI: 10.1080/00380253.2021.1981790
Janelle M. Pham
ABSTRACT This study examines the employment of gendered frameworks accompanying organizational imperatives to diversify and offer equal opportunities through a content analysis of the Women in Service Review conducted prior to gender integration of the U.S. military’s combat arms in 2015. Through a framework of gender difference, these documents support the organizational position that integrating women into combat arms can enhance, but mostly endangers, military capability. Additionally, the military’s focus on developing gender-neutral standards both claims erasure of gender as a barrier to inclusion while asserting “intrinsic” gender differences that account for (and justify) women’s continued underrepresentation in combat arms units.
{"title":"“Force Multipliers” and “Risk Multipliers”: Organizational Myth and Gender Integration of the U.S. Combat Arms Military Occupational Specialties and Units","authors":"Janelle M. Pham","doi":"10.1080/00380253.2021.1981790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2021.1981790","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study examines the employment of gendered frameworks accompanying organizational imperatives to diversify and offer equal opportunities through a content analysis of the Women in Service Review conducted prior to gender integration of the U.S. military’s combat arms in 2015. Through a framework of gender difference, these documents support the organizational position that integrating women into combat arms can enhance, but mostly endangers, military capability. Additionally, the military’s focus on developing gender-neutral standards both claims erasure of gender as a barrier to inclusion while asserting “intrinsic” gender differences that account for (and justify) women’s continued underrepresentation in combat arms units.","PeriodicalId":48007,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Quarterly","volume":"64 1","pages":"46 - 66"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47459109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-29DOI: 10.1080/00380253.2021.1947757
Irene Browne, John A. Bernau, Katharine Tatum, Jiao Jieyu
ABSTRACT This paper has two aims. First, we apply Bourdieu’s field theory to investigate media discourse on race and immigration, demonstrating how features of news organizations influence news content. Second, we compare contemporary natural language processing (NLP) techniques with qualitative hand-coding. Extending a previous study, we compare newspaper articles from the mainstream and black press in Atlanta. We find significant differences in both word-use and topical coverage in immigration articles aimed at the two audiences. With a focus on organizational resources and values, our quantitative approach to field theory facilitates a better understanding of the journalistic landscape.
{"title":"Immigration Coverage in the Black Press and the General Audience Press: What Can Mixed Methods Reveal about Race and Immigration?","authors":"Irene Browne, John A. Bernau, Katharine Tatum, Jiao Jieyu","doi":"10.1080/00380253.2021.1947757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2021.1947757","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper has two aims. First, we apply Bourdieu’s field theory to investigate media discourse on race and immigration, demonstrating how features of news organizations influence news content. Second, we compare contemporary natural language processing (NLP) techniques with qualitative hand-coding. Extending a previous study, we compare newspaper articles from the mainstream and black press in Atlanta. We find significant differences in both word-use and topical coverage in immigration articles aimed at the two audiences. With a focus on organizational resources and values, our quantitative approach to field theory facilitates a better understanding of the journalistic landscape.","PeriodicalId":48007,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Quarterly","volume":"63 1","pages":"688 - 710"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48712846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-06DOI: 10.1080/00380253.2021.1973925
Ruth Repchuck, M. Young
ABSTRACT We examine whether the gender composition of one’s workplace influences mental health and employment consequences and whether these associations vary for men and women. We test the impact of perceived gender dissimilarity and the aggregate averaged gender composition of the respondent’s occupation. Our study is situated in the mid 2000’s, when women’s labor market participation was comparable to men’s. We use nationally-representative individual-level data from the American Work Stress and Health Survey matched to occupation-level data. We find perceived gender-dissimilarity is associated with worse mental health and employment consequences in feminized occupations. Respondents’ gender partially impacts these associations.
{"title":"The Combined Impact of Workplace and Occupational Gender Composition on Workers’ Mental Health and Employment Consequences","authors":"Ruth Repchuck, M. Young","doi":"10.1080/00380253.2021.1973925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2021.1973925","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We examine whether the gender composition of one’s workplace influences mental health and employment consequences and whether these associations vary for men and women. We test the impact of perceived gender dissimilarity and the aggregate averaged gender composition of the respondent’s occupation. Our study is situated in the mid 2000’s, when women’s labor market participation was comparable to men’s. We use nationally-representative individual-level data from the American Work Stress and Health Survey matched to occupation-level data. We find perceived gender-dissimilarity is associated with worse mental health and employment consequences in feminized occupations. Respondents’ gender partially impacts these associations.","PeriodicalId":48007,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Quarterly","volume":"64 1","pages":"1 - 26"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44571148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-06DOI: 10.1080/00380253.2021.1974321
Kim Loyens, Rebecca Paraciani
ABSTRACT This paper analyzes how labor inspectors deal with ambiguous legal boundaries between those who can and who cannot be identified as a labor exploitation victim. Street-level bureaucracy research has largely overlooked how frontline officers deal with victims. We combine the street-level bureaucracy framework with insights from symbolic interactionism and criminology about ‘ideal/iconic victims’ to explain how inspectors use heuristics based on societal norms about victimhood to deal with legal ambiguity when dealing with potential labor exploitation cases. Using qualitative vignette studies in Belgium and the Netherlands, our results show that the perceived vulnerability and blamelessness of employees have a crucial role in inspectors’ assessment of who is and is not a labor exploitation victim. More specifically, migrant workers are seen as more vulnerable than native workers, particularly if they are female, and perceived complicity of social fraud reduces the chance that workers are seen as exploitation victims. Furthermore, also perceived employer characteristics have a role in case assessment. Our findings thus show that within the context of legal ambiguity, labor inspectors use stereotypical societal victim perceptions as heuristics, which can result in legal uncertainty and the risk that those suffering exploitations do not receive the support they need.
{"title":"Who is the (“Ideal”) Victim of Labor Exploitation? Two Qualitative Vignette Studies on Labor Inspectors’ Discretion","authors":"Kim Loyens, Rebecca Paraciani","doi":"10.1080/00380253.2021.1974321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2021.1974321","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper analyzes how labor inspectors deal with ambiguous legal boundaries between those who can and who cannot be identified as a labor exploitation victim. Street-level bureaucracy research has largely overlooked how frontline officers deal with victims. We combine the street-level bureaucracy framework with insights from symbolic interactionism and criminology about ‘ideal/iconic victims’ to explain how inspectors use heuristics based on societal norms about victimhood to deal with legal ambiguity when dealing with potential labor exploitation cases. Using qualitative vignette studies in Belgium and the Netherlands, our results show that the perceived vulnerability and blamelessness of employees have a crucial role in inspectors’ assessment of who is and is not a labor exploitation victim. More specifically, migrant workers are seen as more vulnerable than native workers, particularly if they are female, and perceived complicity of social fraud reduces the chance that workers are seen as exploitation victims. Furthermore, also perceived employer characteristics have a role in case assessment. Our findings thus show that within the context of legal ambiguity, labor inspectors use stereotypical societal victim perceptions as heuristics, which can result in legal uncertainty and the risk that those suffering exploitations do not receive the support they need.","PeriodicalId":48007,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Quarterly","volume":"64 1","pages":"27 - 45"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44758337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-20DOI: 10.1080/00380253.2021.1966348
Kyle Dodson, Clem Brooks
ABSTRACT During his campaign and subsequent presidency, Donald Trump staked out and implemented an isolationist foreign policy agenda that sought to put “America First” and curtail U.S. participation in international treaties and trade agreements. Isolationism represented a dramatic turn away from the internationalism of all postwar presidencies, and Trump’s radical foreign policy changes raise two novel questions: Did isolationism resonate with American voters, and if so, how did this shape the outcome of the 2016 presidential election? We analyze how attitudes toward isolationism changed in the American electorate from 1992 to 2016, and whether aggregate changes in isolationism conferred any electoral advantages on Trump in 2016. The results indicate that while isolationism tends to be supported by a relatively small portion of the electorate, aggregate levels of support increased noticeably in 2016. Controlling for established factors, particularly partisanship, isolationism disposed voters to support Trump’s candidacy. These two developments delivered a measurable benefit to Trump, one that is of theoretical significance in going beyond partisanship to influence both Democratic and Republican identifiers. Future shifts in levels or political relevance carry with them a potential to shape elections and policy-making. We discuss implications of findings for scholarship in political behavior and political sociology.
{"title":"All by Himself? Trump, Isolationism, and the American Electorate","authors":"Kyle Dodson, Clem Brooks","doi":"10.1080/00380253.2021.1966348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2021.1966348","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT During his campaign and subsequent presidency, Donald Trump staked out and implemented an isolationist foreign policy agenda that sought to put “America First” and curtail U.S. participation in international treaties and trade agreements. Isolationism represented a dramatic turn away from the internationalism of all postwar presidencies, and Trump’s radical foreign policy changes raise two novel questions: Did isolationism resonate with American voters, and if so, how did this shape the outcome of the 2016 presidential election? We analyze how attitudes toward isolationism changed in the American electorate from 1992 to 2016, and whether aggregate changes in isolationism conferred any electoral advantages on Trump in 2016. The results indicate that while isolationism tends to be supported by a relatively small portion of the electorate, aggregate levels of support increased noticeably in 2016. Controlling for established factors, particularly partisanship, isolationism disposed voters to support Trump’s candidacy. These two developments delivered a measurable benefit to Trump, one that is of theoretical significance in going beyond partisanship to influence both Democratic and Republican identifiers. Future shifts in levels or political relevance carry with them a potential to shape elections and policy-making. We discuss implications of findings for scholarship in political behavior and political sociology.","PeriodicalId":48007,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Quarterly","volume":"63 1","pages":"780 - 803"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42205216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-08DOI: 10.1080/00380253.2021.1958718
Roni Eyal-Lubling, Orly Benjamin
ABSTRACT Research on mothers’ efforts to protect their families from scarcity tends to separate individual action and the organizational context. We propose an intergenerational approach focusing on the convergence between the two, and ask: how are resources, acquired by motherwork vis-à-vis organizations, transferred to daughters to advance their occupational development? Based on 30 interviews with economically marginalized mother-young adult daughter dyads, the findings reveal an intergenerational brokerage of organizational ties, creating a resource for the occupational development of young women. We argue that in the context of poverty, organizational ties are crucial for mothers striving to support their daughters’ occupational development.
{"title":"Anticipated Gains: Motherwork, Organizational Brokerage, and Daughter’s Occupational Development","authors":"Roni Eyal-Lubling, Orly Benjamin","doi":"10.1080/00380253.2021.1958718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2021.1958718","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Research on mothers’ efforts to protect their families from scarcity tends to separate individual action and the organizational context. We propose an intergenerational approach focusing on the convergence between the two, and ask: how are resources, acquired by motherwork vis-à-vis organizations, transferred to daughters to advance their occupational development? Based on 30 interviews with economically marginalized mother-young adult daughter dyads, the findings reveal an intergenerational brokerage of organizational ties, creating a resource for the occupational development of young women. We argue that in the context of poverty, organizational ties are crucial for mothers striving to support their daughters’ occupational development.","PeriodicalId":48007,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Quarterly","volume":"63 1","pages":"759 - 779"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44557245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-20DOI: 10.1080/00380253.2021.1945978
Yunmei Lu, Kacy Amory, Luzi Shi
ABSTRACT The current study examines the gendered reaction to victimization threats from 1973 to 2016 using the General Social Survey and the hierarchical age-period-cohort-characteristics model. Results suggest the gender gap is narrowing across time with a gradual decline among women who report feeling afraid to walk alone at night. The period-level change in violent crime rates and the cohort differences in gender ideology have significant impact on the gender-specific reaction to the threats of victimization. The macro-level variables explain some variance in the gender gap across time.
{"title":"Social Change and Gendered Reaction to the Threat of Victimization, 1973-2016: An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis","authors":"Yunmei Lu, Kacy Amory, Luzi Shi","doi":"10.1080/00380253.2021.1945978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2021.1945978","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The current study examines the gendered reaction to victimization threats from 1973 to 2016 using the General Social Survey and the hierarchical age-period-cohort-characteristics model. Results suggest the gender gap is narrowing across time with a gradual decline among women who report feeling afraid to walk alone at night. The period-level change in violent crime rates and the cohort differences in gender ideology have significant impact on the gender-specific reaction to the threats of victimization. The macro-level variables explain some variance in the gender gap across time.","PeriodicalId":48007,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Quarterly","volume":"63 1","pages":"661 - 687"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00380253.2021.1945978","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48195991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-20DOI: 10.1080/00380253.2021.1951627
Amy L. Petts
ABSTRACT Affirmative action is any policy or program that provides special consideration to historically excluded groups, like racial minorities. Affirmative action in higher education is largely understood as being synonymous with the explicit consideration of college applicants’ race. However, colleges can also give special consideration to racial minorities through the consideration of non-race explicit factors, such as first-generation status or removing legacy admissions. In this work, I use a survey experiment to assess US attitudes toward race explicit and non-race explicit admission factors. I find that regardless of racial identity, parents in the US tend to view colleges that consider ascribed characteristics such as race and legacy status less favorably than colleges that do not consider these characteristics. Colleges may be able to use non-race explicit factors to give consideration to the inclusion of racial minorities with more support from the general public.
{"title":"Attitudes about Affirmative Action in Higher Education Admissions","authors":"Amy L. Petts","doi":"10.1080/00380253.2021.1951627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2021.1951627","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Affirmative action is any policy or program that provides special consideration to historically excluded groups, like racial minorities. Affirmative action in higher education is largely understood as being synonymous with the explicit consideration of college applicants’ race. However, colleges can also give special consideration to racial minorities through the consideration of non-race explicit factors, such as first-generation status or removing legacy admissions. In this work, I use a survey experiment to assess US attitudes toward race explicit and non-race explicit admission factors. I find that regardless of racial identity, parents in the US tend to view colleges that consider ascribed characteristics such as race and legacy status less favorably than colleges that do not consider these characteristics. Colleges may be able to use non-race explicit factors to give consideration to the inclusion of racial minorities with more support from the general public.","PeriodicalId":48007,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Quarterly","volume":"96 1","pages":"711 - 732"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00380253.2021.1951627","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58950536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-07DOI: 10.1080/00380253.2021.1940349
J. Cruz, Y. Vorobyeva
ABSTRACT This paper examines the relationship between the perceived presence of state forces and non-state actors and the levels of criminal violence affecting Central America. It contends that state presence in some communities does not necessarily lead to lower crime levels than communities where state institutions are absent. The data of this study come from three nationally representative surveys conducted in Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. The findings suggest that state forces, such as the police and the military, have a limited role in reducing criminal violence rates. In contrast, non-state armed actors, such as vigilantes and community groups, may have a more significant role in reducing violence in some circumstances. We analyze these findings as evidence of the complex relationships between state actors, non-state actors, and criminal violence in developing countries.
{"title":"State Presence, Armed Actors, and Criminal Violence in Central America","authors":"J. Cruz, Y. Vorobyeva","doi":"10.1080/00380253.2021.1940349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2021.1940349","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper examines the relationship between the perceived presence of state forces and non-state actors and the levels of criminal violence affecting Central America. It contends that state presence in some communities does not necessarily lead to lower crime levels than communities where state institutions are absent. The data of this study come from three nationally representative surveys conducted in Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. The findings suggest that state forces, such as the police and the military, have a limited role in reducing criminal violence rates. In contrast, non-state armed actors, such as vigilantes and community groups, may have a more significant role in reducing violence in some circumstances. We analyze these findings as evidence of the complex relationships between state actors, non-state actors, and criminal violence in developing countries.","PeriodicalId":48007,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Quarterly","volume":"63 1","pages":"641 - 660"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00380253.2021.1940349","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48450693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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